Abstract: A process for casting an ingot from a molten metal by bottom pouring molten metal into an ingot mould is described in which there is located in the ingot mould a bonded flux composition comprising one or more fluxing agents, together with a bonded refractory composition comprising particulate refractory material and fibrous material, the bonded refractory composition being positioned in relation to the bonded flux composition to protect the latter from the initial upsurge of molten metal when pouring commences. The bonded flux composition and the bonded refractory composition can be formed together as a laminate, or the bonded flux composition can be formed with an insert of the bonded refractory composition. Alternatively, the bonded flux composition can be placed on the base of the ingot mould while the bonded refractory composition is placed as a striker pad in a recessed basin in the bottom plate of the mould.

Abstract: A device for adjusting the quantity of molten metal used in pressure casting has a pump pumping molten metal up from a supply container to a pressure chamber and to a level-determining tank having an adjustable overflow. Hydrostatic pressure balances the levels in the level-determining tank and the pressure chamber so that adjusting the overflow also adjusts the level of metal in the pressure chamber.

Abstract: An improved reinforcing material for concrete is manufactured by causing molten steel to impinge upon a relatively cold metal surface of great cooling capacity, moving rapidly substantially across the direction of delivery of the molten steel, to form at least one discrete relatively thin flake-shaped layer of molten steel on the metal surface, causing the layer to solidify on said metal surface to form a steel flake, and mutually adjusting the parameters which determine the shape and the dimensions of the steel flakes so as to give the flakes a shape tapering towards the ends of the flake and a thickness of about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm, a maximum width of at least about ten times the thickness but at least about 2 mm, and a length of at least about 100 times the thickness.

Abstract: In an automatic molding apparatus, a Doppler speed meter is used to detect the rising speed of molten metal within a mold, and a nozzle stopper attached to a ladle in which the molten metal is contained is actuated in response to a difference between a detected speed signal and a speed pattern signal to control the opening of the nozzle of the ladle whereby the rising speed of the molten metal fed from the ladle to the mold through the nozzle can be controlled in accordance with an optimum molding velocity pattern.

Abstract: Blank metal ingots particularly steel of uniform weight per piece and cross section are formed with a mold which is made up of a plurality of superposed vertical sections which together define an interior mold cavity of uniform cross section over its total height. The steel which is produced in a known steel making method is first tapped into a casting ladle which is provided with a refractory lining. A plurality of mold sections are built up one after the other over a casting plate and the steel is directed upwardly through a bottom opening on the plate into the mold cavity and as soon as the mold is completely filled the slide plate is closed. For casting ingots of round or polygonal cross section with diameters of 200 to 350 millimeters the steel is bottom poured into the mold cavity at a rate of rise of from 30 to 80 centimeters per minute and the surface of the melt is not covered but is maintained as cold as possible.

Abstract: Liquid materials are dispensed at a low velocity through the use of a multi-chambered tundish which induces a dampening effect upon the flow of the liquid material which passes through the tundish. The tundish is well suited as a liquid metal source in continuous strip casting methods.