Abstract: Heat exchange apparatus and process, particularly heat exchange primary reforming with the primary reformed gas being subjected to partial combustion (and optionally secondary reforming) and the resultant partially combusted gas being used as the heat exchange medium to supply heat required for the primary reforming. The apparatus includes process fluid inlet and outlet zones separated from the heat exchange zone by boundary means such as tube sheets or header pipes. A plurality of heat exchange tubes for a process fluid extending through a heat exchange zone from one of the boundary means and slideably engage at the other boundary means with seal tubes fastened to said other boundary means.

Abstract: A dephlegmation condenser for binary/polynary condensation of a vapor mixture is arranged upright. It has tubes (4) through which the coolant flows, an inlet connection (1) arranged in the top region of the coolant tubes and intended for the mixture to be condensed, and a collecting space (2) arranged below the coolant tubes (4) and intended for the condensate to be drawn off. The inlet connection (1) and the collecting space (2) are connected to one another via a condenser shell (3) encasing the tubes (4). The coolant is directed in pure counterflow to the mixture in the predominant part of the condensation space.The vapor-side, smooth temperature profile achieved is a consequence of the segregation during the condensation. A mixture which is enriched with the higher-boiling component of the mixture condenses at the start of the condensation section, whereas another mixture which is enriched with the lower-boiling component of the mixture condenses out at the end of the condensation section.

Abstract: A condenser which includes a coolant dispensing section which uniformly dispenses a coolant of high temperature compressed by the compressor, a body which is heat-exchanged with air while the coolant is circulating, and an exit tube which discharges the coolant heat-exchanged with the body. The coolant dispensing section includes a dispenser which uniformly dispenses the coolant, a coolant pipe which connects the compressor and an upper portion of the dispenser, and coolant supply tubes which supply the coolant into the body from the dispenser. The coolant supply tubes are protruded from a side wall of the dispenser by predetermined distances, and end portions of the coolant supply tubes are obliquely cut-away. When the coolant falls toward the bottom of the dispenser from the upper portion of the dispenser, it is introduced into the body through the coolant supply tubes. The coolant is cooled in the body by heat-exchange with the air.

Abstract: A process for reducing the pressure buildup in an automobile radiator which contains a bottom section, a radiator header, a multiplicity of tubes extending between the bottom section and the radiator header, and a heat expansion chamber disposed at least about 0.5 inches above the radiator header and connected to the radiator header by a conduit. In this process, hot fluid containing antifreeze at a temperature of at least about 200 degrees Fahrenheit is flowed through the radiator tube; but hot fluid flow into the heat expansion chamber is prevented. The heat expansion chamber is made from a material with a resistivity at 20 degrees Centigrade greater than about 6 microhoms-centimeters; and the material within the heat expansion chamber has a resistivity at 20 degrees Centigrade of from about 6 to about 40 microhms-centimeters.

Abstract: In the temperature-gradient type multistage condenser, a first cooling step is carried out at an outer cooling cylinder storing a freezing mixture. The outer cooling cylinder has an opening at the upper portion thereof and is constructed of double walls having a predetermined space between the walls, a second cooling step is carried out at a vertical pipe disposed substantially coaxially in the outer cooling cylinder, and a third cooling step is carried out at an inner cooling cylinder through which the vertical pipe passes. The cooling capacity is gradually increased as cooling proceeds from the first cooling step, and becomes substantially highest at the third cooling step wherein solvent vapor becomes thin.

Abstract: In a refrigerant condenser including a super-cooling portion, the super cooling portion is located in the upper position of a core portion. Thus, when a vehicle engine idles, and high temperature cooling air having passed through the refrigerant condenser and the vehicle radiator is lead to the air upstream side of the condenser through the lower portion of the condenser, because the super-cooling portion is located at the upper position of the core portion, the super-cooling portion is not influenced by the high temperature air.

Abstract: Improved condensate drainage is achieved while compact size is retained in a condenser/evaporator for use in a heat pump system in a construction having first and second, curved, generally congruent tubular headers (10), (14) with one of the headers (10) being an upper header and the other of the headers (14) being a lower header. A first row of elongated tube slots (18) is located in the upper header (10) while a second row of elongated tube slots (20) is located in the lower header (14). Each tube slot (18) in the first row has a corresponding tube slot (20) in the second row and corresponding tube slots (18), (20) in the rows are aligned with one another. Elongated, straight, flattened tubes (22) extend between the headers (10), (14), in parallel with each other and a first port (32) is provided for refrigerant in one of the headers (10) and a second port (36) is provided for refrigerant in the other of the headers (14).

Abstract: A heat exchanger with an improved flat-tubed design is disclosed. The heat exchanger includes plural tubes of relatively flat cross-section in parallel array. Each tube is comprised of relatively flat first and second plates in facing contact. The first plate of each tube has a plurality of first grooves extending at a first oblique angle with respect to a major axis of the corresponding tube. The second plate of each tube has a plurality of second grooves extending at a second oblique angle with respect to the major axis of the corresponding tube, such that the first and second grooves define a cross-hatched pattern of channels to accommodate flow of heat transfer fluid through the corresponding tube. The first grooves are defined by corresponding first ridges on a first major surface of the first plate and the second grooves are defined by corresponding second ridges on a second major surface of the second plate.

Abstract: A two-stage evaporator unit converts a liquid reactant mass flow adjustable as a function of a load presetting into a gaseous reactant mass flow. The liquid reactant mass flow is at least partially evaporated in the first stage by a heat-exchange medium, and, if appropriate is completely evaporated and subsequently superheated in the second stage. The evaporator unit is formed by the alternating stacking one on the other of foils having heat-exchange channels and by foils having reaction channels that, in each case, have at least one first and one second stage integrated in one foil. The first stage is configured as a channel with a minimized cross-sectional area which is directly connected to the inflow conduit. The first stage is operated at high coefficients of heat transmission. The total cross-section of the reaction channels in the second stage increases in the flow direction.

Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus is provided with an indirect evaporative heat exchange section and a direct evaporative heat exchange section. A uniform temperature evaporative liquid is downwardly sprayed into the indirect section to indirectly exchange sensible heat with a hot fluid stream flowing within a series of enclosed circuits which comprise the indirect evaporative heat exchange section. After the evaporative fluid descends through the entire indirect heat exchange section and absorbs heat, it is distributed across fill media within the direct evaporative heat exchange section for cooling. Separate streams of ambient cooling air are simultaneously drawn into each of the heat exchange sections crosscurrently to evaporatively cool the evaporative liquid flowing within each section. The water cooled in the direct heat exchange section is then collected in a sump where it is allowed to mix and resultantly become uniform in temperature before being redistributed.

Abstract: A method and equipment for heat-of-vaporization transfer in a heat exchanger, using steam bubbles. To achieve higher transfers at slight overheating, and with a very simple design, steam bubbles are introduced into evaporation chambers formed between heat exchanger walls, said bubbles then being deformed by said walls and rising in-between them. As they rise, the steam bubbles form a thin liquid film between themselves and the heat exchanger walls, with constrained convection inside the film. As a result excellent local conditions for heat conduction are achieved. Moreover the liquid is well mixed and by evaporation into the bubble it is cooled as far as the immediate vicinity of the heat exchanger walls.

Abstract: Internal condenser system for discharging vapor from a circuit into a tank or pool to reduce pressure in said circuit.The internal condensation conduit (47) comprises a diaphragm (52) just upstream of a cold liquid feed orifice (55); the jet of vapor passing through orifice (53) of the diaphragm creates a zone of significantly negative pressure around this jet and downstream of the diaphragm causing cold liquid to be sucked up. This causes the vapor to condense in the mixing chamber (56).One possible application relates to primary circuits of a nuclear reactor.

Abstract: There is disclosed a new and improved multi-row steam condensing bundle for use in air-cooled vacuum steam condensers employed in power plant applications and the like. Specific freeze protection design is directed to the first row of tubes in the bundle by employing blow-through steam. The excess steam that is not condensed in the first row is introduced into a second pass reflux row of tubes located in the protected warm air region of the bundle. All other tube rows in the bundle are of single pass design with divided rear headers except when the last two rows are configured in a similar two-pass arrangement that protects the exposed top tube row of the bundle from cold wind gusts. It is a mixed flow bundle design because some of the tube rows have counterflow steam and condensate while others have parallel flow.

Abstract: A steam heat exchanger for a wood pulp dryer. The heat exchanger has a frame and a plurality of tubes extending between the ends of the heat exchanger in parallel, spaced-apart relationship to each other. A plurality of fins is connected to the tubes. There is an outlet header near the bottom of the heat exchanger, the outlet ends of the tubes being connected to the outlet header. There is a steam inlet header near the top of the heat exchanger. In one embodiment the inlet header has an inner conduit with a plurality of openings spaced-apart therein for discharging steam from the inner conduit. There is an outer conduit extending about the inner conduit. The inlet ends of the tubes are connected to the outer conduit. There is a middle conduit between the inner and outer conduit with openings in the top thereof. In another embodiment of the invention the inlet header and outlet header are vertically non-aligned when the frame is vertical.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for use within a sump to condense an vapor and to vaporize the liquid. The heat exchanger includes a core having alternating passages to vaporize the liquid and to condense the vapor. Liquid is distributed into passages through a liquid distributor and the passages involved in vaporizing the liquid are provided with a down flow, stage and one or more thermosiphon stages situated below the down flow stage. In such manner, part of the liquid is vaporized within the down flow stage and the remainder is vaporized within the thermosiphon stage or stages.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat exchanger wherein the heating vapor is fed onto heat exchange surfaces of membrane material from a vapor distributor, the vapor distributor having parallel conduits for directing vapor over the entire width of the surfaces. According to the invention the vapor distributor is made up of two opposing wall elements which are fastened to each other by means of projections in one element and corresponding recesses in the other element. The upper end of the membrane constituting the heat exchange surface is locked between the projections and recesses that are fastened to each other. Thus, pleats are produced in the membrane as an expansion leeway for the vapor space delimited by the membrane.

Abstract: A heat exchanger acting as a condenser having a plurality of tubes for cooling a refrigerant flowing through the tubes to condense the vapor phase of the refrigerant to a liquid is shown wherein the condenser has a plurality of headers having baffles and/or phase separators positioned therein. The refrigerant strikes a side wall of one of the headers and respective phases are separated by gravity. Additionally, phase separators may be used to selectively route the vapor and liquid phases to specific locations in the heat exchanger. By-pass lines are used to transfer the non-productive phase to a specific location in the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A heat exchanger, as mounted on the outdoor unit or indoor unit of an air conditioner system, is formed with a plurality of passages for a refrigerant. To this heat exchanger, there is connected a refrigerant distributor for distributing the refrigerant to the individual passages or for collecting the distributed refrigerant. This refrigerant distributor is constructed by soldering two corrugated plate members to form a refrigerant conduit between the corrugations. Before these plate members are soldered, the refrigerant conduit is either partially constricted to form a throttle portion or partially bulged to form a filter portion by fitting a filter member in the bulging portion when the plate members are soldered. Thus, the refrigerant distributor can set the diversion of the refrigerant to a predetermined ratio by the simple device while reducing the space and lowering the cost.

Abstract: A refrigerant condenser is set so that, if its condensation distance is L, the equivalent diameter of a tube having a linearly configured passage for the purpose of heat exchange is de (each dimension being in units of mm), and the number of times the direction change of the linearly configured passage for the purpose of heat exchange change is N, with de.ltoreq.1.15 and the relationship L=(N+1)W=400+1,180 de to 700+1,180 de satisfied, a high heat exchange efficiency is achieved. In this refrigerant condenser, it is possible to use a single long winding tube.

Abstract: A fluid heat exchange apparatus is disclosed that can be used as an absorber in an absorption cooling system. The compact absorber design uses an accordion fin assembly to direct solution downward through the absorber on a plurality of alternatively angled fins. The alternatively angled fins cause the solution to collect at each level against a thermally conductive surface. Each fin includes a plurality of house-shaped perforations that allow the solution to spill over onto the next level fin. The house-shaped perforations also allow the vapor to flow upward in effective counterflow with the solution.

Abstract: A fluid dynamic crossflow cooling tower has a tower body. In the upper portion of the tower body, there is a horizontally disposed injection tubular element which has a plural number of spaced nozzles disposed on the lateral side. Heated fluid is pumped into the injection tubular element and is ejected out through the nozzles and forms a continuous screen of high velocity liquid flow into a horizontal diffuser. Outside cooling air is drawn into the tower through the air inlet located the lower portion of the tower body. The cooling air then mixes with heated liquid in the diffuser to perform heat exchange process. The liquid and air mixture then pass through a mist eliminator which separates liquid from the air. The air is then discharged out of the tower body, liquid is cooled and falls into a water dispersing trough and then passes through a heat radiator for the second pass heat exchanging process, and finally drops into a water tray at the bottom of the tower body.

Abstract: A refrigerant condenser is set so that, if its condensation distance is L, the equivalent diameter of a tube having a linearly configured passage for the purpose of heat exchange is de (each dimension being in units of mm), and the number of times the direction change of the linearly configured passage for the purpose of heat exchange change is N, with de.ltoreq.1.15 and the relationship L=(N+1)W=400+1,180 de to 700+1,180 de satisfied, a high heat exchange efficiency is achieved. In this refrigerant condenser, it is possible to use a single long winding tube.

Abstract: The refrigeration system is provided with a bundle of refrigeration tubes extending through heat exchange fins, with the bundle forming a condenser section, a receiver section and a subcooler section. A sight glass is positioned in the line between the receiver and the subcooler to facilitate the refrigerant charging process. The system also includes a floating head arrangement which allows the condenser pressure to fluctuate with the ambient temperature. A solenoid valve leading to an expansion valve cycles on/off in response to compressor suction pressure. A check valve insures that a column of liquid is always immediately upstream from the expansion valve.

Abstract: A tube bundle for a steam condenser in which the projection on a plane perpendicular to the axis of the tubes of the envelope of the tube-containing zones of the bundle forms a trace of the type forming radiating spikes, wherein at least some of the spikes split at least once into branches, and wherein said spikes radiate from a tube-containing area that forms a substantially circular ring.

Abstract: A compact heat exchanger for adjusting the temperature of a stream of liquid of unknown temperature. The heat exchanger includes a hollow core element provided with a passageway which extends therethrough. The core element has an outer surface extending therealong adjacent the passageway. A plurality of thermal electric elements are spaced apart along the outer surface of the core element for providing heating or cooling to the core element. Each thermal electric element has a heat transfer surface which generally conforms to the outer surface of the core element. An assembly is provided for clamping the plurality of thermal electric elements to the outer surface of the core element and includes a heat transfer member for each thermal electric element. The clamping assembly permits the heat transfer members to move independent of each other.

Abstract: In an air conditioner having at least an indoor unit 9 and an outdoor unit 11 through which a coolant flows, a saturation temperature of the coolant at 50.degree. C. is not less than 2500 kPa, and the indoor heat exchanger in the indoor unit satisfies a relationship of Hi.times.Li/(Di.sup.3 .times.Ni.sup.2).gtoreq.150 and the outdoor heat exchanger in the outdoor unit satisfies a relationship of Ho.times.Lo/(Do.sup.3 .times.No.sup.2).gtoreq. 60.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to minimize a volume of a hollow body by a combination of a horizontal H-letter shaped type gas-liquid separator and a plurality of plate-fin heat exchangers having a larger heat exchange performance per volume. In the present heat exchanging apparatus, fluid and refrigerants flow about in the hollow body through pipes while gas and liquid phases of the refrigerants are repeatedly separated and mixed for heat exchange between the fluid and the refrigerants. The apparatus comprises a plurality of plate-fin heat exchangers for exchanging heat between the refrigerants and the fluid, and a gas-liquid separator including upper and lower accommodation portions which are hollow cylinders laid in a horizontal direction both ends of which are airtightly sealed and an intermediate accommodation portion which connects the upper accommodation portion to the lower accommodation portion so as to form a sideways H-letter shape.

Abstract: Cold storage apparatus comprises a vessel (1) containing a storage liquid and a heat transfer liquid in direct contact with the storage liquid to transfer heat thereto or therefrom. The liquids are immiscible and of different densities and the heat transfer liquid remains liquid during heat transfer. The storage liquid comprises a liquid which solidifies when sufficiently cooled by the heat transfer liquid and the solidified storage liquid is of a different density to the storage liquid. The liquids form by gravity sequentially within the vessel (1) a first layer (4) of heat transfer liquid, a second layer (3) of storage liquid and a third layer (2) of solidified storage liquid. The cold storage apparatus includes heat transfer liquid circulating means (6) to deliver the heat transfer liquid to and from vessel (1).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for indirectly heating a mixed phase stream by contact with a boiling surface located on the inside of the plurality of heat exchange tubes. Improved vaporization of the stream is achieved by equalizing the liquid distribution and the ratio of liquid and vapor entering each tube to overcome poor boiling film heat transfer. The invention uses a means for subdividing the flow entering the heat exchanger into a plurality of streams with each of the divided streams discharging directly into a heat exchange tube. The means for dividing the stream can include baffle arrangements or plugs providing pressure drop at the inlets to the tubes. This method and apparatus is particularly useful in contactors for the sulfuric acid catalyzed alkylation of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: In the method of operating heat exchangers by means of hot gas streams containing condensable components, the hot gas stream (1) is divided into substreams (4) and cooled by means of obstacles (3) having a temperature T which is small in comparison with the entry temperature T.sub.I of the hot gas stream (1), in particular less than the dew point temperature T.sub.D of the hot gas stream (1). The substreams (4) are, after leaving the obstacles (3), combined with one another and, in their cores (8), divided into other substreams (6) and cooled by means of further obstacles (3) at the temperature T. This procedure is repeated until the hot gas stream (7) leaving the heat exchanger (2) reaches an exit temperature T.sub.O of from 200.degree. C. to 60.degree. C., preferably from 120.degree. C. to 80.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention concerns a condenser for a refrigeration circuit through which a refrigerating fluid passes. The condenser comprises an array of tubes mounted between two header tanks and a reservoir connected to the condenser, the array comprising an upstream part for condensing the refrigerating fluid, and a downstream part for supercooling the condensed refrigerating fluid, all the condensed refrigerating fluid coming from the upstream part of the array being introduced into the downstream part, and the reservoir being connected to the outlet of the downstream part. The invention is particularly applicable to air-conditioning installations for automobiles.

Abstract: A housing is provided for an air conditioning condenser of the type providing a fan creating an upward path of air movement through the housing, a heat exchange coil having and inlet and an outlet for connection to a source of hot refrigerant in a refrigerant loop and means for spraying water on the coil. The housing is made of rotomolded plastic and comprises a base, a plurality of identical walls and a top. The base and top are rotocast as a single piece and then cut horizontally with a saw to provide the two pieces. The base includes a U-shaped foot arranged to receive fork lift tines and oriented so the fork lift does not damage the inlet and outlet to the heat exchange coils.

Abstract: A condenser particularly for use in automobile air conditioning system, the condenser including a pair of headers having their inner spaces divided by partitions so as to form a cooling medium flow path in a zigzag patterns including an inlet side group of paths and an outlet side group of paths, side group of paths is 30 to 60% of that of the inlet side group of paths.

Abstract: A condenser for use in air conditioning systems, including a core and headers, the core comprising tubes and corrugated fins sandwiched between the tubes, wherein:width of each tube: 6.0 to 20 mmheight of each tube: 1.5 to 7.0 mmheight of each coolingmedium flow path: 1.0 mm or moreheight of each fin: 6.0 to 16 mmfin pitch: 1.6 to 4.

Abstract: A compact, rugged and light weight condenser structure for a heat exchange system, preferably fabricated in layers and incorporating a jet fin structure for heat exchange with a single phase coolant fluid and tapered passages to maintain relatively constant vapor flow velocity and a consistent, high efficiency flow regime in a refrigerant fluid including vapor and liquid phases. Layered construction permits economical fabrication of the condenser in a plurality of configurations and heat exchange capacities. Tapered configuration of the refrigerant passages, together with the consistent distribution of jet fin heat exchange to the coolant allows a flow regime to be maintained which is highly tolerant of variation in the direction and force of acceleration forces on the condenser. Accordingly, a condenser capable of highly consistent heat exchange performance over a wide range of acceleration conditions is provided.

Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus is provided with an indirect evaporative heat exchange section and a direct evaporative heat exchange section. A uniform temperature evaporative liquid is downwardly sprayed into the indirect section to indirectly exchange sensible heat with a hot fluid stream flowing within a series of enclosed circuits which comprise the indirect evaporative heat exchange section. After the evaporative fluid descends through the entire indirect heat exchange section and absorbs heat, it is distributed across fill media within the direct evaporative heat exchange section for cooling. Separate streams of ambient cooling air are simultaneously drawn into each of the heat exchange sections to evaporatively cool the evaporative liquid flowing within each section. The water cooled in the direct heat exchange section is then collected in a sump where it is allowed to mix and resultantly become uniform in temperature before being redistributed.

Abstract: In the operation of a main steam condenser of a steam turbine driven by a boiler and having a gland steam condenser, the gland steam condensate is normally fed from the gland steam condenser into the main condenser condensate. To avoid contamination of the main condenser condensate by oxygen-rich water, for at least part of the start-up period of the turbine, the gland steam condensate and other drain accumulating in the condenser is prevented from entering the main condenser condensate which is to be fed to the boiler. The gland steam condensate is fed to said main condenser and stored in a reservoir separate from the hot well thereof, to undergo de-aeration before being fed into the main condenser condensate.

Abstract: Power is produced by a power plant using a salt-water solar pond comprising an upper wind-mixed layer, a halocline and a lower convective heat storage layer. The power plant includes a heat engine for utilizing heat present in the heat storage layer of the solar pond and a condenser, which preferably is cooled by liquid droplets. In accordance with a specific embodiment of the invention the power plant is positioned within the solar pond and a flash evaporator is used in the heat engine to produce steam which is supplied to a turbine connected to a generator, the heat depleted steam exiting from the turbine and being cooled by liquid droplets in a direct-contact condenser. The size of the droplets is selected such that the heat extracted in the condenser penetrates the majority of the liquid content of most of the droplets.

Abstract: According to the present invention there is provided a small-sized thermosiphon free from deterioration in its cooling efficiency caused by pressure loss of a refrigerant and in which a two-phase flow of a fluid to be cooled is sure to be distributed uniformly. The thermosiphon includes a cooling cylinder 1 having a plurality of independent refrigerant tanks 2 formed by partition walls 1c which are disposed between fluid inlet port 1a and outlet port 1b inside the cylinder, and a plate fin type heat exchanger 50 extending inside the cylinder through the partition walls 1c hermetically sealably. Under this construction, it is not necessary to use pipes for the circulation of refrigerant C between the refrigerant tanks 2 and refrigerant circulation paths 54 in the heat exchanger 50, thus preventing the deterioration of the cooling efficiency caused by pressure loss of the refrigerant.

Abstract: The heat exchanger is made up of a shell having a coaxial tubular outer and inner wall with end plates attached thereto to enclose a tubular shell cavity provided with an inlet and outlet for a first fluid. Within the shell cavity is a spiral coil of tubing through which flows a second fluid. The coil is wound helically about the axis of the shell and sized to fit the inner and outer walls with limited radial clearance. The coils are axially spaced from one another to define a spiral flow path within the shell cavity for the fluids to first flow. The radial and axial clearance establish a spiral flow path and an axial flow path which are relatively sized to cause the first fluid to travel in a spiral motion, thereby enhancing heat transfer between the first and second fluids. Also, an enclosed central receiver, include communication with the shell cavity, may be formed within the inner tubular wall which serves as a fluid accumulator or reservoir.

Abstract: An improved heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the ambient and a refrigerant that may be in a liquid or vapor phase. The same includes a pair of spaced headers with one of the headers having a refrigerant inlet and the other of the headers having a refrigerant outlet. A heat exchanger tube extends between the headers and is in fluid communication with each of the headers. The tube defines a plurality of hydraulically parallel refrigerant flow paths between the headers and each of the refrigerant flow paths has a hydraulic diameter in the range of about 0.015 to about 0.07 inches.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is disclosed for regulating flow of working fluid through parallel condensation tubes requiring subcooling. The apparatus provides an elongated restriction element extending into the outlet of the respective condensation tubes to the approximate point of onset of subcooling. The elongated restriction element is braced externally to the condensation tube with a support that is used for positioning and maintaining the elongated restriction element in the correct position. The elongated restriction element has a pentagonal cross-section and is slightly undersize with respect to the working fluid passageways through the condensation tubes. The restriction member significantly restricts flow of partially vaporized working fluid but does not significantly affect the flow of fully liquid working fluid.

Abstract: An improved evaporator or evaporator/condenser for use in refrigeration or heat pump systems including first and second spaced, pressure resistant headers (10, 12); a plurality of elongated tubes (20) of flattened cross-section extending in parallel, spaced relation between and in fluid communication with the headers (10, 12) and serpentine fins (34) extending between and bonded to adjacent ones of the tubes (20). The tubes (20) and fins (34), between the headers (10, 12), define a non-planar configuration having a laterally directed apex (80). A condensate trough (82) is aligned with and opens towards one of the headers (12) to receive condensate dripping therefrom.

Abstract: A device for thermal protection of a structure (22) is provided. In one embodiment the device comprises a retention layer (12) impregnated by a fluid substance that is normally in the liquid state. The fluid substance is resupplied to the retention layer via a porous membrane that is impermeable to the substance when it is in the liquid state but is permeable thereto when it is in the vapor state. The membrane is interposed between the retention layer and a supply space for the substance in its liquid state adjacent the structure to be protected.

Abstract: A thermosiphon reboiler heat exchanger which integrates multiple parallel reboilers into a single unit and a heating method are disclosed. The present heat exchanger utilizes a compartmentalized shell for vaporizing a tube-side liquid with a plurality of hot shell-side fluids. The present apparatus is particularly useful for a fractionation system in a phenol manufacture process.

Abstract: To provide a balanced supply of distilled water and undistilled hot water for a household, a condenser coil communicates at one end with a steam generator located above a hot water heater and at its other end well the holding tank of a distilled water system, with a condenser entering the hot water heater near the bottom. The steam generator power input matches the power needed to meet the recovery rate to satisfy undistilled hot water demand under normal conditions. The condenser includes a plurality of loops grouped together so a line drawn from top to bottom through them is no longer than 5 inches. The length of the loops is at least 6 inches and the tubes have inside diameters between 1/4 inch and 5 inches and a total area of at least 25 square inches. Near the outlet of the condenser, the tube bends upwardly by approximately a diameter to create a water holding portion in the lower most loop of the condenser to restrain condensate and maximize heat transfer.

Abstract: A highly efficient distillation unit is provided for heating water and condensing the generated steam to remove the contaminants from the water. Efficiency is enhanced by providing a compact air cooled fin-and-tube heat exchanger which removes heat from the steam, with a powered blower passing air by the fins. A removable bowl which houses the evaporating water is suspended from a rod biased toward its upper position. Mechanical linkage interconnects the rod and a valve which controls incoming water flow to the bowl. The valve closure member is incrementally moved from an opened position to a closed position as a function of the weight of the water in the heating bowl. A low density electrical heating element is powered with from 40 to 55 watts per square inch of submerged heating element exterior surface. The bowl is configured to have a large surface area of heated water to heater input power, thereby further maximizing efficiency.

Abstract: A condenser adapted for use in the car cooling system, the condenser comprising a pair of headers provided in parallel with each other; a plurality of tubular elements whose opposite ends are connected to the headers; fins provided in the air paths between one tube and the next; wherein each of the headers is made of a cylindrical pipe of aluminum; wherein each of the tubular elements is made of a flat hollow tube of aluminum by extrusion; and wherein the opposite ends of the tubular elements are inserted into slits produced in the headers so that they are liquid-tightly soldered therein. The questions raised in reexamination request No. 90/003,919, filed Aug. 7, 1995, have been considered and the results thereof are reflected in this reissue patent which constitutes the reexamination certificate required by 35 U.S.C. 307 as provided in 37 CFR 1.570(e).This is a Reissue of a Patent which was the subject of a Reexamination Certificate No. B1 5,190,100, dated Aug. 30, 1994, Request No. 90/003,073, Jun. 3, 1993.

Abstract: A condenser adapted for use in the car cooling system, the condenser comprising a pair of headers provided in parallel with each other; a plurality of tubular elements whose opposite ends are connected to the headers; fins provided in the air paths between one tube and the next; wherein each of the headers is made of a cylindrical pipe of aluminum; wherein each of the tubular elements is made of a flat hollow tube of aluminum by extrusion; and wherein the opposite ends of the tubular elements are inserted into slits produced in the headers so that they are liquid-tightly soldered therein.The question raised in reexamination request Nos. 90/003,544, filed Aug. 24, 1994, 90/003662, filed Dec. 16, 1994, 90/003796, filed Apr. 19, 1995, have been considered and the results thereof are reflected in this reissue patent which constitutes the reexamination certificate required by 35 U.S.C. as provided in 37 CFR 1.570(e).

Abstract: A condenser apparatus includes a pair of headers provided in parallel with each other; a plurality of tubular elements whose opposite ends are connected to the headers; and fins provided in the air paths between one tube and the next. Each of the headers is made of a cylindrical pipe of aluminum. At least one of the headers is internally divided by a partition into at least two groups of coolant passageways, thus enabling the flow of coolant to make at least one U-turn in the header. The partition extends into the header through a slit in the header. Each of the tubular elements is made of a flat hollow tube of aluminum. The opposite ends of the tubular elements are inserted into slits produced in the headers so that they are liquid-tightly secured.