Abstract: Ultraviolet radiation is the wavelength range between 150 and 300 nanometers, which both generates ozone (O.sub.3) and has a germicidal effect both in ambient air and in a pure oxygen atmosphere, is performed in a highly energy-efficient manner, by utilizing a low-voltage, low-pressure gas discharge lamp, by using a radiation-transparent quartz tube, by equipping it with a long-lasting sintered electrode pair and filling it with a mixture of gas vapor and mercury vapor, by disposing a circuit device between the mains and the gas discharge tube which rectifies the mains alternating current and effects smoothing voltage multiplication, and by coupling this circuit device with an automatic, dry-switching commutator device for the direct current of the gas discharge lamp, in order in principle to avoid a mercury-vapor dissociation (cataphoresis) which would reduce the effectiveness of the radiation.

Abstract: The ozonization installation comprises a group of n ozonizers supplied with energy by a common source in a successive alternating voltage wave train mode, the application of the wave trains being controlled by a control device. The latter produces initiating signals which selectively enable the passage of the electric energy in the form of wave trains coming from the common source to the ozonizer. The installation comprises a servo system chain comprising devices for controlling the duration of the initiating signals by means of a set signal, having regard to the total ozonization produced by the n ozonizers. This duration corresponds to that of each successive wave train. Synchronization devices are provided for connecting the common energy source to solely one ozonizer at a time.

Abstract: An intermittent ozonizing apparatus comprises an ozonizer for producing ozonized oxygen from an oxygen source, an adsorption-desorption tower which adsorbs ozone from the ozonized oxygen fed from the ozonizer to store the ozone, the ozone being desorbed by suction under a reduced pressure, a recycling passage for returning oxygen to the ozonizer after the ozone is adsorbed in the adsorption-desorption tower, and a blower connected in the recycling passage whereby oxygen gas containing ozone is recycled to the ozonizer during ozone adsorption and the ozone stored in the adsorption-desorption tower is desorbed by suction under a reduced pressure during ozone desorption to feed to an ozone outlet.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is disclosed for manufacturing ozone by treating oxygen or an oxygen bearing gas with UV radiation in the range of from about 130-170 nm. The method involves the use of cathode rays to bombard a UV emitting material which emits radiation substantially in the 130-170 nm range. The invention takes advantage of the fact that no radiation is generated substantially above 200 nm or below 130 nm which wavelengths tend to destroy ozone. Thus, unlike the prior art, the present invention does not both make and destroy ozone, but simply makes ozone.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing ozone, comprising: a first electrode; a second, annular electrode surrounding the first electrode and spaced therefrom; a first tubular wall of electrically insulating material disposed between the electrodes; a first sealed glow discharge chamber surrounding one of the electrodes, formed at least in part by the tubular wall, and filled with a charge of an ionizable gas; an ozonization chamber disposed between the electrodes, formed at least in part by the tubular wall, and having an inlet for an oxygen charged medium and an outlet for the medium as ozone enriched; and, electrical conductors for connecting the electrodes to an electrical power source, whereby ionized gas in the glow discharge chamber forms a plasma electrode. The apparatus is preferably energized by applying an electrical potential between the electrodes in the form of voltage pulses at a frequency in the range of 10 to 60 KHz.

Abstract: An ozone generator is set forth wherein the production of ozone is increased by the more efficient cooling of the generator electrodes and therefore the discharge gap where the ozone forms. The cooling is effected by the use of a boiling coolant fluid which has a high heat transfer capacity. Additionally the electrode structure is made more rigid for increased life in the presence of boiling cooling fluid. A method of ozone preparation is also set forth. Alternately cooling can be enhanced by the introduction of a gas into the coolant to enhance coolant turbulence without boiling the coolant.

Abstract: Ozone is produced when oxygen dissolved or absorbed in an inert liquid dielectric is irradiated with ultra violet (light) energy in the wave length range between 1100 and 2200 angstrom units. The apparatus wherein oxygen gas or air or mixtures thereof, converts a percentage of the oxygen to ozone is composed of special ultra violet 1100 to 2200 angstrom wave length transmitting glass or plastic liquid retainer structural material for the selected inert dielectric liquid used as the absorber liquid for the oxygen, air and ozone gases. The configurations for construction of the apparatus are adinfinitum as flat parallel sheets, paired-corrugated sheets, concentric tubes, etc., any of which control the thickness of the dielectric liquid passing by the source of irradiation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating an adjustable concentration of a selected gas within a carrier gas flow including a gas generator which is responsive to a drive signal. A gas analyzer detects the selected gas concentration within the carrier gas flow from the gas generator and provides a signal proportional to the measured concentration to a comparator. A gas concentration selector provides a second signal to the comparator, the signal being proportional to a desired concentration of the selected gas. In response to these signals, the comparator adjusts the drive signal to correct the gas generator output for the difference between the signals and to thereby substantially adjust the concentration of the selected gas within the carrier gas flow to the desired concentration. The method and apparatus automatically corrects for drift or other inaccuracies associated with the generation of the selected gas.

Abstract: This device for measuring a physical operating characteristic of an ozonizer such as, for example, the ozonization power, the production of ozone or the concentration of ozone in the air, comprises a medium or high-frequency sensor placed in the ozonization zone of the ozonizer and an electronic processing circuit which delivers a signal which is an image of the energy received by the sensor. The sensor detects the medium or high-frequency energy produced in the ozonizer and produces a signal which is an image of one of the aforementioned physical characteristics owing to the fact that the curves of these characteristics are colinear with those of the medium and high-frequency energy components.

Abstract: Processes and apparatus are disclosed for generation of radioisotope contaminant fission fragment free ozone from oxygen containing streams by chemonuclear irradiation accomplished by passing the stream past high energy radiation sources placed in sealed chambers.

Abstract: An ozone generator comprises a plurality of inner tubular electrodes each of which has a multiplicity of outwardly extending dimpled projections and each of which is configured for a sliding fit within a dielectric carrier sleeve. An outer tubular electrode is mounted coaxially over each carrier sleeve by means of non-conductive spacers and forms an annular air passageway between each outer electrode and sleeve. The assemblies are mounted longitudinally in an enclosed cylindrical housing by means of an air barrier which surrounds the outer electrodes and divides the housing into upper and lower compartments so that pressurized air which is introduced through an air inlet into the lower compartment passes upwardly through the passageways to the upper compartment where it exits the housing through an ozone outlet. Electrical conductors connect the pairs of inner and outer electrodes in parallel across a source of high voltage remote from the housing.

Abstract: A corona reaction system of the type wherein substantially all of the heat generated by corona discharge is removed from the system by gas flow therethrough. A corona discharge gas flow path is provided which is between 2.0 and 10 inches in length and bounded by discharge electrodes spaced apart at a distance of between 0.01 and 0.250 inch, whereby low pressure drop over the gas flow path is maintained under conditions of high power density and gas temperature.

Abstract: A cell or apparatus for treating a fluid by electron emission as the fluid is passed through a space between a dielectric layer located on a surface of a first electrode and a second electrode and as the electrodes are operated by an attached, appropriate circuit to cause electron emission within the space can be constructed so as to improve the efficiency of the cell or apparatus and so as to promote the amount of time which the dielectric layer may be used without breakdown. In constructing a cell or apparatus for this purpose cooling jackets are provided for circulating cooling fluids in contact with the surfaces of these electrodes remote from one another. In accordance with the disclosure the pressures of the fluids used in the cooling jackets and the fluid passing through the space of the apparatus or cell are regulated so as to maintain the electrical characteristics of the cell or apparatus substantially constant. This improves the efficiency of the circuit used to power the cell.

Abstract: A cell or apparatus for treating a fluid by electron emission as the fluid is passed through a space between a dielectric layer located on a surface of a first electrode and a second electrode and as the electrodes are operated by an attached, appropriate circuit to cause electron emission within the space can be constructed so as to improve the efficiency of the cell or apparatus and so as to promote the amount of time which the dielectric layer may be used without breakdown. In constructing a cell or apparatus for this purpose cooling jackets are provided for circulating cooling fluids in contact with the surfaces of these electrodes remote from one another. In accordance with the disclosure the pressures of the fluids used in the cooling jackets and the fluid passing through the space of the apparatus or cell are regulated so as to maintain the electrical characteristics of the cell or apparatus substantially constant. This improves the efficiency of the circuit used to power the cell.

Abstract: An ozone generating apparatus which comprises a plurality of chambers filled with an adsorbent, wherein a wet raw air is fed through one of the chambers filled with the adsorbent to adsorb moisture to form a dry air and the dry air is fed into an ozonizer to convert it into a dry ozone-containing air, and all or part of the dry ozone-containing air is fed into the other chamber filled with the adsorbent to purge water adsorbed on the adsorbent and to discharge it as a wet ozone containing air. The valves are then switched to feed the wet air to the other chamber filled with the adsorbent, whereby the moisture is adsorbed and the dry ozone-containing air fed from the ozonizer is fed into the former chamber filled with the adsorbent to reactivate the adsorbent and to discharge it as the wet ozone-containing air. The cycle is continuously repeated by switching valves.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for generating large quantities of singlet oxygen and/or ozone at unexpectedly high efficiencies. An electron beam generated by a hollow cathode plasma discharge device (HCD) is spread by disclosed means over an electron-transmissive window past which is flowing an oxygen-containing atmosphere at a high velocity.

Abstract: A corona reaction system of the type wherein substantially all of the heat generated by corona discharge is removed from the system by gas flow therethrough. A corona discharge gas flow path is provided which is between 2.0 and 10 inches in length and bounded by discharge electrodes spaced apart at a distance of between 0.01 to 0.250 inch, whereby low pressure drop over the gas flow path is maintained under conditions of high power density and gas temperature.

Abstract: Improved efficiencies in the treatment of a fluid such as oxygen or an oxygen containing gas by electron emission so as to produce a product such as ozone may be achieved by regulating the manner in which energy is used within a fluid treatment cell and the circuit used to power such a cell. Such a cell normally consists of two electrodes separated from one another by a dielectric layer and an air gap. The apparatus used to power such a cell preferably includes a power supply, a timing generator, transistors for releasing power from the power supply to a transformer at periodic intervals, diodes for permitting power to be reconveyed from the transformer to the power supply, an inductance either built into or associated with the secondary of the transformer, this secondary being connected across the terminals of the cell. With this circuit energy is stored in the cell and in both of the inductances as power is supplied.

Abstract: My invention relates to the use of an inert dielectric solvent liquid of fully halogenated fluorocarbon as the solvent for dissolving under pressure air and oxygen; which liquid acts as the dielectric in an ozone generator; and retains the ozone produced in the corona of the generator in solution in the liquid dielectric, until the pressure is reduced.For commercial applications, ozone is generated at the point of use by passing oxygen, or oxygen containing gas such as air, through a high-energy electrical discharge called Corona.The Corona discharge principle is based on a high voltage alternating current between two electrodes which are separated by a layer of dielectric material and a narrow gap through which the oxygen bearing gas is passed. The dielectric is necessary to stabilize the discharge over the entire electrode area so that it does not localize as an intense arc.

Abstract: In a control system of an ozonizer system wherein the ozonizer system comprises a plurality of ozonizer modules each consituted by one or more unit ozone generators, and the ozone generated by the ozonizer modules is supplied to one or more ozone utilization devices there are provided computer means responsive to the ozone demand of the ozone utilization devices for determining the quantity of ozone to be generated by the ozonizer modules, and a control device for controlling the operation of the ozonizer modules, especially the power applied thereto in response to the ozone quantity determined by the computer means.

Abstract: A method of treating water with ozone comprising:(1) generating ozone from oxygen by an ozone generator,(2) supplying the resulting ozone-containing gas to at least three silica gel-packed adsorption towers one after another to cause the silica gel to adsorb ozone selectively from the gas while recycling discharged gas from the adsorption tower to the ozone generator, the adsorption tower being maintained at a temperature of -180.degree. to 10.degree. C, the silica gel containing a heavy metal in an amount of not greater than 1.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the mass production of ozone in a liquid form from liquid oxygen, by the utilization of ozonizing radiations or electric discharge occurring in the oxygen gasified by being warmed to a temperature not higher than the boiling point of ozone.

Abstract: An ozone generating apparatus is disclosed which comprises a power source device for feeding a rectangular waveform alternating current between the discharge electrodes of a discharge tube of an ozone generator. One or both of the output current and frequency of the power source device is controlled to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional ozone generating apparatus.

Abstract: A gas etching device comprises a vacuum vessel provided with a means for supplying into the vacuum vessel a gas containing therein oxygen atoms and a gas containing therein fluorine atoms, an etching gas-producing region provided within the vacuum vessel and provided with an exciting means for exciting said gases, and a reaction region provided within the vacuum vessel and disposed at a position spaced apart from the etching gas-producing region and having disposed therein a material to be etched. By the use of this device, etching can be performed with no deterioration of a resist, accordingly with success in fine fabrication, and with no damages to the material to be etched. Further, during the etching, the condition of the etching process can be watched with the naked eyes under illumination of natural light.

Abstract: An ozone-generating apparatus comprises an ozonizer; one or more moisture exchangers in which synthetic zeolite having fine pore diameter for inhibiting adsorption of ozone but easily adsorbing moisture, is filled as a moisture adsorbent; and switching means which switches the moisture exchangers at the inlets and the outlets thereof to alternatively repeat a moisture-adsorbing operation for drying air by passing a wet air through one of the moisture exchanger before feeding it to the ozonizer and a moisture adsorbent-recovering operation for drying the synthetic zeolite by passing the dry ozone-containing air generated from the ozonizer through the other moisture exchanger.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for generating large quantities of singlet oxygen and/or ozone at unexpectedly high efficiencies. An electron beam generated by a hollow cathode plasma discharge device (HCD) is spread by disclosed means over an electron-transmissive window past which is flowing an oxygen-containing atmosphere at a high velocity.

Abstract: This disclosure teaches an apparatus and related method for energizing gas and more particularly generating ozone for treating water. An oxygen containing gas is introduced into a gap between two electrodes and the electrodes are connected each to an opposite pole of a high voltage source so that ozone is produced in the gap. The water cools one of the electrodes and the other electrode is formed as a heat pipe whereby it too is cooled. A porous material is arranged to pass the ozone into the water.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for producing ozone by treating an oxygen-containing gas such as air with electrons or negative gas ions and repeating the treatment as by recirculation to produce at high energy efficiency a concentration of ozone sufficient for effective direct treatment of waste water. Ozone concentrations well in excess of 10,000 parts per million in air have been produced.An ion accelerator is a preferred source of electrons or negative ions.

Abstract: A moisture exchanger type ozone-generating apparatus comprises one or more pairs of adsorption towers which alternatively repeat a step of adsorption and a step of desorption by passing a dry ozone-containing air, and at least one additional adsorption tower for imparting a step of partial desorption between the step of adsorption and the step of desorption, whereby the decrease of ozone concentration at the switching from the step of adsorption to the step of desorption is reduced.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing ozone, wherein air or oxygen is passed through two high voltage electrodes mounted opposite each other in a housing and is converted into ozone by electrical discharge. The housing is constructed as a slender tube open at both ends and made from an electrically non-conductive material, while between the two electrodes, extending more or less over the entire inner length of the tube is mounted at least one bipolar electrode without an electrical input or output, which divides the inside of the tube into discharge channels. The bipolar electrode is formed by a surface, on which discharge points are mounted and directed at the earthed electrode. The discharge electrode, directed at the surface of the bipolar electrode, is similarly provided with a plurality of discharge points.

Abstract: An ozone generating apparatus is disclosed which comprises a power source device for feeding a rectangular waveform alternating current between the discharge electrodes of a discharge tube of an ozone generator. One or both of the output current and frequency of the power source device is controlled to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional ozone generating apparatus.

Abstract: Improved efficiencies in the treatment of a fluid such as oxygen or an oxygen containing gas by electron emission so as to produce a product such as ozone may be achieved by regulating the manner in which energy is used within a fluid treatment cell and the circuit used to power such a cell. Such a cell normally consists of two electrodes separated from one another by a dielectric layer and an air gap. The apparatus used to power such a cell preferably includes a power supply, a timing generator, transistors for releasing power from the power supply to a transformer at periodic intervals, diodes for permitting power to be reconveyed from the transformer to the power supply, an inductance either built into or associated with the secondary of the transformer, this secondary being connected across the terminals of the cell. With this circuit energy is stored in the cell and in both of the inductances as power is supplied.

Abstract: Corona discharge reactions are efficiently conducted by passing a reactant gas through a corona discharge gap in which pulsed electrical energy is dissipated to accelerate electrons to a productive energy level, and eliminating gas ions from the gap to minimize non-productive energizing of the ions prior to additional corona discharge. In one preferred practice of the process a selective ion neutralization potential is applied to eliminate the non-productive gas ions between corona pulses. In other preferred practices, a reactant gas which is exposed to corona is removed from the corona zone after limited exposure to corona to permit recombination of the heavy gas ions prior to additional exposure to corona and/or an ion neutralizing component is added to the reactant gas stream.

Abstract: Corona induced chemical reactions are conducted in a corona discharge zone in which narrow high voltage pulses are applied along with a relatively low voltage bias potential. It is found that for many corona discharge reactions, such as the conversion of oxygen to ozone, the present method increases the electrical efficiency of the reaction.

Abstract: A tertiary waste water treatment system wherein the waste water is subjected to physical chemical processes. The waste water is treated with a coagulating agent, a polyelectrolyte and then is clarified in a lamina preferably of unique design. The clarified waste water is then filtered and passed through an ozonation-sonication chamber wherein the liquid flows counter to the ozone. Within the tower, the liquid is subjected to substantial levels of sonication, enough to cause cavitation, either simultaneously with or prior to encountering large concentrations of ozone. After the ozonation-sonication treatment, the effluent may be discharged or it may be passed through an ozone contact chamber.

Abstract: A solid state power supply circuit for a corona generator type device wherein two alternately fired load commutated SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) means conduct in opposite directions through the primary winding of a power transformer. Each SCR means is series connected to a separate DC power source and isolated from the other SCR means by means of diodes. A corona generator is connected to the secondary of the power transformer and receives symmetrical, bipolar power pulses from the power supply circuit.

Abstract: A system for subjecting gas to high voltage corona wherein a gas is sequentially (serially) exposed to a plurality of corona generation zones. In a preferred system, the gas is conducted through several corona generators which are connected in series by gas conduits, and the gas within the system is cooled subsequent to each exposure to corona.

Abstract: A corona generator method and apparatus preferably for generating ozone, employing a plurality of corona generating cells each comprising a pair of parallel spaced-apart electrodes having a fired-on coating of porcelain enamel. The electrodes are connected to an AC voltage source of sufficient voltage to generate a corona discharge, and an oxygen-containing gas is passed between the electrodes to generate ozone. A high concentration ozone is produced as well as a large quantity of ozone, without water cooling, and at voltages of approximately 6,000 volts. An equation setting forth, for the first time, the interrelationships between the various parameters in a corona generator is derived by Applicant. According to the invention, the corona power is maximized by maximizing the expression .epsilon./Td, where epsilon is the dielectric constant of the porcelain enamel coating and Td is the dielectric thickness.

Abstract: A apparatus for controlling the amount of polluting substances within a fluid such as the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, wherein the polluted fluid passes through a corona-producing chamber having spaced conductive members biased by an alternating electrical potential which effect elimination or conversion of the harmful substances within the exhaust through a series of chemical reactions. Prior to passing through the corona-producing chamber, the exhaust gas is mixed with air or other oxygen containing substance to create an ozone field and other chemical reactants within the chamber to reduce the amount of various contaminants of the polluted gas. The corona-producing member is provided with a plurality of corona-emitting elements which cause an intense corona discharge to occur within the chamber.

Abstract: An improved ozone generator having at least one dielectric layer between spaced-apart electrodes and having a corona chamber with dielectric solid adsorbent particles disposed in the corona chamber for selectively adsorbing ozone.

Abstract: A continuous ozone generation and recovery system is provided including a source of oxygen-rich gas; at least one high-throughput corona generator; means for passing the oxygen-rich gas through an electrical corona at a high ratio of gas volume:electrode area to synthesize ozone in a concentration not greater than 1 wt% in the gas stream; means for cooling the generator and maintaining the ozone-containing oxygen stream below decomposition temperature; means for cooling the ozone-containing oxygen gas stream; means for contacting the cooled gas stream with silica gel to adsorb the ozone and recover an oxygen-rich gas stream; means for recycling the recovered oxygen-rich gas stream for ozone synthesis; and means for recovering the adsorbed ozone from the silica gel.Recycle of unconverted oxygen has strong economic value. Dry nitrogen-rich gas stream from an air separation unit which also provides the oxygen source may be used advantageously as an inert carrier gas for desorbing the ozone.

Abstract: A corona generator method and apparatus preferably for generating ozone, employing a plurality of corona generating cells each comprising a pair of parallel speced-apart electrodes having a fired-on coating of porcelain enamel. The electrodes are connected to an AC voltage source of sufficient voltage to generate a corona discharge, and an oxygen-containing gas is passed between the electrodes to generate ozone. A high concentration ozone is produced as well as a large quantity of ozone, without water cooling, and at voltages of approximately 6,000 volts. An equation setting forth, for the first time, the interrelationships between the various parameters in a corona generator is derived by Applicant. According to the invention, the corona power is maximized by maximizing the expression .epsilon./Td, where epsilon is the dielectric constant of the porcelain enamel coating and Td is the dielectric thickness.

Abstract: Corona induced chemical reactions are conducted in a corona discharge zone in which narrow high voltage pulses are applied along with a relatively low voltage bias potential. It is found that for many corona discharge reactions, such as the conversion of oxygen to ozone, the present method increases the electrical efficiency of the reaction.