Abstract: The present invention provides an ozone generation and delivery system that lends itself to small scale applications and requires very low maintenance. The system preferably includes an anode reservoir and a cathode phase separator each having a hydrophobic membrane to allow phase separation of produced gases from water. The hydrogen gas, ozone gas and water containing ozone may be delivered under pressure.

Abstract: The invention concerns a cooling system for a high intensity electric circuit designed to power an electrolysis vessel with high intensity current. Said system comprises a tube (18) made of conductive metal in series and/or in parallel in the electric circuit, conveying the high intensity current and liquid circulating circuit (34) comprising a pump with variable flow rate (28) maintaining a liquid flow in the tube for recovering the heat released by the passage of high intensity current in said tube and a heat exchanger (30) for evacuating the heat recovered in the tube and restore it to the electrolysis vessel for maintaining its temperature above a crystallisation threshold of the electrolysis, the variable flow rate of the pump being able to be adapted based on the value of the intensity of the high intensity current.

Abstract: An ozone storage/recovery method comprises a process for supplying an ozone-containing gas, generated by an ozone generator, to an ozone adsorbent tank filled with an ozone adsorbent contained at least one high-silica material selected from the group consisting of a high-silica pentasil zeolite, a dealumination faujasite and a mesoporous silicate, causing the adsorbent to adsorb ozone at a temperature of 0° C. or below, and storing the ozone, and a process for desorbing the ozone adsorbed by the adsorbent in the ozone adsorbent tank and recovering the ozone from the adsorbent tank, whereby ozone can be supplied as required.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ozone generation and delivery system that lends itself to small scale applications and requires very low maintenance. The system preferably includes an anode reservoir and a cathode phase separator each having a hydrophobic membrane to allow phase separation of produced gases from water. The hydrogen gas, ozone gas and water containing ozone may be delivered under pressure.

Abstract: The present invention provides for the electrochemical generation of ozone for use in “point-of-use” applications. The electrochemical ozone generators or systems of the present invention may be used to provide disinfected water, ozone-containing water, and/or ozone gas. Disinfected water may be produced by introducing ozone gas into a potable or purified water source for the purpose of disinfecting or controlling the microorganisms in the water source. Ozonated water or ozone gas may be produced and provided for various anti-microbial and cleansing applications of the consumer, such as washing food, clothing, dishes, countertops, toys, sinks, bathroom surfaces, and the like. Furthermore, the ozone generator may be used to deliver a stream of ozone-containing water for the purpose of commercial or residential point-of-use washing, disinfecting, and sterilizing medical instruments and medical equipment.

Abstract: A self-contained hydrogen recharging system (5) for a fuel cell metal hydride storage canister (100). A water reservoir (10) provides water (15) to an electrolyzer (20), where the water is converted into hydrogen gas (22) and oxygen gas (24). The hydrogen gas is dried (26) and then stored in an accumulator (30). When the metal hydride storage canister is ready to be refilled, it is connected by the user to the recharging system. A heat exchanger (55) heats the fuel cell hydride storage canister prior to transfer of the stored hydrogen gas, and then cools the fuel cell hydride storage canister during transfer of the stored hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas stored in the accumulator is rapidly transferred to the hydride storage canister by means of a pump (60) and stowed in the canister as a metal hydride.

Abstract: A mediated electrochemical oxidation process is used to treat, oxidize and dispose of biological waste materials. Waste materials are introduced into an apparatus for contacting the waste with an electrolyte, which comprises one or more oxidizing species in their higher valence states in aqueous solution. The electrolyte, which can be regenerated, is used to oxidize specific molecules of the waste materials, breaking them down and preventing the formation of dioxins. The waste treatment process takes place at a temperature range from room temperature up to a temperature slightly below the boiling point of the electrolyte solution (usually the temperature will be below 100° C.), and can be altered by adding ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract: Service water is filtered by an active carbon pre-filter. The pre-filtered water is forced into a reverse osmosis membrane by a pump to produce pure water, and the pure water is processed to remove specific substances that consume ozone. Then, an ion-exchange resin treats a part of the low-ozone-consuming water and removes electrolytes from it to produce proper ultrapure water, which is supplied through a gas-liquid separating vessel to an electrolysis cell to produce ozone-containing gas. Another portion of the liquid in a lower space in the vessel is sent through a line to a separate temperature-controlled container. The returned liquid is mixed with the gas from the electrolysis cell by using an aspirator and ejector. Part of the high-concentration ozone water can be supplied through the temperature controlled container, a solenoid valve and a needle valve to an ozone water discharge device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrochemical cells and electrochemical systems using a one piece or unitary electrode plate hereinafter also referred to as a double electrode plate (DEP) which serves to electrically connect two adjacent cell compartments and wherein the current flow in the electrodes is parallel to the working face of the electrode. In the cell designs disclosed, the cells are assembled as a contiguous stack of cells (cell stack) appearing similar to a filter press where the electrical connections between adjacent cells are made using the double electrode plate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for manufacturing high concentration ozone gas, characterized by employing a pressure swing adsorbing apparatus having a plurality of adsorbing layers filled with ozone adsorbent, in which the ozone adsorbent is one or two or more kinds of adsorbent selected from the group consisting of high silica pentasyl zeolite, dealuminized fogersite, and mesoporous silicate.

Abstract: An ozone generator which operates at constant pressures to produce a continuous flow of ozone in an oxygen stream having from 10% to 18% by weight of ozone. The ozone generator includes one or more electrolytic cells comprising an anode/anode flowfield, a cathode/cathode flowfield, and a proton exchange medium for maintaining the separation of ozone and oxygen from hydrogen. The ozone generator also has an anode reservoir which vents oxygen and ozone and a cathode reservoir which vents hydrogen. The anode reservoir can be filled from the cathode reservoir while continuing to produce ozone. The ozone generator is readily configured for self-control using a system controller programmed to operate the anode reservoir at a constant pressure.

Abstract: An ozone generator which operates at constant pressures to produce a continuous flow of ozone in an oxygen stream having from 10% to 18% by weight of ozone. The ozone generator includes one or more electrolytic cells comprising an anode/anode flowfield, a cathode/cathode flowfield, and a proton exchange medium for maintaining the separation of ozone and oxygen from hydrogen. The ozone generator also has an anode reservoir which vents oxygen and ozone and a cathode reservoir which vents hydrogen. The anode reservoir can be filled from the cathode reservoir while continuing to produce ozone. The ozone generator is readily configured for self-control using a system controller programmed to operate the anode reservoir at a constant pressure.

Abstract: An ozone storage/recovery method comprises a process for supplying an ozone-containing gas, generated by an ozone generator, to an ozone adsorbent tank filled with an ozone adsorbent contained at least one high-silica material selected from the group consisting of a high-silica pentacile zeolite, a dealumination faujasite and a mesoporous silicate, causing the adsorbent to adsorb ozone at a temperature of 0° C. or below, and storing the ozone, and a process for desorbing the ozone adsorbed by the adsorbent in the ozone adsorbent tank and recovering the ozone from the adsorbent tank, whereby ozone can be supplied as required.

Abstract: An improved electrolysis system includes a cylindrical anode, a cylindrical cathode, a cathode material including nanocrystalline particles, and an insulator disposed between the anode and the cathode material to prevent contact between the anode and the cathode material.

Abstract: An oxygen or ozone generating device having a plurality of ceramic composite cells, a resistance heat element, a cathode, an anode, a gas manifold interconnecting a gas output passageway from each of the cells, and a thermal shell in which the ceramic composite cells are stacked or arranged in electrical series and gas parallel surrounded by shock absorbing and insulating materials, respectively. Also provided are an exhaust fan, thermocouple sensors, a power source, a programmable computer controller with user interface, and a container supporting the computer user interface and having passageways for providing air into the device, and an oxygen output for supplying oxygen from the device. Methods for manufacturing the ceramic composite cells are also provided, including a method for manufacturing bismuth baria oxide and bismuth calcia baria oxide for use in the ceramic materials used within the ceramic composite cell.

Abstract: An aqueous electrolyte ozone generating system includes on electrolyte tank and liquid-vapor separator tank. Electrolyte tank has a liquid supply port located at its upper part which allows ozone gas-containing liquid (generated at an anode) to be supplied to the liquid vapor separator tank. Water at the bottom part of an separator tank flows back to the anode chamber of the electrolyte tank through a return port, and fresh water is replenished to the system simultaneously while the temperature of the water in the separator tank is controlled. Liquid-vapor separator tank is thin in horizontal width and long in the vertical direction. A heat exchanger wall is installed to and covers most of the surface area of at least one side of the separator tank. A temperature control, capable of providing a cooling effect, is integrally installed to the heat exchanger wall.

Abstract: An electrolytic ionic water generating apparatus that produces electrolytic ionic water having a desired pH value and a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus that uses the electrolytic ionic water. The invention includes an electrolytic tank with an anode chamber and a cathode chamber, an introducing conduit or line to introduce electrolytic solution, and a discharge conduit or line to supply the generated electrolytic ionic water to other apparatuses such as a semiconductor washing machine and a semiconductor polishing machine. To control the pH value of the electrolyzed ionic water, pH meters and pH controllers are disposed on the introducing or discharge conduit. The pH meters detect the pH values of the electrolyzed ionic water and provide the detected result to the pH controllers. The pH controllers control the pH values of the supplied ionic water by controlling and changing the temperature of the solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for generating oxygen or a mixture of ozone and oxygen from high-purity water by means of an electrochemical cell in which a buffer vessel is provided for the high-purity water and the high-purity water can be supplied from the buffer vessel to the electrochemical cell through a feed line and oxygen or ozone and oxygen as well as high-purity water is guided from the anode chamber of the cell through a drain line directly into the buffer vessel and a feed line for the oxygen or mixture of ozone and oxygen comes out from the buffer vessel, possibly with the addition of high-purity water, to a consumer.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a water-evaporation type cooling apparatus which uses a solid-state electrolytic element, is free from an environmental protection problem, is soundless, and has a small size. An solid-state electrolytic element 50 is arranged to partition an airtight can 51 into spaces 51a, 51b, water 53 is reserved in the space 51a, and a condenser 55 is arranged to communicate with the space 51b. A water-reservation portion of the space 51a communicates with a water-reservation portion of the condenser 55 through a water path 57, and gas-phase portions of the spaces 51a, 51b communicate with each other through a ventilation path 58. A power is supplied from a DC power supply 52 to the solid-state electrolytic element 50 to make water decomposition reaction on an anode side and water generation reaction on a cathode side.

Abstract: The invention is a method and apparatus using high cerium concentration in the anolyte of an electrochemical cell to oxidize organic materials. The method and apparatus further use an ultrasonic mixer to enhance the oxidation rate of the organic material in the electrochemical cell. A reaction vessel provides an advantage of independent reaction temperature control and electrochemical cell temperature control. A separate or independent reaction vessel may be used without an ultrasonic mixer to oxidize gaseous phase organic materials.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electrolytically extracting lithium at high purity and high efficiency are disclosed, in which the apparatus 1 includes a partition 2 constituted mainly of a perovskite-type Li ion conducting solid electrolyte, a feed chamber formed on one side of the partition in which a crude liquid containing a lithium component and impurities is introduced so as to come into contact with the partition, a recovery chamber formed on the other side of the partition in which a liquid for recovery is introduced so as to come into contact with the partition, and a means for applying an electrical field to the partition in such a manner that the crude liquid side is positive and the recovery liquid side is negative. On applying an electrical field to the partition, the lithium component of the crude liquid selectively passes through the partition in the form of Li ions into the recovery side.

Abstract: A main feature of the present invention is to provide water for medical treatment that can eliminate superoxide anion radicals that trigger various disease. Raw water including at least sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium ions is supplied to an eloectrolytic water treatment apparatus comprising a cathode chamber and an anode chamber. A current within the range of 0.16 mA/cm.sup.2 .about.3.2 mA/cm.sup.2 is applied per each pair electrodes and one diaphragm for 0.5 seconds .about.5 seconds across a cathode electrode and an anode electrode to electrolyze the raw water. By this method, water for medical treatment is produced that has an oxidation-reduction potential value within the range of -150 mV.about.0 mV measured against a platinum electrode. The water for medical treatment can remove from the blood of a patient the SAR that causes various disease.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for producing hypochlorite of any concentration as desired by electrolysis and being easy to maintain. A hypochlorite reaction chamber is provided integrally with an electrolyzer, which is divided by a cation exchange membrane, and introducing means for introducing an anode chamber product and a cathode chamber product is provided between the hypochlorite reaction chamber and the anode chamber or the cathode chamber. As a result, it is possible to obtain an apparatus for producing hypochlorite and being easy to handle, and there is no need to install pipings for chlorine outside the apparatus.

Abstract: A simply configured cooling mechanism for an apparatus for producing hydrogen and oxygen is disclosed. The configuration makes it possible to freely select the type of heat exchanger, without any restrictions, in order to improve cooling efficiency. In particular, a heat exchanger for cooling deionized water in a deionized water tank, which contains an electrolytic cell, is installed outside the tank. An inlet to the heat exchanger is connected to a deionized water flow outlet from the tank that is below the level of the deionized water the tank by a pipe, and an outlet from the heat exchanger to tank is connected to a deionized water flow inlet that is positioned in the tank below the deionized water flow outlet.

Abstract: A conductive inflatable member is provided in an electrochemical cell between an electrode and a current for providing uniform contact pressure, and thus uniform electrical contact between the electrode and the current bus. The inflatable member may comprise a pair of flexible plates, where one plate is thinner than the other plate. The cell of the present invention is particularly useful in converting anhydrous hydrogen halide directly to essentially dry halogen gas, such as anhydrous hydrogen chloride to dry chlorine gas, or in converting aqueous hydrogen halide, such as aqueous hydrogen chloride, to wet chlorine gas.

Abstract: An electrolyzer, including a lower electrolyte chamber for receiving liquid electrolyte flux and having disposed therein anode and cathode electrodes for producing anodic and cathodic gases. A first barrier is disposed in the lower electrolyte chamber between the anode and cathode electrodes having a plurality of V-shaped passageways for allowing the passage of electrons but for preventing the recombination of anodic and cathodic gases. The electrolyzer also includes an upper gas chamber having an anodic gas compartment and a cathodic gas compartment for receiving therein the anodic and cathodic gases produced in the lower electrolyte chamber. The upper gas chamber includes a second barrier disposed between the anodic and cathodic gas compartments having no passageways in order to prevent the recombination of anodic and cathodic gases. The second barrier is connected to the first barrier.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for generating a mixed oxidant gas for treating bodies of water comprises an anode chamber that is defined by an anode plate at one end, a permeable membrane at an opposite end, and a first sealing gasket interposed therebetween. A cathode chamber is adjacent the anode chamber and is defined by a cathode plate at one end, the permeable membrane at an opposite end, and a second sealing gasket interposed therebetween, the first and second gaskets being separated by the permeable membrane. An anolyte reservoir is external from the anode chamber for accommodating a volume of anolyte therein, and is connected to the anode chamber to circulate anolyte thereto and to receive mixed oxidant gas therefrom. A catholyte reservoir is external from the cathode chamber for accommodating a volume of catholyte therein, and is connected to the cathode chamber to circulate catholyte thereto and to receive gas therefrom.

Abstract: A hexagonal and pentagonal molecular structure water making apparatus includes an upper water reservoir disposed at a predetermined portion of the refrigerating chamber of the refrigerator, a hexagonal and pentagonal molecular structure water generating section for generating hexagonal and pentagonal molecular structure water by electrolysis of water from the upper water reservoir, a hexagonal and pentagonal molecular structure water storing section for storing hexagonal and pentagonal molecular structure water generated at the hexagonal and pentagonal molecular structure water generating section, and a freezing container for storing hexagonal molecular structure water after receiving water stored at the hexagonal molecular structure water storing reservoir of the hexagonal molecular structure water storing section through a connecting pipe. The hexagonal and pentagonal molecular structure water have useful effects for preventing adult diseases.

Abstract: Electrolytic cell apparatus and methods for generating a useful energy product from a plurality of energy sources. In a preferred embodiment, hydrogen gas is produced at a cathode by transmission of electrons through a low voltage potential barrier to electron flow achieved by careful control of electrolyte constituent concentrations and surface materials on the cathode. A portion of the energy captured in the hydrogen gas is provided by heat transmitting activity of ions dissociated from water at an anode which catalytically dissociates the water and thereby transfers thermal energy from the anode to the ions and other constituents of the cell electrolyte. Thermal energy is replaced in the anode by absorption of heat from the surrounding environment.

Abstract: The present invention encompasses a semiconductor processing device having a processing chamber in which is positioned an electrolyte oxygen pump assembly and tubing for transferring an oxygen containing gas from outside the reaction chamber to within the interior of the electrolyte oxygen pump assembly and tubing for removal of the oxygen depleted gas from within the interior of the electrolyte oxygen pump assembly. In addition, the semiconductor processing tool may further have heating elements for heating a semiconductor substrate within the processing chamber independently from heating of the electrolyte.

Abstract: In a wet processing apparatus, an electrolytic cell, a first storing cell for storing anode active water of the electrolytic cell, a first processing cell for processing a target with the anode active water of the first storing cell, a second storing cell for storing cathode active water of the electrolytic cell, and a second processing cell for processing a target with the cathode active water of the second storing cell are provided. Also, a first reactivating feedback path is provided between the first processing cell and an anode region of the electrolytic cell, and a second reactivating feedback path is provided between the second processing cell and a cathode region of the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A propellant generator is disclosed that automatically adjusts rates of input of lean and excess reactants to compensate for changes in rates of reactions in the generator. In a particular embodiment, the invention generates propellants methane (CH.sub.4) and oxygen gas (O.sub.2) from a lean reactant carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and an excess reactant hydrogen gas (H.sub.2) utilizing stored hydrogen gas transported to a remote site such as the surface of the planet Mars where carbon dioxide is accumulated and stored. A lean reactant flow controller measures the level of excess reactant passing through a sabatier by measuring a current consumed by an electrochemical separator that separates and pressurizes the excess reactant from a mixture of first propellant, water and excess reactant produced by the sabatier.

Abstract: A high temperature electrochemical converter provides regenerative heating of electrochemical converter reactants to an operating temperature using an exhaust flow. Additionally, a radiant thermal integration configuration transfers heat from an electrochemical converter assembly to power a bottoming plant, thereby achieving flexible and efficient system design. In a fuel cell operating mode, for example, it facilitates the recovery of waste heat of the fuel cell reaction for integration with bottoming thermodynamic devices, such as a gas or steam turbine. The radiant thermal integration is accomplished by efficient radiative heat transfer between the external columnar surface of the converter assembly and the heat transfer assembly containing the working medium of a heat sink or a heat source device, and by a regenerative process where incoming reactants are heated to the converter operating temperature by outgoing exhaust.

Abstract: The present invention relates to apparatus and methods of supplying and removing oxygen. The apparatus includes an oxygen-conducting solid electrolyte. The electrolyte has an oxygen input side and an oxygen output side which are each coated with an electrically conducting metallic material. When an electrical potential is applied to the electrolyte, oxygen is caused to move from the input side to the output side. A feedback loop is provided to prevent damage to the electrolyte. Depending on the arrangement of electrolyte, the present invention may provide a source of pure oxygen, including high pressure oxygen, or an oxygen free environment.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprises an anode plate, a cathode plate, and a permeable membrane interposed between the anode and cathode plate. An anode sealing gasket is interposed between the anode plate and the permeable membrane forming an anode chamber, the anode sealing gasket may comprise a bipolar electrode. A cathode sealing gasket is interposed between the cathode plate and the permeable membrane forming a cathode chamber. An anolyte reservoir external to the anode chamber supplies anolyte to and removes mixed oxidant gases from the anode chamber. An anolyte make-up tank external to the anolyte reservoir and anode chamber supplies anolyte solution to the anolyte reservoir. The anolyte solution is transferred from the anolyte make-up tank, to the anolyte reservoir, and into the anode chamber by gravity. A catholyte reservoir external to the cathode chamber supplies catholyte to and removes gases from the cathode chamber.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for melting metals that react rapidly with air at elevated temperatures to form a stable metal oxide and/or that contains a metal oxide prior to being exposed to elevated temperature, while reducing metal losses due to oxidation or the presence of the oxides. The process involves melting the metal in the presence of a molten metal salt metal salt mixture while electrolyzing metal oxide contained in the salt metal salt mixture to convert the oxide to elemental metal. The process requires an metal salt mixture which contains at least 25% by weight, and more preferably 100% by weight, of metal fluoride and which, for the metal being melted, has a composition which remains substantially unchanged during the electrolysis process. The fluoride improves oxide solubility in the metal salt mixture, making it possible to increase current densities without producing anode effects. The stable composition makes it possible to use the metal salt mixture for prolonged periods without change.

Abstract: A system for generating hydrogen and oxygen includes a tank and a solid polyelectrolyte film which separates the tank into first and second portions. Electrodes are provided on opposed first and second sides of the polyelectrolyte film. A power supply is connected to the electrodes. The system includes means for introducing water into the bottom of the first portion of the tank and a vibrating means for vibrating the polyelectrolyte film, electrodes and water. A power regulator which regulates power from the power supply and includes an electronic element that generates heat is provided. The electronic element is mounted in the tank for heating the water. The hydrogen generated by the system may be supplied together with gasoline to the engine of an automobile while the generated oxygen may be released to the inside of the car.

Abstract: A solid state electrolytic cell for separating oxygen or nitrogen from the air which employs a flexible, ductile ceramic composite as the solid electrolyte is provided. The ductile ceramic composite solid electrolyte comprises a continuous, ordered, repeating, interconnected ductile metallic array substantially surrounded by and intimately integrated within a ceramic matrix. The cell is connected to a power supply so when current is passed through the cell, oxygen or nitrogen is separated from the air passing through the cell.

Abstract: A compact power storage system can efficiently generate electric power by storing surplus electric power, and can be constructed in a short working period without being restricted by conditions of the location where it is to be installed. The power storage system comprises a unitary electrolytic and fuel cell having a solid oxide electrolyte, a steam feed system for feeding steam to the cell, a hydrogen store and an oxygen store for storing hydrogen and oxygen produced in the cell, a heat-exchanger system for receiving heat of the exhaust from the cell, a space-heating hot water feed system for heating water using heat obtained from the exhaust, and a space-heating cold water feed system communicating with an absorption refrigerating machine for cooling water through the absorption process using heat obtained from the heat-exchanger system.

Abstract: A solid composition provides high oxygen ion conductivity, and includes a metal oxide combined with multiple dopants. The oxide may, for example, include zirconia, bismuth trioxide, thoria or halfnia. The dopants are chosen such that they are of similar ionic radius to the oxide, but such that they generally have different valences. For example, zirconium has a +4 valence, while dopants are usually chosen which have +2 or +3 valences. Possible dopants include materials such as magnesia, yttria, and oxides of calcium, barium, strontium, lanthanum, and scandium. It has been found that choosing the dopants such that they exist in the composition at specified ratios results in surprising ability to transport oxygen ions. In the case of a composition which includes magnesia and yttria dopants placed within a zirconia matrix, it has been found desirable to maintain the ratio of the mole percentages of the magnesia to the yttria in the range of from about 6.5:10 to about 9.5:10.

Abstract: An electrolyzer is provided for electrolyzing water into its constituent elements, namely oxygen and hydrogen gas. The electrolyzer includes a vessel in which a sulfonated solid polymer electrolyte is situated. The sulfonated solid polymer electrolyte is selected from a group including sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK), sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES), sulfonated polybenzimidazole (SPBI), sulfonated polyphenylquinoxaline (SPPQ) and sulfonated fluorinated polyimide (SFPI). The electrolyzer also includes anode and cathode electrodes situated on the electrolyte. A direct current (DC) power supply is coupled to said anode and cathode electrodes to drive the reaction. A heater heats the electrolyte and a water supply is connected to one of said cathode and anode electrodes. The resultant oxygen and hydrogen are collected at the respective electrodes. The solid polymer electrolyte desirably operates with relatively high ionic conductivity at high temperatures without loss of structural integrity.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell (60) and method for treating waste having an anode in the form of a number of elements comprising spheres (80) which locate between plates (78, 81). The spheres (80) divide the anode compartment (64) into parts (110, 111). The porous pot (62) separates the anode compartment from the cathode compartment (63). The electrode liquor is circulated over the elements from part (110) to part (111) by an impeller (86) located in a tube (75) having inlets (77) and outlets (76), the outlets (76) being at a different level from the inlets (77). A rake may stir the contents of chamber (111) particularly for solid waste. There may be a plurality of porous pots, each housing a cathode, in the anode compartment.

Abstract: A reaction vessel for use in photoelectrochemical reactions includes as its reactive surface a metal oxide porous ceramic membrane of a catalytic metal such as titanium. The reaction vessel includes a light source and a counter electrode. A provision for applying an electrical bias between the membrane and the counter electrode permits the Fermi levels of potential reaction to be favored so that certain reactions may be favored in the vessel. The electrical biasing is also useful for the cleaning of the catalytic membrane.

Abstract: An apparatus for the electrolysis of a solution of electrolysis, comprising an anode compartment and a cathode compartment separated by a membrane, in which the external shape of the apparatus is that of a pyramid and the membrane separating both the anode and cathode compartments is oriented according to a diagonal line perpendicular to the base of the pyramid.

Abstract: A continuous silver refining cell comprises a tank containing an electrolyte, at least one vertical cathode disk mounted on a rotating horizontal shaft placed above the tank so that slightly less than half of the disk is immersed in the electrolyte, at least one anode basket containing impure silver anodes immersed in the electrolyte adjacent the cathode disk, and a diaphragm separating the cathode disk from the anode basket to form cathode and anode compartments. A scraper is provided for continuously removing pure silver crystals from the cathode and directing it to the side of the cell. A chain tubular conveyor may be provided for continuously or semi-continuously withdrawing a mud containing gold and other precious metals from the bottom of the cell.

Abstract: A water treatment unit uses an electrolytic cell generating chlorine and ozone. The electrolyte is brine, and the separation between the anode and the cathode of the cell is 2-30 cm. The generated chlorine and ozone are added to a stream of water to be treated, with the interposition of a turbulence promoting arrangement. The unit operation is automatically regulated from the working times of the cell and volume of water to be treated, and/or electrometrical probes as chlorine detectors.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrolysis cell of the filter press type for the production of peroxy and perhalogenate compounds comprising alternatingly arranged cathodes and anodes provided with electrolyte feeds, wherein the cathodes (1) and anodes (2) consist of right parallelpiped-shaped hollow bodies between which are present frame-shaped seals (3) and which, via these seals (3), are connected together in a liquid-tight manner and insulated from one another to give a cell pile, the cathode hollow bodies (1) are liquid- and gas-permeable, the anode hollow bodies (2) possess, above and below a platinum layer, openings for the introduction and removal of the anolyte and the effective anode surface is formed by the platinum metal layer of a composite anode comprising a valve metal substrate and a platinum layer present thereon which is obtainable by the hot isostatic pressing of a platinum foil on to a valve metal carrier.

Abstract: An electrolytic filter press membrane cell and a method of operating the cell are disclosed to produce concentrated chloric acid. The cell employs concentrated hypochlorous acid as the anolyte and operates at high current density. The anode structure employs a high surface area to volume ratio structure that is thin and minimizes anolyte residence time in the cell.

Abstract: An electrochemical device (10) capable of generating oxygen from air (23) upon application of an electrical current, is made containing a plurality of adjacent cells (12) and (12') electrically connected in series, where each cell contains optional support (22), inner, porous oxygen electrode (20), dense, solid oxide electrolyte (14) on top of the inner oxygen electrode, and outer, porous air electrode (16) on top of the electrolyte, where dense segments of interconnection material (18) are disposed between cells, the interconnection electrically connecting the outer air electrode from one cell to the inner oxygen electrode from an adjacent cell, where the device contains gas impermeable, dense, contacting segments of electrolyte (14) and interconnection material (18) and can contain two end portions at least one of which provides for oxygen delivery.

Abstract: A process for etching copper or a copper base material with an aqueous solution consisting essentially of peroxydisulfuric acid, up to about 500 ppm of a halide addition and the balance water is described. The process includes off-line generation/regeneration of the etching solution. An electrochemical cell for generating/regenerating the etching solution is also described.