Abstract: A composite-type heat pipe includes a working fluid, a first capillary structure, a second capillary structure and a pipe body. The first capillary structure has a smooth surface. The second capillary structure has plural trenches. The pipe body accommodates the working fluid. The pipe body includes a first section and a second section. The second section is connected with the first section. The first capillary structure is formed on a first inner wall of the first section. The second capillary structure with the trenches is formed on a second inner wall of the second section. The trenches extend along an axial direction of the pipe body.

Abstract: A device and process for removing vapors from a gas is disclosed. A tower is provided. Sub-cooled pellets are distributed by the solids distributor across a horizontal cross-section of the tower. A process gas, comprising a product vapor, passes through the gas inlet. The product vapor and the sub-cooled pellets comprise the same material. The product vapor and the sub-cooled pellets agglomerate as the product vapor desublimates onto the sub-cooled pellets, forming product pellets and a vapor-depleted gas. A crushing device, a screening device, and a solids heat exchanger are provided. A portion of the product pellets are recycled as sub-cooled pellets to the solids distributor by crushing and screening the portion of the product pellets to the size distribution of the sub-cooled pellets and cooling the portion of the product pellets to produce the sub-cooled pellets.

Abstract: An adsorber includes: a closed container in which an adsorption medium is included; an adsorption part that is provided in the closed container and includes an adsorbent, which adsorbs and desorbs the adsorption medium; and an evaporation/condensation part that is provided in the closed container and that exchanges heat between the adsorption medium and a heat exchanging medium, which is supplied from outside of the closed container, to evaporate and condense the adsorption medium. The evaporation/condensation part includes a heat transfer part that transfers heat of the heat exchanging medium to the adsorption medium. The heat transfer part is capable of holding the adsorption medium, an amount of which is capable of being adsorbed by the adsorbent of the adsorption part.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a heat conducting composite material may include a bulk material, a conduit, and a conduit material. The bulk material forms a shaped body having a heat introduction portion and a heat dissipation portion. The conduit is disposed in the bulk material and connects the heat introduction portion to the heat dissipation portion. The conduit material is disposed within and fills the conduit. The bulk material thermal conductivity of the bulk material is about equal to a conduit material thermal conductivity of the conduit material at a first temperature. The bulk material thermal conductivity is less than or equal to the conduit material thermal conductivity throughout a first temperature range. The bulk material thermal conductivity is greater than or equal to the conduit material thermal conductivity throughout a second temperature range.

Abstract: Techniques convey, cool and energy recuperate hot material from a combustion boiler of a combustion plant. Such techniques involve: a) issue of the hot material from a material issue orifice of a combustion boiler into a capture region of a housing, a conveyor belt being arranged in the housing, b) conveyance of the hot material through a cooling region in the housing, c) cooling of the hot material in the cooling region by means of a cooling-air stream moving in the opposite direction to the material, d) removal of at least part of the heated cooling-air stream out of at least one region adjacent to the capture region of the housing, and e) delivery of the removed cooling-air stream to at least one region, carrying combustion exhaust gases, of the combustion plant.

Abstract: A fluid composition or nanofluid is described that includes a dielectric base fluid, a chemical dispersant, and nanoparticles dispersed in the dielectric fluid. The chemical dispersant is used to facilitate the nanoparticle dispersing process and also to increase the stability of the nanofluid thus produced. The nanofluid is compatible with electronics and has enhanced thermal conductivity for use in cooling electronics. Techniques are described that can be used to efficiently disperse different forms of nanoparticles into a base fluid and produce a stable nanofluid which is compatible with electronic circuitry and components.

Abstract: A heat rejection system includes a plurality of panel subassemblies and a solid state heat pipe flex joint. Each panel subassembly includes a fin, a solid state heat pipe manifold, a first solid state heat pipe tube operatively connected to the solid state heat pipe manifold and secured to the fin, a second solid state heat pipe tube operatively connected to the solid state heat pipe manifold adjacent to the first solid state heat pipe and secured to the fin. The solid state heat pipe flex joint operably connects the solid state heat pipe manifolds of two of the plurality of panel subassemblies in a hermetically sealed configuration, and is configured to permit repositioning of the two panel subassemblies relative to each other.

Abstract: A system for cooling an aircraft includes a fuel tank, a fuel delivery system, a cooling system, and a heat exchanger. The fuel tank is configured to hold cooled fuel for the aircraft. The fuel delivery system is configured to provide at least a portion of the fuel from the fuel tank to an engine of the aircraft. The cooling system is configured to absorb heat generated by components on the aircraft. The heat exchanger is thermally connected to the fuel delivery system and the cooling system. The heat exchanger is configured to transfer at least a portion of the heat from the components on the aircraft to the cooled fuel. The system may further include a two or three phase expendable liquid system. The expendable liquid system is configured to transfer heat to a frozen or liquid coolant to vaporize and expend the coolant from the aircraft.

Abstract: Method of maintaining or widening the long-term operating temperature range of a heat transfer medium and/or heat storage medium comprising a nitrate salt composition selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrate and alkaline earth metal nitrate and optionally alkali metal nitrite and alkaline earth metal nitrite, wherein the nitrate salt composition is brought into contact with an additive comprising the components nitric acid and/or nitrous acid and oxygen-comprising gas having an oxygen partial pressure which is equal to or greater than that in air and/or oxygen-generating compounds and optionally nitrogen oxides and/or compounds which generate further nitrogen oxide.

Abstract: An air preheater comprises flow conduits for heat transfer between a heating gas and combustion air which is to be pre-heated with heat pipes extending between the flow conduits for the two gas streams to provide heat transfer The fins on the heat pipes in at least the condensation zone of the flow conduit of the heating gas are provided with one or more serrations on the sides of the pipes facing away from the oncoming gas flow. The serrations assist in removing any liquid film which may accumulate on the fins during operation in the condensing mode. A corrosion resistant coating material such as glass may be provided on the condensing side of the finned heat pipes.

Abstract: A novel thermal storage device includes a container of metallic phase change material (MPCM). The MPCM has a high latent heat of fusion and a high thermal conductivity in its solid state. A thermal energy receiver is adapted to receive thermal energy from a thermal energy source and transfer the thermal energy directly to the MPCM, without the need for an intermediate thermal transfer fluid. A thermal energy discharge mechanism transfers thermal energy directly from the MPCM to a device that uses the thermal energy. In a solar energy embodiment, the thermal energy receiver is formed from a material (e.g., polished copper) that has a relatively low absorptivity value and a relatively low emissivity coefficient, which unexpectedly results in the attainment of a highly efficient solar receiver.

Abstract: A solid/heat-transport and reactive gas reactor, including: a helical duct including an inlet and an outlet, the helical duct defining a helical bottom track on which a solid reagent can slide from the inlet to the outlet of the helical duct; a mechanism for bringing the solid reagent to the inlet of the helical duct; a mechanism for causing a heat-transport gas to flow in the helical duct, from the outlet to the inlet of the helical duct; a reservoir of solid reagent under the outlet of the helical duct; and a conveyor for conveying the reagent from a low point of the reservoir to the bringing mechanism.

Abstract: Phase change materials that include oleochemical carbonates absorb and release latent heat upon changing phases from solid to liquid (melting) or from liquid to solid (solidifying). The oleochemical carbonates are prepared from oleochemical alcohols derived from animal fats and vegetable oils or other bio-based substances. These oleochemical carbonates have melting temperatures with a relatively high heat of fusion and are non-corrosive. Oleochemical carbonates can be mixed together in various proportions to adjust melting/solidification temperature ranges as required by a particular application.

Abstract: An energy storage and transfer system and method includes the use of a containment vessel holding a first solid/liquid phase change heat transfer medium and at least one second containment vessel located at least partially within the first phase change heat transfer medium and holding a second solid/liquid phase change medium. The second phase change heat transfer medium is heated from an external source of energy and gives up its absorbed heat to the first phase change heat transfer medium. A heat exchange loop is partially contained within the first phase change heat transfer medium for removing energy therefrom and transferring it to an external source for use. The second phase change heat transfer material has a higher melting temperature and higher heat of fusion value than the first phase change heat transfer material.

Abstract: A conveyor for moving hot material at temperatures on this order of 1000° F. or higher along a conveyor trough receiving the material has one or more coolant liquid flow vessels extending over but spaced from the outer surface of a trough inner wall to indirectly cause cooling of the inner wall. A heat transfer path is established between a separate coolant flow vessel and the hot trough defined by a packed together mass of heat conductive beads interposed to controllably transfer heat into the coolant liquid flowing through the flow vessel to prevent boiling of the coolant while allowing heat to be transferred from the through into the coolant in the separate flow vessel. The arrangement of a mass of heat conductive beads is also used to provide a non rigid mechanical support of fluid carrying tubing, the support having a predetermined thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes a housing including an inlet for receiving bulk solids, and an outlet for discharging the bulk solids. A plurality of spaced apart, substantially parallel heat transfer plate assemblies are disposed in the housing between the inlet and the outlet for cooling the bulk solids that flow from the inlet, between adjacent heat transfer plate assemblies, to the outlet. Ones of the plurality of heat transfer plate assemblies including a heat transfer plate and a pipe extending along a top end of the heat transfer plate to protect the heat transfer plate.

Abstract: A system for cooling residential, commercial, and industrial buildings using renewable cold energy, accessible from the ambient environment, that is stored, at little or no incremental cost, in a large mass of cold water or ice. The cold mass is sized based on the building. The cold storage mass can be constructed using a variety of methods, depending on the climatic region, zoning requirements, terrain, size of land, and availability of water sources, amongst other considerations.

Abstract: An energy-saving and heat preservation device is mainly a heat preservation device for heating device and receptacle. Upper and lower receiving slots opened to outside and opposite to upper and lower ends of a receptacle respectively are provided in the heating device, while a first and a second chambers opposite to each other are provided in the heat preservation device. Energy storage material, which is a reversible phase-change material, is received within the first chamber. A conduit is connected between the first and the second chambers to form an integral connection arrangement. Hence, waste heat generated in the heating process is collected and stored, and is used for heat preservation. Not only the exhausted waste heat, which later becomes heat load of air conditioning apparatus, can be reduced but also power consumption for heat preservation can be lowered.

Abstract: A heat transfer tube includes a container, a cavity within the container, and a heat transfer medium located within the cavity. The heat transfer medium consists essentially of a solid-gas suspension of a gas and a substantially homogeneous nanoparticle powder located within the cavity. The cavity is in a partial vacuum state. The nanoparticle powder comprises Ca(OH)2, LiH, ZrH2, or Mg(OH)2 in a solid state and is capable of substantially freely emitted and reabsorbing the gas as a function of temperature.

Abstract: Phase change materials that include oleochemical carbonates absorb and release latent heat upon changing phases from solid to liquid (melting) or from liquid to solid (solidifying). The oleochemical carbonates are prepared from oleochemical alcohols derived from animal fats and vegetable oils or other bio-based substances. These oleochemical carbonates have melting temperatures with a relatively high heat of fusion and are non-corrosive. Oleochemical carbonates can be mixed together in various proportions to adjust melting/solidification temperature ranges as required by a particular application.

Abstract: A thermal energy battery for cooling temperature sensitive components comprises a composite of a sorbent with ammonia, water, alcohol, amine or a fluorocarbon refrigerant absorbed thereon and incorporated on a substrate material. The composite is encased in a containment material configured to rupture or otherwise release refrigerant desorbed by the sorbent composition when internal battery pressure reaches a threshold ?P from the outside pressure, and thermal conduction means in thermal contact with the thermal energy battery and one or more temperature sensitive components for directing thermal energy therebetween to heat the composite and cool the temperature sensitive components.

Abstract: Disclosed is a gaseous fossil fuel fired, indirectly heated, Brayton closed cycle comprising an alkali metal seeded noble gases that is rendered non-equilibrium, electrically conducting in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electric power generator with zero emissions from the combustion products, including physical separation and sequestration of the carbon dioxide (CO2) what is emitted from the fossil fuel, with said cycle combined with a Rankine steam turbine bottoming cycle to compress the noble gas, while another optional new or existing Rankine steam cycle is placed in parallel and separate from the MHD cycle, and it is fired by the solid char remaining if the MHD cycle is fired with the devolatilized coal, and/or with solid coal culm, and/or unburned carbon in coal power plant waste ash, in order to achieve high efficiency at low capital, low operating, and low fuel costs.

Abstract: An electronic device cooling apparatus includes a cooling unit that is thermally connected to an electronic device and is configured to induce heat generated from the electronic device to be conducted to a cooling medium that is channeled into the cooling unit; and a heat dissipating unit including a cooling chamber configured to cool the cooling medium that is heated by the heat conducted from the electronic device. The cooling unit and the heat dissipating unit are integrated.

Abstract: Thermal energy storage systems and devices comprise at least one storage vessel, at least one heat transfer ramp adjacent to the at least one storage vessel, and at least one heat transfer fluid channel adjacent to the heat transfer ramp. Heat exchange occurs between a heat transfer medium traveling down the heat transfer ramp and a heat transfer fluid traveling through the heat transfer channel. The heat transfer ramp may be angled with respect to the storage vessel such that the heat transfer medium travels down the heat transfer ramp assisted by force of gravity.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an orifice plate comprising one or more plates having orifices disposed therein; the orifices being operative to permit the flow of solids from a moving bed heat exchanger to a solids flow control system; where the orifice plate is downstream of a tube bundle of the moving bed heat exchanger and upstream of the solids flow control system and wherein the orifice plate is operative to evenly distribute the flow of solids in the solids flow control system.

Abstract: A protective structure, comprising a first material region having a surface facing the exterior and an inner boundary surface, wherein channels for conducting fluid are disposed between the outer surface and the inner boundary surface, and a second material region, which is thermally connected at least in sub-regions to the inner boundary surface of the first material region and which is porous, wherein in pores a reaction medium and/or cooling medium is stored and channels for conducting fluid extend as far as the inner boundary surface of the first material region.

Abstract: A method is provided, the method including providing a first tubular structure that defines a first passage. A sacrificial material can be disposed in the first passage. A second tubular structure can be provided so as to be adjacent to the first tubular structure, with the second tubular structure defining a second passage within which can be disposed a granular material. The first and second tubular structures can be deformed together so as to reduce an external dimension of each of the first and second tubular structures. The sacrificial material can then be removed from the first passage.

Abstract: A liquid-cooled heat dissipation system includes a heat absorber; a heat dissipating member; two connecting pipes connecting the heat absorber and the heat dissipating member; and a working fluid filled in the heat absorber, the heat dissipating member, and the connecting pipes. The working fluid is capable of circulating in the circuit. The working fluid includes a base fluid, a plurality of nanoparticles and a protective agent dispersed in the base fluid. A percentage by weight of the nanoparticles in the working fluid is in the range from 0.1% to 3%.

Abstract: A light emitting apparatus (10, 110, 210, 310, 410) includes one or more light emitting chips (12, 112, 212, 312, 412) and a support (13, 14, 114, 214, 314, 414) on which the light emitting chips are disposed. The support includes a first side on which the light emitting chips are attached and a second side opposite the first side. A thermally superconducting heat transfer medium (22, 122, 222, 322, 422) is disposed in an interior volume of the support and thermally connects the first and second sides of the support. The thermally superconducting heat transfer medium has a thermal conductivity at least 1500 times greater than the thermal conductivity of copper.

Abstract: A water purification apparatus (10) includes an evaporating chamber (13), a light concentrator (11), and a heat pipe (12). The evaporating chamber is for containing impure water. The evaporating chamber has a connecting opening (134) and a vapor outlet (131). The light concentrator is for concentrating sunshine. The heat pipe has an evaporating section (121) and a condensing section (122). The evaporating section is irradiated by the concentrated sunshine, and the condensing section is disposed in the evaporating chamber through the connecting opening.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for thermal conduction interfacing. The system for thermal conduction interfacing is provided with a first layer formed substantially of a pliable thermally conductive material. The system includes a second layer formed substantially of a pliable thermally conductive material and coupled at the edges to the first layer forming a pliable packet, wherein the first layer and the second layer conform to a set of thermal interface surfaces. Additionally, the system includes a plurality of thermally conductive particles disposed within the packet, wherein thermal energy is transferred from the first layer to the second layer through the thermally conductive particles. Beneficially, such a system would provide effective thermal coupling between a heat generating device and a heat dissipating device. Additionally, the system would be modular, reusable, and easy to install or replace without a significant mess.

Abstract: A liquid-impregnated shaped foam article consisting of a) from 1 to 10% by volume of an open-cell foam based on an aminoplast and b) from 90 to 99% by volume of a component which is liquid at 25° C., such as aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, water or aqueous dispersions, and the uses thereof for transporting or metering liquids, for cleavage through freezing, for energy absorption of projectiles or as latent heat stores.

Abstract: A conveyor for moving hot material at temperatures on this order of 1000° F. or higher along a trough receiving the material has one or more cooling liquid flow vessels extending over but spaced from the outer surface of a trough inner wall to indirectly cause cooling of the inner wall. A heat transfer connection conductively interconnect the vessel and the inner trough wall such as interposed thin webs or plates, or alternatively a mass of conductive beads interposed to controllably transfer heat into the cooling liquid flow vessel. A series of wear plates are clamped to a pushing side of a helical tube of an auger type conveyor, which tube can also receive a flow of cooling liquid. The arrangement of a mass of conductive beads is used to provide a non rigid mechanical support of fluid carrying tubing, the support having a predetermined thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A device comprises equipment (101) with a heat source, a cold part (102) relative to the equipment, and a thermal conductor element (103) capable of conducting the heat from the equipment to the cold part. The element (103) is such that, under certain thermal conditions above a given thermal condition, the equipment and the cold part are essentially thermally isolated.

Abstract: A thermal conducting mixture is provided which is used to make thermal conducting formulations such as a paste having a high thermal conductivity and a relatively low viscosity. The paste is used to provide a thermal conductor connection between an electronic component and a cooling device to increase the heat transfer rate between the component and the device cooling the electronic component. The formulation contains the mixture of thermally conductive particles in various particle size ranges typically dispersed in a non-aqueous dielectric carrier containing an antioxidant and a dispersant with the thermally conductive particles mixture being specially correlated in the mixture by volume % based on particle size range and by particle size ratio of each particle size range. The mixture may be used to make other similar products such as thermal gels, adhesives, slurries and composites, for electronic and cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, automotive, and like products.

Abstract: The increase of temperature of heat sensitive devices during heat generating conditions is prevented through the absorption of heat, by providing a hydroxide, such as Lithium Hydroxide, Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide, Calcium Hydroxide, Beryllium Hydroxide, Aluminum Hydroxide, Ammonium Hydroxide and mixtures thereof, in an amount sufficient to effect the required heat absorption. Where the heat generating conditions are generated by a heat generator, separate and distinct from the heat sensitive device, the hydroxide may be supported in a position between the heat sensitive device and the heat generator. Where the heat sensitive device is itself the heat generator, the hydroxide is in contact with the heat sensitive device, either directly or indirectly.

Abstract: The increase of temperature in heat sensitive devices during heat generating conditions is prevented through the absorption of heat, by providing a carbohydrate endotherm in an amount sufficient to effect the required heat absorption. The carbohydrate endotherm operates in an environment substantially devoid of potential oxidizing reactants. A scavenger may be employed in combination with the carbohydrate endotherm to remove or neutralize potential oxidizing reactants. Alternatively (or in addition), a fluoro-inert material may be employed in combination with the carbohydrate endotherm to effect a desired non-oxidizing environment. The carbohydrate endotherm may be used to provide thermal control and/or thermal protection in a variety of applications and environments. The carbohydrate endotherm may also be employed in combination with previously disclosed endotherm materials to achieve synergistic benefits therewith.

Abstract: A thermal conducting mixture is provided which is used to make thermal conducting formulations such as a paste having a high thermal conductivity and a relatively low viscosity. The paste is used to provide a thermal conductor connection between an electronic component and a cooling device to increase the heat transfer rate between the component and the device cooling the electronic component. The formulation contains the mixture of thermally conductive particles in various particle size ranges typically dispersed in a non-aqueous dielectric carrier containing an antioxidant and a dispersant with the thermally conductive particles mixture being specially correlated in the mixture by volume % based on particle size range and by particle size ratio of each particle size range. The mixture may be used to make other similar products such as thermal gels, adhesives, slurries and composites, for electronic and cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, automotive, and like products.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to an apparatus that includes a microfluidic channel and at least one energy absorbing element, where the energy absorbing element is configured to absorb at least a portion of an incident electromagnetic radiation. The absorption of the radiation by the energy absorbing element varies the temperature of a sample in the microfluidic channel.

Abstract: A banquet cart includes a heater received in an opening in the bottom panel of the banquet cart. Plates of food are loaded into the interior compartment of the banquet cart in the kitchen. The heater includes a central heater unit and two heat retention material heating panels. The central heater unit heats the interior compartment of the banquet cart for twenty minutes. The central heater unit is turned off, and smaller heaters are turned on to heat the heat retention material heating panels for forty minutes. The smaller heaters are turned off and the banquet cart is rolled from the kitchen to a hallway proximate to the dining area for serving the plates of food to guests. The heated heat retention material heating panels can maintain the temperature of the air in the interior compartment of the banquet cart warm for approximately two hours and forty minutes, keeping the food in the banquet cart warm.

Abstract: A heat exchanger 10 includes a conduit 12 for conveying cooling fluid relative to a body to be cooled. A heat transfer arrangement 62 is arranged in communication with an interior of the conduit 12, the heat transfer arrangement 62 and the conduit 12 together defining an assembly that is mountable adjacent the body to be cooled, convective heat exchange occurring, in use, due to movement of the cooling fluid relative to the body and the heat transfer arrangement 62 of the assembly and radiant heat exchange occurring between the body and at least part of the heat transfer arrangement 62 of the assembly.

Abstract: An adsorption type heat exchanger includes a heat exchange part, in which a thermal medium circulates, and adsorbents made of particles. The adsorbents are fixed on an outer surface of the heat exchange part, to adsorb refrigerant vapor when a temperature of the thermal medium is low, and to desorb the adsorbed refrigerant vapor when the temperature of the thermal medium is high. In addition, percents of the adsorbents having particle sizes about in a range from 0 to 42 ?m are about 90% and over of the whole adsorbents.

Abstract: The application of carboxylate salts for storing thermal energy is disclosed. The invention is directed to methods for the storage and use of thermal energy comprising contacting mixtures of alkali metal salts or alkali earth metal salts of carboxylic acids, storing the thermal energy in the mixture, containing the mixture in a suitable heat exchange system and using the stored thermal energy in the heat exchange system.

Abstract: The invention provides a non-cyclic, meso-frequency traveling wave electro-kinetic system capable of use in purification/separation and/or refrigeration/heat pump processes. In particular, the invention provides an adsorption system that can be used for fine or bulk chemical separations of liquid and gaseous materials. Similarly, the adsorption system can be readily adapted to function as a refrigeration/heat pump unit for use in heating and cooling systems. This reusable adsorption system provides high efficiency purification and/or cooling/heating with low energy demands and no moving parts. The invention can function in parallel or in series with other similar such adsorption units (though it can also operate as a single unit).

Abstract: For use on board a mobile means of transport (eg. aircraft, bus, ship), a heating system and method are described which lead to a reduction of peak demand in the on-board kitchen energy supply system relating to the integrated heating appliances for the warming or heating of food. For this, latent or thermochemical heat storage units are used which are fully integrated into the structural elements of the heating appliance in question and heats the product in such a way that there is sufficient heat output, while at the same time, the absolute temperature is limited by means of an appropriate choice of heat storage material for product enhancement.

Abstract: An interface is formed by pressing a patterned first surface and a second surface together, with a particle-loaded interface material in between. The first surface is fabricated with a pattern of channels designed to redistribute the velocity gradients that occur in the interface material during interface formation in order to control the arrangement, orientation and concentration of particles at the end of the interface formation. The concept finds application in thermal interfaces and controlled placement of nano and micro particles and biological molecules.

Abstract: A device such as a cooling fan drive for a motor vehicle engine has first and second members that are relatively moveable at a differential velocity. A liquid fills space separating relatively moving confronting surfaces of the respective members. The viscosity of the liquid enables the liquid to serve as a motion transmitting medium from one member to the other. Heat is generated within the liquid by shearing stress created by the relative movement of the members at a differential velocity with at least some of the generated heat being dissipated by conduction from at least one of the members through its surface. The viscous liquid comprises a nanoparticle-free base liquid to which have been added nanoparticles in an amount sufficient to measurably increase the thermal conductivity of the liquid filling the space over that of the base liquid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a heat transfer medium having high heat transfer rate, being useful in even wider fields, simple in structure, easy to made, environmentally sound, and capable of rapidly conducting heat and preserving heat in a highly efficient manner. Further disclosed are a heat transfer surface and a heat transfer element utilizing the heat transfer medium. Further disclosed are applications of the heat transfer element.

Abstract: A colloidal solution and/or nanocomposite having enhanced energy transfer between thermal, electron, phonons, and photons energy states. The composition comprises a synergistic blend of electrides and alkalides within a medium that effectively alters the mean free path. The composition is optionally further enhanced through externally generated fields and made into energy conversion devices.

Abstract: A process for producing a carbon foam heat sink is disclosed which obviates the need for conventional oxidative stabilization. The process employs mesophase or isotropic pitch and a simplified process using a single mold. The foam has a relatively uniform distribution of pore sizes and a highly aligned graphic structure in the struts. The foam material can be made into a composite which is useful in high temperature sandwich panels for both thermal and structural applications. The foam is encased and filled with a phase change material to provide a very efficient heat sink device.