Abstract: A method of treating water in a water treatment system after a replacement of an ion exchange bed includes introducing water to be treated into the ion exchange bed of the water treatment system to produce treated water, calculating a current exchange daily average flow rate of water through the water treatment system, calculating a cumulative daily average flow rate of water through the water treatment system, and determining an estimated number of days remaining to exhaustion of the ion exchange bed based on the current exchange daily average flow rate and the cumulative daily average flow rate.

Abstract: A voltage applying unit of a water detecting device applies, to a pair of electrodes, a voltage changing within an application range that includes a first voltage which is smaller than an electrolysis voltage of water and a second voltage which is larger than the electrolysis voltage of the water. A judging unit judges presence or absence of the water based on change in electric current measured by a current measuring unit when the voltage changing within the application range is applied to the pair of electrodes.

Abstract: In an embodiment a process for producing ozone includes applying an input voltage to an input area of a piezoelectric transformer so that a high voltage is generated in an output area of the piezoelectric transformer, wherein the piezoelectric transformer is operated in a pulsed manner such that phases in which the input voltage is applied to the piezoelectric transformer and phases in which the input voltage is not applied to the piezoelectric transformer alternate at regular intervals and surrounding the piezoelectric transformer with an oxygenic process gas so that the ozone is formed from the process gas by the high voltage generated in the output area.

Abstract: A water electrolysis system produces hydrogen gas at a higher pressure than oxygen gas. A Peltier cooler is disposed between a gas-liquid separator and a back pressure valve in a hydrogen gas flow path, and cools and dehumidifies the hydrogen gas. A temperature sensor measures a temperature in the vicinity of the Peltier cooler, and outputs a temperature measurement value. A pressure sensor measures a pressure of the hydrogen gas between a cathode and the back pressure valve in the hydrogen gas flow path, and outputs a pressure measurement value. A control unit controls a cooling temperature by the Peltier cooler, in a manner so that the temperature measurement value becomes a target temperature that exceeds the freezing point of water corresponding to the pressure measurement value. At least a portion of the target temperature becomes lower as the pressure measurement value increases.

Abstract: There is provided a substrate holder for holding a substrate including a first holding member having a first opening portion for exposing a first surface of the substrate, and a second holding member configured to hold the substrate together with the first holding member and having a second opening portion for exposing a second surface of the substrate, wherein the first holding member has at least one first external connection contact, and the second holding member has at least one second external connection contact that is independent of the first external connection contact.

Abstract: A manufacturing apparatus for a semiconductor device includes a substrate holding unit configured to hold a substrate; a processing liquid supply unit configured to supply a processing liquid onto the substrate held by the substrate holding unit; an electrolytic processing unit disposed to face the substrate holding unit and configured to perform an electrolytic processing on the substrate held by the substrate holding unit; and a terminal configured to apply a voltage to the substrate. The electrolytic processing unit includes a direct electrode configured to be brought into contact with the processing liquid supplied onto the substrate to apply a voltage with respect to the substrate; and an indirect electrode configured to form an electric field in the processing liquid supplied onto the substrate.

Abstract: A method of forming a component by an electroforming process using an electroforming apparatus is presented. The electroforming apparatus includes an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte including a metal salt. The method includes receiving a set of training electroforming process parameters; training a machine learning algorithm based on at least a subset of the set of training electroforming process parameters; generating a set of updated operating electroforming parameters from the trained machine learning algorithm; and operating the electroforming apparatus based on the set of updated operating electroforming parameters. The step of operating the electroforming apparatus includes applying an electric current between the anode and the cathode in the presence of the electrolyte and depositing a plurality of metal layers on a cathode surface to form the component. A system of forming a component is also presented.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are apparatuses and methods for generating non-thermal plasma which can form reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as those used to neutralize bacteria and other pathogens in the air and surrounding area. Also disclosed are apparatuses and methods for neutralizing bacteria and other pathogens using ROS generated through the use of non-thermal plasma. Also disclosed are apparatuses and methods for generating ROS. Also disclosed are apparatuses and methods for treating air and nearby surfaces.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are apparatuses and methods for generating non-thermal plasma which can form reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as those used to neutralize bacteria and other pathogens in the air and surrounding area. Also disclosed are apparatuses and methods for neutralizing bacteria and other pathogens using ROS generated through the use of non-thermal plasma. Also disclosed are apparatuses and methods for generating ROS. Also disclosed are apparatuses and methods for treating air and nearby surfaces.

Abstract: A floating power supply for a body of water has a flotation unit. A power supply circuit housed within the flotation unit, wherein the power supply circuit provides power to a device within the body of water while untethered to a power source external of the body of water.

Abstract: An electrolysis stack for an electyrolyzer is electrically subdivided into a plurality of segments, each segment including a specific number of electrolysis cells. The electrolysis stack further has switches adapted for electrically short circuiting the segments of the electrolysis stack.

Abstract: Ionization systems configured with a catalyst-bearing sleeve provide improved filtration while keeping ozone levels within acceptable limits. Modular configurations provide for serviceability and replaceability. System controls monitor particulates, temperature, humidity, and other relevant factors and adjust an ionization level accordingly for optimal performance.

Abstract: This invention includes an electrolysis chamber and method for producing controlled flow acid electrolyzed water and controlled flow alkaline electrolyzed water with independent flows from aqueous solutions. Its objective is to produce controlled flow acid water with an oxide reduction potential (ORP) between +1100 and +1200 mV and a pH between 1.5 and 2.9 with a stability and shelf life of over a year, and controlled flow alkaline electrolyzed water with a pH between 9.0-11.0 and an ORP between ?700 mV to ?800 mV with a shelf life of more than a year.

Abstract: This invention prevents leakage of an internal liquid and breakage of a reference electrode resulting from volume expansion of the internal liquid due to the congelation of the internal liquid, and comprises a vessel that forms a sealed space, an internal liquid that is contained in the vessel, an internal electrode that is immersed in the internal liquid, an ion conduction part that is arranged on a wall of the vessel and that electrically connects the internal liquid and a measurement sample, and a volume expansion absorption mechanism 6 at least a part of which is immersed in the internal liquid and that absorbs volume expansion of the internal liquid due to congelation of the internal liquid.

Abstract: An anodizing or plating system is provided that has a bath with an electrolytic solution into which a production part is at least partially disposed. For the anodizing process, an anodizing monitoring device is present and has a control panel at least partially disposed within the electrolytic solution. A power source for forming an electrical circuit between the power source, the bath, the production part, and the anodizing monitoring device is present. The production part and the anodizing monitoring device are arranged in parallel relationship to one another in the electrical circuit.

Abstract: An electrolytic machining system includes a controller, a drive member coupled to the controller, a power supply, a diving circuit, a detecting circuit, and an electrode module. The diving circuit is coupled to the power supply module and configured to divide a total voltage taken from the power supply module into a plurality of independent working voltages. The detecting circuit is coupled to the dividing circuit and the electrode assembly. The detecting circuit detects each independent working voltage and feeds back information as to the level of the independent working voltage to the controller as the electrode assembly is moved towards a workpiece. When the detection indicates an incorrect working voltage, the controller controls the drive member to move the electrode assembly away from the workpiece.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for economically, reliably and efficiently controlling electrolytic processes by measuring the conductivity of the product of the electrolysis, and having the process terminate when a specified conductivity value is reached, that value corresponding to a desired pH and/or ORP value.

Abstract: Method and system for monitoring the functionality of electrolysis cells for use in chlor-alkali electrolysis.

Abstract: A water electrolysis system includes a high-pressure hydrogen production unit for electrolyzing water to generate oxygen and high-pressure hydrogen (the pressure of the high-pressure hydrogen being higher than that of the oxygen), and a gas-liquid separation unit for removing water contained in the high-pressure hydrogen. The gas-liquid separation unit is placed on a hydrogen pipe for discharging the high-pressure hydrogen from the high-pressure hydrogen production unit. In addition, the water electrolysis system includes a high-pressure hydrogen supply pipe for transferring dewatered high-pressure hydrogen from the gas-liquid separation unit, a cooling unit, which is placed on the high-pressure hydrogen supply pipe and is capable of variably controlling the temperature of the high-pressure hydrogen to adjust the humidity of the high-pressure hydrogen, and a control unit.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating hydrogen by electrolysis of water from a volatile power source may facilitate adjusting the operating capacity of an electrolysis stack based on measurements of the electricity output of the power source. In various embodiments, capacity adjustment is achieved by incorporating fewer or more cells of the electrolysis stack into a closed electrical circuit including the incorporated cells in series with the power source.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical analysis method for monitoring and controlling the quality of electrochemical deposition and/or plating processes whereby the electrochemical analysis method uses a fingerprinting analysis method of an output signal to have an indicator of whether the chemistry and/or process is operating in the normally expected range, whereby the method utilizes one or more substrates as working electrode(s) and a) whereby the potential between the one or more working electrodes and one or more reference electrodes being analyzed to provide an output signal fingerprint which is represented as potential difference as a function of time or b) the input power of a process power supply to provide input energy in the form of current and/or potential between the working electrode(s) and a counter-electrode whereby the method utilizes the potential between the one or more working electrode(s) and at least one of: one or more reference electrodes; or one or more counter-electrodes; to pro

Abstract: A system comprises a plurality of electrochemical cells each comprising an anode chamber and a cathode chamber, each cell configured to electrolyze electrolyte to generate an anolyte and a catholyte, a plurality of sets of one or more flow control devices, each of the sets being configured to control a flow rate of the electrolyte into a corresponding cell, a plurality of current measuring devices, each configured to measure a current across a corresponding one of the plurality of cells, and a control system in data communication with the flow control devices and the current measuring devices. The control system is configured to compare the measured current across each of the cells to a current set point, and control the flow control devices to adjust the flow rate of the electrolyte in response to a difference between the measured current across a cell and the current set point.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed towards a method and a system for monitoring the performance of an electrochemical cell stack. Monitoring can be performed remotely by measuring the voltage across the stack, and comparing the measured values to predetermined reference values to determine the condition of the stack. Monitoring of the stack voltage enables detection of performance decay, which in turn enables preemptive repair of the stack prior to catastrophic failure.

Abstract: A technique for a nanodevice is provided that includes a reservoir filled with a conductive fluid and a membrane separating the reservoir. The membrane includes an electrode layer having a tunneling junction formed therein. A nanopore is formed through the membrane, and the nanopore is formed through other layers of the membrane such that the nanopore is aligned with the tunneling junction of the electrode layer. When a voltage is applied to the electrode layer, a tunneling current is generated by a base in the tunneling junction to be measured as a signature for distinguishing the base. When an organic coating is formed on an inside surface of the tunneling junction, transient bonds are formed between the electrode layer and the base.

Abstract: A nanodevice is provided that includes a reservoir filled with a conductive fluid and a membrane separating the reservoir. The membrane includes an electrode layer having a tunneling junction formed therein. A nanopore is formed through the membrane, and the nanopore is formed through other layers of the membrane such that the nanopore is aligned with the tunneling junction of the electrode layer. When a voltage is applied to the electrode layer, a tunneling current is generated by a base in the tunneling junction to be measured as a signature for distinguishing the base. When an organic coating is formed on an inside surface of the tunneling junction, transient bonds are formed between the electrode layer and the base.

Abstract: A method for operating an installation for producing hydrogen including at least one high temperature electrolyzer for producing hydrogen, the electrolyzer including a plurality of elementary cells, each including a cathode and an anode separated by an electrolyte, the elementary cells being separated by an interconnection plate, each interconnection plate defining with an adjacent cathode a cathode compartment and with an adjacent anode an anode compartment, the cathodes being made from a cermet containing nickel, the method including: a) raising a temperature of the cells up to an operating temperature of the electrolyzer comprised between 650° C. and 950° C.; b) applying a potential difference on terminals of the elementary cells at least equal to 0.62 V.

Abstract: The invention relates to a current collecting bus-bar comprising electrode housings for accommodating a multiplicity of electrodes in electrical contact therewith. Probes for measuring the electric potential locally established in correspondence of the electrical contacts during the passage of electric current are also connected to the bus-bar. The invention further relates to a permanent monitoring system allowing the continuous evaluation of current distribution on each electrode of electrolysis cells of metal electrowinning or electrorefining plants, connected to an alerting system and to means for disconnecting individual electrodes in case on non-compliance with preset values.

Abstract: A system (10) for generating a chlorine-containing compound includes an anodic chamber (12), a cathodic chamber (20), and a brine chamber (30). The anodic chamber (12) includes an anodic electrode (14) and the cathodic chamber (20) includes a cathodic electrode (22). A membrane (28) separates the anodic and cathodic chambers (12), (20). The brine chamber (30) includes an anodic electrode (32) and a cathodic electrode (34). Concentration and type of the chlorine-containing compound can be selectively and consistently controlled by the system (10) in real time.

Abstract: A plating apparatus includes a plating bath, an insoluble anode located in the plating bath, a plating electric power supply being capable of applying a voltage between the insoluble anode and the member to be plated, an anode-displacement mechanism being capable of moving the insoluble anode in the plating bath and of holding the insoluble anode at a predetermined position in the plating bath, and a controller having an anode-position controller being capable of generating a control signal for controlling an action of the anode-displacement mechanism and of outputting the control signal to the anode-displacement mechanism.

Abstract: A supplementary hydrogen fuel system is described. The supplementary hydrogen fuel system can include a hydrogen generator. The hydrogen generator can include a cylindrical enclosure of metal and a fuel cell unit disposed within the cylindrical enclosure. The fuel cell unit includes an anode core coupled to a second terminal of the power source. The anode core includes indentations on one or more surfaces. The indentations are arranged according to a first pattern.

Abstract: A personal protection arrangement in a vehicle includes a gas generator for fluid communication with a reservoir and a control unit. The control unit is arranged to activate the gas generator upon fulfillment of at least one predetermined criterion such that gas is released by the gas generator into the reservoir and the pressure in the reservoir is increased. The gas generator comprises at least one electrochemical cell which is arranged to generate gas when the electrical status of the electrochemical cell is changed from a first state to a second state by a state-changing action.

Abstract: Provided herein are systems and methods useful for the cleaning, sanitizing, and/or microbial control of industrial equipment such as, for example, conveyance and production/manufacturing systems.

Abstract: A system and method for generating hypochlorous acid, the system comprising an electrolysis cell, a first fluid line configured to direct a first salt solution to a cathode chamber of the electrolysis cell, and a second fluid line configured to direct a second salt solution to an anode chamber of the electrolysis cell, where the second salt solution has a greater salt concentration than the first salt solution.

Abstract: Methods and devices for improving measurements of test meter, and in particular for detecting a presence of an electrochemical sensor or strip in the test meter and a start time of an electrochemical reaction, are provided. In one exemplary embodiment of an electrochemical system includes an electrochemical sensor , a test meter, and a circuit. The circuit is configured to form an electrical connection with the electrochemical sensor such that the circuit can detect three distinct voltage ranges. The voltage ranges can be indicative of an absence of the electrochemical sensor, a presence of the sensor that is devoid of a sample, and a presence of the sensor with a sample. Test meters, methods for detecting when a sample starts to fill an electrochemical sensor for establishing when a reaction starts, and circuits for use with electrochemical strips, are also provided.

Abstract: In a process for anodising a metal object (12), the metal object (12) is contacted with an anodising electrolyte (32), and is first pre-anodised so as to grow a thin oxide film on the surface. The microscopic surface area is then deduced from electrical measurements either during pre-anodising or on the pre-anodised surface. The metal object (12) can then be anodised. This is applicable when treating an implant to provide a surface that has the ability to incorporate biocidal material such as silver ions. The pre-anodising uses a low voltage, for example no more than 2. V, and may take less than 120 seconds.

Abstract: This is a process to generate alternating current without an external source for cell-houses in electrowinning or electrorefining of copper or other products in which the electric source consists of a conventional rectifier-transformer group that supplies continuous electrical current to the cell-house, which is connected in parallel to a device characterized by having the capacity to extract an electrical current from the cell-house for a period of time and then return it in another period of time, whether periodically or semiperiodically and without changing the average value of the electrical current, supplied to the cell-house by the rectifier-transformer. This results in a electrical current in the cell-house that is the superimposition of a continuous and alternating current. This process is designed to overcome the barrier of electric potential produced by the presence of the pure continuous electric field in cell-houses through the electric agitation of an ion-rich electrolyte.

Abstract: Hydrogen generating apparatus that is capable of controlling the amount of hydrogen generation. The hydrogen generating apparatus has an electrolyzer, a first electrode, a second electrode, a switch, which is located between the first electrode and the second electrode, a flow rate meter, which measures an amount of hydrogen generation in the second electrode, and a switch controller, which receives a set value, compares the amount of hydrogen generation measured by the flow rate meter with the set value, and controls an on/off status of the switch. The amount of hydrogen generation can be controlled by use of on/off time and/or on/of frequency of the switch.

Abstract: There is provided an automated electrochemical device for generating a biocidal output solution, said device comprising: a flow-through electrochemical cell comprising an anodic chamber and a cathodic chamber for electrolysing an electrolyte to generate an anolyte solution and a catholyte solution; characterised in that the device further comprises: (i) a reservoir for storing catholyte; and (ii) a hydraulic circuit for recirculating catholyte from the reservoir to the anolyte on start-up of the cell, wherein input of catholyte of a compensating strength to the cell anodic chamber, is arranged so as to optimise the cell anolyte pH to produce a stable output solution at the start of the electrolysis process.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting a liquid level in an electrolytic cell are disclosed herein, the apparatus comprising a level tube in fluid contact with the electrolytic cell; a proximity sensor positioned to detect the presence or absence of liquid at a predetermined level in the level tube; and a control system responsive to the proximity sensor, wherein the control system is in communication with the liquid level sensor via a communication system. The proximity sensor detects the presence or absence of fluid in the level tube and sends a signal to the control system via the communication system; and the control system provides an indication of liquid level.

Abstract: An apparatus has a tank with an interior for containing water, a nozzle for directing ozonated water out of the spray apparatus, and an electrolytic cell located between the nozzle and the tank. The electrolytic cell is configured to ozonate water as the water flows from the tank to the nozzle. The apparatus also includes a power source for providing electric potential to the electrolytic cell. The tank, nozzle, and electrolytic cell all are part of a single spray bottle or dispenser (e.g., like a soap dispenser).

Abstract: A device for producing an electrochemically activated solution, such as an anolyte or a catholyte solution, by means of an electrolysis process, for instance EOW, on the basis of one or more raw materials, for instance water and salt, comprising an electrochemical reactor for performing the electrolysis process, measuring means for measuring various parameter values of the electrolysis process and/or the solution, and a first and second control unit which are connectable to the measuring means for the purpose of adjusting the electrolysis process on the basis of the parameter values until the parameter values meet predetermined target values, after which the solution is approved.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes providing a template having openings on upper surface, channels for receiving plating solution and connecting from the openings to lower surface of the template, and electrodes in positions corresponding to the channels on the lower surface and extending to the openings through the channels, positioning a substrate having circuits on upper surface of the substrate and through holes penetrating through the substrate and connected to circuit electrodes of the circuits such that the upper surface of the substrate faces downward, coupling the template and substrate such that the holes are positioned to correspond with the openings, supplying plating solution from the channels to the holes, and applying voltage between the circuit electrodes as cathodes and electrodes as anodes such that through-hole electrodes are formed in the holes and that the circuit electrodes are connected to the electrodes.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing electrolyzed water includes an electrochemical cell and a solution reservoir containing a solution and having an outlet. An injection pump has an input end in fluid communication with the outlet of the solution reservoir and an output end in fluid communication with the electrochemical cell, wherein the injection pumps an amount of the solution from the solution reservoir to mix with a water solution and enter the electrochemical cell. A current feedback sensor senses a cell current in the electrochemical cell. A current control unit in data communication with the current feedback sensor and the injection pump wherein the current control unit compares the cell current with a preselected current and adjusts the amount of solution pumped from the injection pump responsive to the comparison. The apparatus may also include an automatic control feedback system to monitor and adjust pH.

Abstract: Electrolyzed water producing method and apparatus are provided which are capable of producing electrolyzed water having a desired property irrespective of the quality of raw water supplied and the like while allowing the size and weight of the apparatus and the cost to be reduced by limiting the capacity of an electrolysis power source. The electrolyzed water producing method includes: circulating an aqueous electrolyte solution to a first electrolytic chamber of a pair of electrolytic chambers opposed to each other across an intervening ion permeable diaphragm while supplying raw water to the second electrolytic chamber; and applying a predetermined voltage to a pair of electrodes disposed in the respective electrolytic chambers with the diaphragm intervening there between, to electrolyze the raw water and the aqueous electrolyte solution, thereby producing electrolyzed water in the second electrolytic chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for a point-of-use electrochemical generation of hypochlorite on demand in a wide range of volumes and concentration. The system is provided with a processor which adjusts the electrolyte composition, the current density and the electrolysis time, commanding an alert system capable of warning in advance whenever the replacement of electrodes is needed. Automated detection of the insertion and the correct type of several collecting vessels can also be provided, triggering the set-up of electrolysis parameters accordingly.

Abstract: The oxalic acid aqueous solution filled in an electrolytic tank is electrolyzed with an electrolyzer to produce carbonic acid gas, while ultrasonic wave from an ultrasonic generator is applied to the produced carbonic acid gas bubbles, to form micro bubbles, which is dissolved in said oxalic acid aqueous solution, so as to easily produce carbonic acid gas solution with micro carbonic acid gas bubbles dissolved at a low cost; said carbonic acid gas solution can substitute carbonated spring.

Abstract: In a method of stopping an operation of a water electrolysis system, an on-off valve disposed in a pressure release line communicating with a cathode side of an electrolytic membrane is opened while an electrolytic current is applied between power feeders to electrolyze water for generating oxygen on an anode side of the electrolytic membrane and high pressure hydrogen having a higher pressure than a pressure of the oxygen on the cathode side. A value of the electrolytic current is reduced in a predetermined cycle or continuously. One of a specific resistance and conductivity of water to be supplied to the high pressure hydrogen producing apparatus is detected. The value of the electrolytic current is increased if the specific resistance is equal to or lower than a first predetermined value, or if the conductivity is equal to or higher than a second predetermined value.

Abstract: A water electrolysis system includes a high-pressure hydrogen production unit for electrolyzing water to generate oxygen and high-pressure hydrogen (the pressure of the high-pressure hydrogen being higher than that of the oxygen), and a gas-liquid separation unit for removing water contained in the high-pressure hydrogen. The gas-liquid separation unit is placed on a hydrogen pipe for discharging the high-pressure hydrogen from the high-pressure hydrogen production unit. In addition, the water electrolysis system includes a high-pressure hydrogen supply pipe for transferring dewatered high-pressure hydrogen from the gas-liquid separation unit, a cooling unit, which is placed on the high-pressure hydrogen supply pipe and is capable of variably controlling the temperature of the high-pressure hydrogen to adjust the humidity of the high-pressure hydrogen, and a control unit.

Abstract: An anodizing apparatus includes: a power supplying drum for supporting a strip of an anodizable metal or a composite conductive foil having an anodizable metal on one surface thereof in close contact, at least a portion of the power supplying drum supporting the strip being conductive; opposing electrodes facing the power supplying drum; an electrolysis tank filled with an electrolytic solution in which a portion of the power supplying drum that supports the strip and the opposing electrodes are immersed; non conductive protective members that overlap the transverse ends of the strip on the power supplying drum and portions of the power supplying drum that the strip is not in contact with to protect the overlapped portions from the electrolytic solution; and a drive section that causes the strip and the protective members to move together within the electrolytic solution, synchronized with the rotating speed of the power supply drum.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a barrel plating apparatus. The barrel plating apparatus includes a barrel plating tank filled with an electrolytic solution, a barrel container immersed in the electrolytic solution of the barrel plating tank and filled with chip parts and media, a power supply unit for supplying current to an anode part and a cathode part which transfer the current to the barrel container and the electrolytic solution of the barrel plating tank, a driving motor for rotating the barrel container, and a hall current sensor formed in at least one cathode rod of the cathode part, coming into direct contact with the chip parts, the hall current sensor measuring the current. Accordingly, in the barrel plating apparatus, the currents of respective cathode rods are measured by hall current sensors, and thus variations in plating thickness can be reduced.