Abstract: Processes of consolidating tailings such as from metal and non-metal based ore processes are disclosed. The processes include mixing tailings with a high concentration of a highly water soluble salt or an aqueous solution thereof to destabilize and consolidate solids in the tailings and separating the consolidated solids from process water.

Abstract: Systems and methods for electroplating are described. The electroplating system may include a vessel configured to hold a first portion of a liquid electrolyte. The system may also include a substrate holder configured for holding a substrate in the vessel. The system may further include a first reservoir in fluid communication with the vessel. In addition, the system may include a second reservoir in fluid communication with the vessel. Furthermore, the system may include a first mechanism configured to expel a second portion of the liquid electrolyte from the first reservoir into the vessel. The system may also include a second mechanism configured to take in a third potion of the liquid electrolyte from the vessel into the second reservoir when the second portion of the liquid electrolyte is expelled from the first reservoir. Methods may include oscillating flow of the electrolyte within the vessel.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a method for in-situ extracting a reduced carbon dioxide product or product mixture in an electrochemical cell, and the use of a three-compartment electrochemical cell for in-situ extraction of organic carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, propionic acid, glyoxylic acid, and/or salts thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a prediction device, to which one or more wire electrical discharge machines are connected, the one or more wire electrical discharge machines each performing machining on an object to be machined according to a predetermined machining condition while moving a wire electrode relatively with respect to the object to be machined along a machining path, the prediction device including a prediction unit that predicts, for a predetermined component constituting the wire electrical discharge machine, a predicted rate of consumption indicative of a rate of consumption based on the machining condition when the wire electrode is moved relatively by a unit distance, and a display unit that displays the predicted rate of consumption of the component.

Abstract: Systems and methods for electroplating are described. The electroplating system may include a vessel configured to hold a first portion of a liquid electrolyte. The system may also include a substrate holder configured for holding a substrate in the vessel. The system may further include a first reservoir in fluid communication with the vessel. In addition, the system may include a second reservoir in fluid communication with the vessel. Furthermore, the system may include a first mechanism configured to expel a second portion of the liquid electrolyte from the first reservoir into the vessel. The system may also include a second mechanism configured to take in a third potion of the liquid electrolyte from the vessel into the second reservoir when the second portion of the liquid electrolyte is expelled from the first reservoir. Methods may include oscillating flow of the electrolyte within the vessel.

Abstract: Apparatus for cleaning contaminated aggregate includes at least one channel arranged in use to receive a liquid containing contaminated aggregate; and first and second banks or groups of at least one jet. The first bank or group of jets is arranged to direct pressurized fluid at the contaminated aggregate in order to agitate the contaminated aggregate against a surface and promote the separation of cleaned aggregate from contaminated aggregate. The second bank or group of jets is arranged to direct and/or urge the cleaned aggregate to a drainage outlet.

Abstract: A plating method for plating a substrate having resist opening portions is provided. The plating method includes a resist residue removing step of removing resist residues in the resist opening portions of the substrate by spraying first process liquid to a surface of the substrate on which the resist opening portions are formed, a liquid filling step of soaking the substrate passed through the removing step in second process liquid to fill the resist opening portions of the substrate with the second process liquid, and a plating step of plating the substrate passed through the liquid filling step.

Abstract: Disclosed is an end assembly for use in a unipolar filter press electrolyser, where the unipolar filter press electrolyser has a filter press stack. The end assembly of the unipolar filter press electrolyser includes an end plate component having two apertures, the two apertures being alignable with channels formed in the filter press stack. The two apertures include a first aperture configured to receive a stream of liquid electrolyte and gases from the filter press stack, and a second aperture configured to receive a stream of recirculated liquid electrolyte. In addition, the end assembly includes an end clamp configured to apply a clamping force on the end plate component to securely retain the filter press stack. The end clamp includes one gas offtake port to extract gases from the stream of liquid electrolyte and gases from the first aperture and discharge the gases out of the unipolar filter press electrolyser.

Abstract: A water ionizer includes a stacked electrolyzer and a flow switching device, with an inlet being separate from an outlet. Water entering an input regulator is distributed at a predetermined ratio before being supplied to an electrolyzer module to minimize acidic water to be discarded. Water supplied from the input regulator is directed to pass through the electrolyzer module in a crossing manner to delay flows of water to improve the efficiency of electrolysis. Electrolyzer cells are stacked on and fitted to each other to simplify an assembly process and improve convenience. Electrode plates of the electrolyzer module are fixedly fitted into a frame to facilitate an assembly process and improve a fabrication process. The input regulator and a flow switching output unit are connected via a connecting shaft to synchronize the operations thereof to obtain reliability.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for treating a fluid, the electrochemical cell comprising: at least two opposing electrodes defining a flow path for the fluid between the electrodes, where at least one of the electrodes is formed of electrically conductive diamond material; drive circuitry configured to apply a potential across the electrodes such that a current flows between the electrodes when the fluid is flowed through the flow path between the electrodes; and a housing in which the electrodes are disposed, the housing comprising pressure seals configured to containing the fluid within the fluid path and a support structure for supporting the electrodes, wherein the support structure and the pressure seals are configured such that the electrochemical cell has an operating pressure in a range 2 to 10 bar within which the electrodes are supported without fracturing and within which the fluid is contained within the flow path, wherein the electrodes are spaced apart by a distance in a range 0.

Abstract: A compact infusion device that is easily portable and inexpensive, can be used safely, and can provide a technique alternative to intravenous drip. The portable compact infusion device includes a fluid drive, a fluid holding portion, a drug solution holding channel, and a support, wherein the fluid drive includes a porous body that allows generation of electroosmotic flow and a pair of rubber electrodes each containing electroconductive material and having a communicating portion, the porous body being sandwiched between the communicating portions of the pair of rubber electrodes to form a sandwiched structure.

Abstract: A portable electrolyzer includes an electrolyze chamber with an anode and a cathode as electrodes, a membrane, a water source, such as a water storage vessel, a gas tank, a gas compressor, an electric power supply, and a pulse-width modulator. The electrolyzer further includes i) a thermoelectric cooler attached to the electrolyze chamber and/or a gas tank, ii) an ultrasonic generator connected to at least one electrode and/or at least one sonotrode, and/or iii) a mixer capable of mixing the aqueous phase inside the electrolyze chamber. A process to generate and store hydrogen with the electrolyzer, the use of the electrolyzer e.g. for welding with a hydrogen flame, to convert electricity from renewable energies into hydrogen and to store said electricity in the form of hydrogen, and/or for heat generation by burning hydrogen in a porous burner are also disclosed. Furthermore, a blowtorch including the electrolyzer is disclosed.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a plating apparatus for electroplating a substrate including a non-pattern area is provided. The plating apparatus includes a plating tank for holding the plating solution, an anode configured to be connected to a positive electrode of a power supply, and a paddle configured to move in the plating tank to stir the plating solution held in the plating tank. The paddle is configured such that at least a part of the non-pattern area of the substrate is constantly blocked when the paddle is viewed from the anode while the paddle is stirring the plating solution.

Abstract: Multiple site purification can be achieved by a small plastic portable voltaic inspissation unit in a box configuration. Each unit may feature an air hopper, a recirculation line, a gas diffuser, a centrifuge, a decanter, and multiple anodic and cathodic voltaic inspissation plates that may direct fluid through a box in a meandering or serpentine fashion. Multiple devices may be present or omitted, and retention times may be varied both by the presence or absence of recirculation and the flow rate accomplished by use of different metal in the plates depending on purification goals. Air may be injected interstitially prior to passage into the box to aid in purification, and ultimately both ease of transport and substantially improved purification percentages may be achieved relative to prior systems.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a flow electroporation device comprising a three-dimensional electrode device and a flow electroporation chamber, the three-dimensional electrode device comprising an electrode array and an electrode fixing assembly for fixing electrodes in the electrode array, the flow electroporation chamber comprising a cavity, an inlet, an outlet and an opening, the inlet, the outlet and the opening on the cavity, and the electrode array being inserted into the cavity through the opening By means of the above-mentioned manner, the flow electroporation device of the present invention can achieve a high throughput cell treatment, and also can work under a low voltage condition, can avoid damages to cells brought by liquid flow, can reduce effects brought by heat and cathode effect induced by electric pulses, and can maintain an closed aseptic environment.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a fuel cell system comprising a fuel cell stack comprising anode chambers and cathode chambers, an anode supply comprising an anode supply path for supplying an anode operating gas to the anode chambers, and an anode exhaust path for discharging an anode exhaust gas from the anode chambers, and a cathode supply comprising a cathode supply path for supplying a cathode operating gas to the cathode chambers and a cathode exhaust path for discharging a cathode exhaust gas from the cathode chambers, and comprising a negative-pressure generation means for generating a negative pressure in the cathode chambers. It is provided that the negative-pressure generation means is designed as an ejector which is connected to a compressor arranged in the cathode supply path on the pressure input side, and to the cathode chambers of the fuel cell stack on the suction side, in a fluid-conducting manner.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for fast and homogeneously heating a liquid product to a heating temperature by means of resistive heating, the apparatus comprising at least two vertically mounted, longitudinal, heating chambers that are arranged in series.

Abstract: A bioelectrochemical system device may be used to enhance groundwater pollutant chemical removal or degradation. Such a bioelectrochemical system may be inserted into the environment to be remediated through a variety of techniques, such as through insertion into wells or other access points, trench insertion, direct insertion, borehole insertion, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, the bioelectrochemical system device may have a hollow-tube configuration with an outer ring anode and inner ring cathode. In further aspects, the bioelectrochemical system device may have a modular form that can be combined with multiple other modules such one or more bioelectrochemical system devices.

Abstract: Plating bath and well structures and methods are described to stop the organic compounds present in plating reservoir wells or bath solution from rising, i.e., climbing up the reservoir wall. An electroplating apparatus includes a vessel holding a liquid solution including metal plating material and an organic species, and a method of operating an electroplating apparatus. The apparatus is designed with plating bath and structures and methods to stop the organic compounds present in plating reservoir wells or bath solution from rising, i.e., climbing or wicking up the inner surfaces of reservoir walls, and to wash them back down on a continuous or cyclical basis in order to maintain a concentration of organic compounds in the plating solution within upper and lower specification limits.

Abstract: According to the invention a method of removing electrolyte from an electrochemical deposition or polishing chamber comprising the steps of: providing an electrochemical deposition or polishing chamber comprising a support for a substrate, the support having an in-use position; a housing having an interior surface and a fluid outlet pathway for removing electrolyte from the chamber, wherein the fluid outlet pathway includes one or more slots which extend into the housing from at least one slotted opening formed in the interior surface; a seal for sealing the housing to a peripheral portion of a surface of a substrate position on the support in its in-use position; and a tilting mechanism for tilting the chamber in order to assist in removing electrolyte from the housing through the fluid outlet pathway; using an electrolyte to perform an electrochemical deposition or polishing processing on a substrate positioned on the support in its in-use position; and tilting the chamber using the tilting mechanism in ord

Abstract: An electrode for use in bio-electrochemical systems is described, including: a substantially planar electrode material; a frame comprising a non-conductive substance; and one or more first conductive substances linked or secured to the frame. Bio-electrochemical systems, racks for inserting the electrode, and methods of using the racks are also described.

Abstract: A heat pump system includes a shared motor having a common shaft; a thermoelectric generator conductively coupled to the shared motor, the thermoelectric generator is configured to provide electricity to the shared motor; a high-temperature compressor rotatably attached to the common shaft, the high-temperature compressor is configured to rotate the shared motor via the shared shaft and configure to channel heated fluid to the thermoelectric generator; a low-temperature compressor rotatably attached to the common shaft, the low-temperature compressor is configured to rotate the shared motor via the shared shaft and configure to channel cooled fluid to the thermoelectric generator; a first evaporation core in fluid communication with the thermoelectric generator; and a second evaporation core in fluid communication with the first evaporation core and in fluid communication with the high-temperature compressor.

Abstract: In-plane uniformity of a film that is plated on a polygonal substrate is enhanced. An anode holder configured to hold an anode, a substrate holder configured to hold a polygonal substrate, a plating bath for accommodating the anode holder and the substrate holder, and dipping the anode and the substrate in a plating solution, and a control device for controlling a current that flows between the anode and the substrate are included. The substrate holder has a plurality of power feeding members that are disposed along respective sides of the polygonal substrate. The control device is configured to be able to control the current so that currents of at least two different values are simultaneously supplied to the plurality of power feeding members.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for of improving processing results in a processing chamber by orienting a substrate support relative to a surface within the processing chamber. The method comprising orienting a supporting surface of a substrate support in a first orientation relative to an output surface of a showerhead, where the first orientation of the supporting surface relative to the output surface is not coplanar, and depositing a first layer of material on a substrate disposed on the supporting surface that is oriented in the first orientation.

Abstract: Multiple site purification can be achieved by a small plastic portable voltaic inspissation unit in a box configuration. Each unit may feature an air hopper, a recirculation line, a gas diffuser, a centrifuge, a decanter, and multiple anodic and cathodic voltaic inspissation plates that may direct fluid through a box in a meandering or serpentine fashion. Multiple devices may be present or omitted, and retention times may be varied both by the presence or absence of recirculation and the flow rate accomplished by use of different metal in the plates depending on purification goals. Air may be injected interstitially prior to passage into the box to aid in purification, and ultimately both ease of transport and substantially improved purification percentages may be achieved relative to prior systems.

Abstract: An application for a recycler includes a pressure and temperature resistant metal vessel that is filled with a liquid. Within the vessel is at least one submerged electric arc between a pair of electrodes (e.g. carbon based electrodes) powered by either a DC or AC current. The electric arc produces a combustible gas as the liquid is pumped through a bore in one or both of the electrodes, delivering the liquid directly to the location of the arc, thereby reducing or eliminating any ignition of the gas by the arc. Should ignition occur, at least one vent in the electrode(s) or electrode holder(s) vents pressure from within the bore to the vessel area outside of the electrode(s).

Abstract: According to the invention an electrochemical deposition or polishing clamber including: a support for a substrate, the support having an in-use position; a housing having an interior surface and a fluid outlet pathway for removing an electrolyte from the chamber, wherein the fluid outlet pathway includes one or more slots which extend into the housing from at least one slotted opening formed in the interior surface; a seal for sealing the housing to a peripheral portion of a surface of a substrate position on the support in its in-use position; and a tilting mechanism for tilting the chamber in order to assist in removing electrolyte from the housing through the fluid outlet pathway.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell, system, and method for the energy efficient electrochemical treatment of wastewater comprising organic and/or inorganic pollutants are disclosed. The system comprises an electrolytic cell comprising a solid polymer, proton exchange membrane electrolyte operating without catholyte or other supporting electrolyte. The electrolytic cell also comprises a filter layer incorporated between the anode fluid delivery layer and the anode flow field plate for removing various contaminants including particulates and/or suspended solids from the wastewater stream. The cell design and operating conditions chosen provide for significantly greater operating efficiency.

Abstract: A tunable boiling system includes a fluid having a solvent and an ionic surfactant in the solvent, a counter electrode disposed within the fluid, and a working electrode having a surface in contact with the fluid. The system is configured to apply a voltage between the surface and the counter electrode in order to affect bubble formation in the fluid at the surface. Methods of making and using the system are also provided.

Abstract: An electrode for the ohmic heating of a particulate liquid flowing therethrough having an inlet and an outlet that are fluidly connected and are arranged in such a way that there is a change of direction of 60°-120° between the inlet and the outlet. A cell for the ohmic heating of a particulate liquid flowing therethrough may have two such electrodes and a dielectric tube that fluidly connects the two electrodes. An apparatus for the ohmic heating of a particulate liquid flowing therethrough may have six such cells that are fluidly connected in series and are electrically connected to a triphasic power supply, so that the increase of temperature of the liquid at any cell is substantially the same.

Abstract: A partial surface treatment apparatus includes a first electrode member electrically connected to a treatment object including an outer circumferential surface and a circumferential groove, a second electrode member including an inner circumferential surface, a pair of annular-shaped elastic sealing members configured to seal a clearance between the outer circumferential surface and the inner circumferential surface, an accommodation portion accommodating each of the annular-shaped elastic sealing members, the annular-shaped elastic sealing members are movable in a diameter reduction direction, a pressure applying mechanism supplying a pressurized fluid to the annular-shaped elastic sealing members, the annular-shaped elastic sealing members are in pressure contact with the outer circumferential surface in a case where the annular-shaped elastic sealing members are moved in the diameter reduction direction, and a cutout formed at each of the annular-shaped elastic sealing members to be extended from an outer

Abstract: An improved electrolytic cell, its method and system configured for simple and rapid troubleshooting, removal and replacement of the cell or a component of the cell during service and maintenance procedures is disclosed. The electrolytic cell (12) is includes a host manifold (27) housing a degassing chamber (125) and various flow paths for routing liquid and gases into and out of a guest device (33) and the host manifold (27). The host manifold (27) is connected to input sources and output collections. The guest device (33) generally houses an anode chamber (104), a cathode chamber (112), and a brine chamber or reservoir (108) that serves as a source of anions and cations for the anode and cathode chambers. The guest device (33) is separable from the host manifold (27) to repair, maintain and/or replace the cell.

Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing a component. The method includes connecting a component comprising an internal passage and formed by an additive manufacturing process to a power supply, the component functioning as an anode, connecting a cathode to the power supply, the cathode being disposed in an electrolyte solution, the cathode being positioned externally to the internal passage of the component, contacting the internal passage of the component with the electrolyte solution, and using the power supply, applying a potential difference and current flow between the component and the cathode.

Abstract: An electrochemical system has two separator plates as well as a membrane-electrode assembly arranged at least in regions between the separator plates. The separator plates and the membrane-electrode assembly each have at least two passage openings for a flush arrangement of the separator plates and the membrane-electrode assembly at positioning devices during the assembly of the electrochemical system. At least one resilient bridge is arranged at the periphery of at least one passage opening for a mechanical butting to the at least one positioning device in such a manner that during the stacking of the separator plates and the membrane-electrode assemblies, the membrane-electrode assemblies center themselves in a direction orthogonal to the stack direction between the separator plates.

Abstract: An electro plating device includes a pipe inside seal mechanism which occludes an inner channel of a steel pipe, a tubular insoluble electrode which is disposed in a pipe end so as to be opposite to a female screw, a plating solution feed mechanism which includes a plurality of nozzles which extend radially with a pipe axis of the steel pipe as a center, and a pipe end seal mechanism which accommodates the nozzles thereinside and is mounted to the pipe end, when viewed in the pipe axial direction, a tip of each of the nozzles is positioned between the female screw and the insoluble electrode, and each of the nozzles injects the plating solution toward a direction which intersects an extension direction of the nozzle, the direction being a rotational direction of a clockwise direction or a counterclockwise direction in which the pipe axis is the center.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are provided for depositing a metal layer on a wafer. A secondary weir is positioned at a region below the primary weir such that overflowed plating solution over the primary weir during electroplating flows in a substantially azimuthally uniform manner. Methods are provided for electroplating wafers by increasing flow rate between wafer processes while plating solution flows over a primary weir, remains in contact with the overflowing plating solution, and flows onto the secondary weir such that overflow is substantially azimuthally uniform.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid processing jig for performing a predetermined processing on a workpiece using a processing liquid. The liquid processing jig includes: a liquid processing unit formed on a surface of the liquid processing jig and configured to perform a predetermined processing on the workpiece by the processing liquid; a liquid supplying unit configured to supply the processing liquid to the liquid processing unit; a liquid supplying channel configured to connect the liquid supplying unit and the liquid processing unit and supply the processing liquid from the liquid supplying unit to the liquid processing unit; and a liquid discharging channel configured to discharge the processing liquid from the liquid processing unit. The liquid supplying unit, the liquid supplying channel, the liquid processing unit, and the liquid discharging channel are provided to cause the processing liquid to flow by a capillary phenomenon.

Abstract: An electrochemical deposition apparatus adapted to deposit metal onto a surface of a substrate, the apparatus has a frame configured for holding a process electrolyte. A substrate holder is removably coupled to the frame, the substrate holder supporting the substrate in the process electrolyte. An anode fluid compartment is removably coupled to the frame and containing an anolyte and having an anode facing the surface of the substrate, the anode fluid compartment further having a ion exchange membrane disposed between the anode and the surface of the substrate, the anode fluid compartment removable from the frame as a unit with the ion exchange membrane and the anode. The holder, the anode and the membrane are arranged in the frame so that ions from the anode pass through the ion exchange membrane into and primarily replenish ions in the process electrolyte depleted by ion deposition onto the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: In a method for the production of semi-finished copper products, first copper is melted and cast to produce copper anodes, in one casting procedure, within multiple ingot molds, subsequently copper cathodes are formed by electrolysis, using at least one of the copper anodes, and then these copper cathodes are processed further to produce semi-finished copper products. A long-term coating is applied to at least one of the ingot molds as a wash, a sulfur-free wash is applied to the ingot mold and/or part of the work pieces cast in the ingot molds is directly processed further to produce semi-finished copper products. A method and an apparatus applies a wash to an ingot mold and a system produces semi-finished copper products.

Abstract: A chemical injector includes a body forming a fluid passage extending from an inlet through an outlet, an injection port connected to the fluid passage, an anodic portion of the fluid passage having a first electrical charge and a cathode having a second electrical charge in communication with the fluid passage. The fluid passage may include a constriction such as in an orifice or venturi device.

Abstract: An apparatus for administering a therapeutic is provided. In various embodiments, the apparatus includes an ozone generator for producing therapeutic oxygen-ozone mixture. The generator includes an electrochemical cell configured to communicate with an accumulator having an anode, a cathode and a power supply in electrical communication with the anode and the cathode. The power supply is configured to create an electric current between the anode and the cathode such that water in the electrochemical cell electrolyzes to produce ozone and oxygen at the anode.

Abstract: Pressure maskers for masking at least one passageway of an article include a body portion that surrounds at least a portion of the article around the at least one passageway, at least one fluid inlet connected to the body portion that provides a conduit for pressurized masking fluid to pass from an exterior of the pressure masker to an interior of the pressure masker, wherein the article is at least partially disposed within the interior of the pressure masker, and at least one seal that seals the body portion at least partially around the article such that the pressurized masking fluid that enters the interior of the pressure masker is at least partially forced through the at least one passageway.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to systems and methods for producing metal clusters; functionalized surfaces; and droplets including solvated metal ions. In certain aspects, the invention provides methods that involve providing a metal and a solvent. The methods additionally involve applying voltage to the solvated metal to thereby produce solvent droplets including ions of the metal containing compound, and directing the solvent droplets including the metal ions to a target. In certain embodiments, once at the target, the metal ions can react directly or catalyze reactions.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for anodizing an internal surface of a tube including an electrolyte container storing an electrolyte solution, a first solution conduit connected with the electrolyte container to receive the electrolyte solution, a first jig configured to fix one end of a targeted tube to a downstream end of the first solution conduit, a second solution conduit in which the other end of the targeted tube is connected to an upstream end to discharge the electrolyte solution flowing into the targeted tube, a second jig configured to fix the other end of the targeted tube to an upstream end of the second solution conduit, and a cathode rod inserted from the second jig and extended to the first jig through the inner portion of the targeted tube, in which, while the electrolyte solution passes through the inner portion of the targeted tube, a cathode is applied to the cathode rod and an anode is applied to the targeted tube to perform an anodizing process.

Abstract: An electrolytic treatment method and electrolytic treatment device are provided for electrolytic treatment of an aluminum web W by applying an alternating current to an upstream electrode and a downstream electrode disposed along a conveying direction a. At least one of a conveying velocity v of the aluminum web W, a frequency f of alternating current applied at the upstream electrode and the downstream electrode, and/or a web conveying direction separation distance d2 between the upstream electrode and the downstream electrode are set such that the alternating current and voltage waveform applied to the aluminum web W at the far end of the upstream electrode and the alternating current and voltage waveform applied to the aluminum web W at the near end of the downstream electrode do not reinforce each other.

Abstract: A method for producing amino acids includes collecting feather waste into a container, with the feather waste having a pH value between 8 to 9.5; mixing from 5 weight percent to 8 weight percent of an alkaline solution having a pH value between 10 to 12 with from 30 weight percent to 40 weight percent of the feather waste and from 52 weight percent to 65 weight percent of water at room temperature for 12 to 48 hours to produce a preproduct; electrolyzing the preproduct to produce a product mixture; adding from 3 weight percent to 5 weight percent of an acid solution having a pH value between 3 to 6 into from 95 weight percent to 97 weight percent of first mixture to produce a second product via neutralization reaction.

Abstract: Modular cathode assemblies are useable in electrolytic reduction systems and include a basket through which fluid electrolyte may pass and exchange charge with a material to be reduced in the basket. The basket can be divided into upper and lower sections to provide entry for the material. Example embodiment cathode assemblies may have any shape to permit modular placement at any position in reduction systems. Modular cathode assemblies include a cathode plate in the basket, to which unique and opposite electrical power may be supplied. Example embodiment modular cathode assemblies may have standardized electrical connectors. Modular cathode assemblies may be supported by a top plate of an electrolytic reduction system. Electrolytic oxide reduction systems are operated by positioning modular cathode and anode assemblies at desired positions, placing a material in the basket, and charging the modular assemblies to reduce the metal oxide.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for electrolytically treating water which can include the influent inlet arrangements for cavitation and one or more pairs of electrodes. The electrodes can be suitable for a continuous anodic and cathodic operation for treating water. The pressurized influent premixed with oxidant gas, such as, but not limited to, Ozone or Oxygen can be pumped into the reactor vessel through the mixing nozzles preferably arranged radially along the circumference. A power source for each reactor provides voltage and current to the electrodes. The controller maintains the voltage and current to the electrode. The duration of each voltage polarity applied to each electrode can be preferably the same. The polarity of the voltage to the electrode can be periodically reversed at a set interval.

Abstract: A solar-driven apparatus is provided having: a cavity having at least one optical window for collecting electromagnetic radiation associated with solar energy impinging on said at least one optical window; a reaction assembly located inside the cavity and adapted to enable carrying out electrolysis process of at least one raw fluid utilizing energy derived partially from the solar radiation and partially from an electric source; one or more ingress units operative to allow introduction of the raw fluid into the apparatus; and one or more egress units operative to allow exit of the electrolysis process' products from the solar driven apparatus.

Abstract: In embodiments there are disclosed a substantially flat, flow through electrode, electrochemical cells comprising substantially flat flow through cathodes, and methods for electrochemically recovering a metal substantially liquid at room temperature.