Abstract: A system is configured for machining a workpiece (100), the workpiece includes an interior surface (110) that defines an internal passage (112). The system includes an electrode (116) located within the internal passage and electrically isolated from the workpiece, an electrolyte supply, a power supply, and a remover. The electrolyte supply is configured for circulating an electrolyte in a gap between the electrode and the workpiece. The power supply is configured for applying a voltage between the electrode and the workpiece to facilitate smoothing the interior surface. The remover is configured for completely removing the electrode from within the internal passage after smoothing the interior surface.

Abstract: A novel magnesium-based alloy is described. The alloy is particularly suitable for the construction of electrodes, especially anodes, that can be used for an electrochemical process, such as the synthesis of struvite. The magnesium-based alloy is an AZXY alloy in which A is aluminium and Z is zinc, X represents the content, expressed in wt. %, of the first element, and Y the content, expressed in wt. %, of the second element. The AZXY alloy according to the invention has 2%?X?4% and 0.5%?Y?2%, and an iron (Fe) content of less than 0.005%, and preferably less than 0.003%. The anodes constituted by this novel alloy have a much slower corrosion speed and improved performances compared to existing anodes. An electrode cartridge comprising said alloy and suitable for being inserted into an electrolytic reactor so as to form, once assembled, an electrocoagulation unit, is also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode for electrolytic processes, in particular to an anode suitable for oxygen evolution comprising a valve metal substrate, a catalytic layer, a protection layer consisting of oxides of valve metals interposed between the substrate and the catalytic layer and an outer coating of oxides of valve metals. The electrode of the invention is particularly suitable for processes of cathodic electrodeposition of chromium from an aqueous solution containing Cr (III).

Abstract: Systems and methods for fixing carbon using bacteria are described. In one embodiment, a system includes a reactor chamber with a solution contained therein. The solution may include hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), bioavailable nitrogen, and a chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. The system may also include a pair of electrodes that split water contained within the solution to form the hydrogen. Additionally, the system may be operated so that a concentration of the bioavailable nitrogen in the solution is below a threshold nitrogen concentration to cause the chemolithoautotrophic bacteria to produce a product.

Abstract: Systems and methods for fixing carbon using bacteria are described. In one embodiment, a system includes a reactor chamber with a solution contained therein. The solution may include hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (C02), bioavailable nitrogen, and a chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. The system may also include a pair of electrodes that split water contained within the solution to form the hydrogen. Additionally, the system may be operated so that a concentration of the bioavailable nitrogen in the solution is below a threshold nitrogen concentration to cause the chemolithoautotrophic bacteria to produce a product.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode suitable for electrolytic treatments of dilute solutions of sodium chloride even at low temperatures. The electrode can be used in the generation of active chlorine-based biocidal agents in ballast water for marine applications. The electrode has a titanium substrate, an inner catalytic coating containing oxides of tantalum, ruthenium and iridium, and an outer catalytic coating containing oxides of titanium, ruthenium and of at least one of nickel, iron and cobalt.

Abstract: The present invention couples a housing including a gas separation membrane to a sensor unit capable of detecting the concentration of hydrogen gas such that liquid cannot permeate a closed space within the housing and only hydrogen gas dissolved in the liquid can permeate the closed space through the gas separation membrane, and detachably couples such a hydrogen sensor element to an opening of a container in which the liquid is held. Accordingly, the present invention can measure the concentration of dissolved hydrogen gas in a simple manner.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte is formed by blending a coating chemical with metal ions and fatty acid. Filling molds and drying the material in the molds forms the solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte is mounted on an electrode and attached to a handle. The solid electrolyte is moved over a surface of a substrate with the handle. DC current is passed between the electrode and substrate and ions are transferred to the wetted substrate from the solid electrolyte.

Abstract: A diagnostic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) procedure is applied to measure values of impedance-related parameters for one or more sensing electrodes. The parameters may include real impedance, imaginary impedance, impedance magnitude, and/or phase angle. The measured values of the impedance-related parameters are then used in performing sensor diagnostics, calculating a highly-reliable fused sensor glucose value based on signals from a plurality of redundant sensing electrodes, calibrating sensors, detecting interferents within close proximity of one or more sensing electrodes, and testing surface area characteristics of electroplated electrodes. Advantageously, impedance-related parameters can be defined that are substantially glucose-independent over specific ranges of frequencies. An Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) enables implementation of the EIS-based diagnostics, fusion algorithms, and other processes based on measurement of EIS-based parameters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to storage stable film forming latex particles substantially free of adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) that crosslink under ambient conditions during or after drying. Monomers for the formation of the crosslinkable moieties in the latex particles include diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) or the likes and methacrylamide (MAM) or the likes with or without styrene. A paint composition comprising the storage stable latex particles was described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for manufacturing at least one elementary electrochemical cell comprising a first and a second electrode between which an electrolyte is intercalated, said first and second electrodes and said electrolyte being in the form of layers, which process is characterized in that it comprises: a) producing at least one structure comprising a layer of a powder of a first electrode material and a layer of a powder of a second electrode material between which a layer of a powder of an electrolyte material is intercalated; and b) simultaneously sintering all the powder layers by an electric field sintering. Applications: manufacture of energy- or hydrogen-producing electrochemical systems, in particular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) or high temperature electrolysers cells (HTEs).

Abstract: A positive electrode current collector for lead-acid batteries contains a current collector substrate of titanium or a titanium alloy, a coating of titanium oxide formed on the surface of the current collector substrate, and a conductive ceramic layer formed on the surface of the coating, and the thickness of the coating is 0.09 ?m or thinner.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalytic coating suitable for oxygen-evolving anodes in electrochemical processes. The catalytic coating comprises an outermost layer with an iridium and tantalum oxide-based composition modified with amounts not higher than 5% by weight of titanium oxide.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an anode for oxygen generation and a manufacturing method for the same used for industrial electrolyses including manufacturing of electrolytic metal foils such as electrolytic copper foil, aluminum liquid contact and continuously electrogalvanized steel plate, and metal extraction. The present invention features an anode for oxygen generation and a manufacturing method for the same comprising a conductive metal substrate and a catalyst layer containing iridium oxide formed on the conductive metal substrate wherein the coating is baked in a high temperature region of 410° C.-450° C. in an oxidation atmosphere to form the catalyst layer co-existing amorphous and crystalline iridium oxide and the catalyst layer co-existing the amorphous and crystalline iridium oxide is post-baked in a further high temperature region of 520° C.-560° C. in an oxidation atmosphere to crystallize almost all amount of iridium oxide in the catalyst layer.

Abstract: Provided are a method of producing mixed powder comprising noble metal powder and oxide powder, wherein powder of ammonium chloride salt of noble metal and oxide powder are mixed, the mixed powder is subsequently roasted, and ammonium chloride is desorbed by the roasting process in order to obtain mixed powder comprising noble metal powder and oxide powder, and mixed powder comprising noble metal powder and oxide powder, wherein chlorine is less than 1000 ppm, nitrogen is less than 1000 ppm, 90% or more of the grain size of the noble metal powder is 20 ?m or less, and 90% or more of the grain size of the oxide powder is 12 ?m or less. Redundant processes in the production of noble metal powder are eliminated, and processes are omitted so that the inclusion of chlorine contained in the royal water and nitrogen responsible for hydrazine reduction reaction is eliminated as much as possible.

Abstract: An electrode for electrolysis includes a conductive substrate, a first layer formed on the conductive substrate, and a second layer formed on the first layer. The first layer contains at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, and titanium oxide. The second layer contains an alloy of platinum and palladium. The electrode for electrolysis shows low overvoltage and has excellent durability over a long period.

Abstract: The invention relates to a coating for anodes suitable for oxygen evolution in electrochemical processes, comprising one or more catalytic layers and an external layer. Such external layer having a composition based on tantalum oxides or tin oxides or zirconium oxides in an amount of 2 to 7 g/m2.

Abstract: A composition and method of manufacture of electrodes having controlled electrochemical activity to allow the electrodes to be designed for a variety of electro-oxidation processes. The electrodes are comprised of a compact coating deposited onto a conductive substrate, the coating being formed as multiple layers of a mixture of one or more platinum group metal oxides and one or more valve metal oxides. The formation of multiple layers allows the concentrations of platinum group metal and valve metal to be varied for each layer as desired for an application. For example, an electrode structure can be manufactured for use as an anode in electroplating processes, such that the oxidation of the organic additives in the electrolyte is markedly inhibited. Another electrode can be manufactured to operate at high anodic potentials in aqueous electrolytes to generate strong oxidants, e.g., hydrogen peroxide or ozone.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of making a sensing element comprising forming an electrically conductive element, wherein the sensing element comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Pd and alloys and combinations comprising Pd; and wherein the electrically conductive element is thermally stable at temperatures as high as 1,200° C.

Abstract: A process for converts carbon-based gases such as non-polar organic gases and carbon oxides to longer chained organic gases such as liquid hydrocarbons, longer chained gaseous hydrocarbons, branched-chain liquid hydrocarbons, branched-chain gaseous hydrocarbons, as well as chained and branched-chain organic compounds. In general, the method is for chain modification of hydrocarbons and organic compounds, including chain lengthening, and eventual conversion into liquids including, but not limited to, hydrocarbons, alcohols, and other organic compounds.

Abstract: A Ti02-based photocatalyst is fabricated as a composite of titania with adhered nanostructures which contain a non-noble metal in galvanic contact with a noble metal. The catalyst effectively overcome aging and/or deactivation effects observed in a system free of the non-noble metal. The composite material showed a corrosion protective effect on the photoactivity of fresh catalyst for over 180-240 days, and it enhanced the rate of the water reduction reaction relative to bare Ti02. Variations in porosity and non-noble metal content of the alloy portion of the nanostructures influenced the performance of the catalyst composite. The protective effect of the non-noble metal is through a cathodic corrosion protection mechanism.

Abstract: A working electrode includes a conducting layer, a carbon nanotube layer electrophoretically deposited on the conducting layer; and a gold nanoparticle layer sputter-deposited on the carbon nanotube layer. A sensor chip having the working electrode and a method of fabricating the working electrode are also disclosed.

Abstract: The negative electrode for aqueous solution electrolysis of the present invention includes a conductive substrate having a nickel surface, a mixture layer including metal nickel, a nickel oxide and carbon atoms, formed on the conductive substrate surface, and an electrode catalyst layer formed on the mixture layer surface, wherein the electrode catalyst layer is formed by a layer including a platinum group metal or a platinum group metal compound. The negative electrode for aqueous solution electrolysis of the present invention is preferably used in electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal halide, and the like.

Abstract: Provided are an electrolytic cathode structure that can suppress the degradation of an activated cathode even if a reverse current flows upon the stoppage of operation of an electrolyzer in an electrode structure allowing the distance between the electrode and an electrode current collector to be maintained at an approximately constant value, and an electrolyzer using the same. The electrolytic cathode structure includes a metal elastic cushion member 1 compressed and accommodated between an activated cathode 2 and a cathode current collector 3. At least a surface layer of the cathode current collector 3 consumes a larger oxidation current per unit area than the activated cathode. The electrolyzer is partitioned by an ion exchange membrane into an anode chamber for accommodating an anode and a cathode chamber for accommodating a cathode. The electrolytic cathode structure is used for the cathode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cathode for electrolytic processes with evolution of hydrogen comprising a metal substrate with a noble metal-based activation layer and two protective layers, one interposed between the activation layer and the substrate and one external, containing an electroless-depositable alloy of a metal comprising one of nickel, cobalt and iron with a non-metal selected from phosphorus and boron, with the optional addition of a transition element selected between tungsten and rhenium.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multilayer oxygen-consuming electrode having a side facing the oxygen-containing gas and a side facing the alkaline electrolyte, wherein the electrode includes at least one support, and at least two layers comprising a catalyst and a hydrophobic material, wherein the outermost layer facing the gas side has a lower proportion of catalyst than the outermost layer facing the electrolyte side and wherein the proportion of hydrophobic material is not more than 8% by weight based on the total amount of the catalyst and the hydrophobic material.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrode for generation of hydrogen comprising: a conductive substrate; a catalytic layer formed on the conductive substrate and containing at least one platinum group metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ir, Ru, Pd and Rh; and a hydrogen adsorption layer formed on the catalytic layer. The present invention also provides an electrode for generation of hydrogen comprising: a conductive substrate, a catalytic layer formed on the conductive substrate and containing: at least one platinum group metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ir, Ru, Pd and Rh and/or at least one oxide of said platinum group metals; and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of lanthanum series metals, valve metals, iron series metals and silver and/or at least one oxide of said metals; and a hydrogen adsorption layer formed on the catalytic layer.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a gold-plated screen-printed electrode for use as an electrochemical sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of making a nanotubular titania substrate having a titanium dioxide surface comprised of a plurality of vertically oriented titanium dioxide nanotubes containing oxygen vacancies. The method generally comprises the steps of anodizing a titanium metal substrate in an acidified fluoride electrolyte under conditions sufficient to form a titanium oxide surface comprised of self-ordered titanium oxide nanotubes, dispersing gold nanoparticles onto the titanium oxide surface, annealing the titanium oxide surface with the gold nanoparticles thereon in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and depositing carbon onto the annealed titanium oxide surface. The invention also relates to a hybrid gold/carbon electrode formed by the method.

Abstract: Electrodes comprising ruthenium oxide nanoparticles are disclosed. The ruthenium oxide nanoparticles are located within the electrode or as a coating thereon. The electrode is especially suited for measuring the presence and/or concentration of nitric oxide in a sample.

Abstract: Disclosed is an anode for electrochemical reactions, such as electrolysis and electrodeposition, comprising a titanium substrate covered with metal oxide, in which the amount of platinum group element(s) is decreased in comparison with the ordinary anode of platinum group element oxides so as to decrease the cost and to mitigate the problem of natural resources, and further, durability of the anode is improved. The electrocatalyst of the anode is multiple oxide of platinum group element(s), and Sn and Sb. The cationic ratio of Sn to Sb is 1-40 and the sum of Sn and Sb is 1-90 cationic %. The electrocatalyst is prepared by coating mixed solutions of the soluble salts on the substrate and baking, so as to convert the metal salts to metal oxides.

Abstract: Disclosed is an oxygen evolution anode for evolving oxygen without chlorine evolution in electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride having high performance and durability with decreased amount of the precious metal(s) in the intermediate layer to decrease manufacturing cost and to ease problem of the resources. The oxygen evolution anode comprises an electroconductive substrate, an intermediate layer and an electrocatalyst. The intermediate layer prepared by calcination consists of multiple oxide of the platinum group element(s), Sn and Sb, with the Sn/Sb ratio of 1-40 and with the sum of Sn and Sb of 90 cationic % or less. The electrocatalyst is prepared by anodic deposition and consists of 0.1-3 cationic % of Sn, 0.2-20 cationic % of Mo and/or W and the balance of Mn.

Abstract: An anode for electrowinning aluminium comprises an electrically conductive substrate that is covered with an applied electrochemically active coating comprising a layer that contains predominantly cobalt oxide CoO. The CoO layer can be connected to the substrate through an oxygen barrier layer, in particular containing copper, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and/or niobium.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure include an anode, devices and systems including the anode (e.g., electrochemical devices and photo-electrochemical devices), methods of using the anode, methods of producing H2 and O2 from H2O, Cl2, oxidixed organic feedstocks, oxidation for the detection and quantification of chemical species, and the like.

Abstract: Disclosed is an oxygen evolution electrode for formation of only oxygen without formation of chlorine at anode in the performance and the durability of the anode is so high that they are, even in strong acid, at the same level as that in neutral solution. The electrode is prepared by anodic deposition of multiple oxide consisting of Mn—Mo—Sn, Mo—W—Sn or Mn—Mo—W—Sn on an IrO2-coated titanium substrate. The multiple oxide are composed of Mn as the main component, 0.1-3 cationic % of Sn and 0.2-20 cationic % of Mo and/or W.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a highly-durable electrode tool for electrochemical machining, which can prevent the corrosion and abrasion of a conductive pattern at the time of electrochemical machining for forming dynamic pressure-generating grooves of a fluid dynamic bearing, and a method of manufacturing the same. The electrode tool for electrochemical machining includes: an electrode substrate on which a conductive pattern is formed to have protrusions corresponding to the fine grooves and to which negative current is applied; a nonconductive insulating layer, covering an entire top surface of the electrode substrate excluding the conductive pattern; and a conductive layer, which is formed on the conductive pattern to protect the conductive pattern, and a top surface of which is the same height as a top surface of the nonconductive insulating layer.

Abstract: The present invention refers to an electrode comprising a first metallic layer and a compound comprising at least one of a nitride, oxide, and oxynitride of a second metallic material.

Abstract: An electrode comprising a primary and secondary metal nanoparticle coating on a metallic substrate is prepared by dispersing nanoparticles in a solvent and layering them onto the substrate, followed by heating. The enhanced surface area of the electrode due to the catalytic nanoparticles is dramatically enhanced, allowing for increased reaction efficiency. The electrode can be used in one of many different applications; for example, as an electrode in an electrolysis device to generate hydrogen and oxygen, or a fuel cell.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrode for generation of hydrogen comprising: a conductive substrate; a catalytic layer formed on the conductive substrate and containing at least one platinum group metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ir, Ru, Pd and Rh; and a hydrogen adsorption layer formed on the catalytic layer. The present invention also provides an electrode for generation of hydrogen comprising: a conductive substrate, a catalytic layer formed on the conductive substrate and containing: at least one platinum group metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ir, Ru, Pd and Rh and/or at least one oxide of said platinum group metals; and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of lanthanum series metals, valve metals, iron series metals and silver and/or at least one oxide of said metals; and a hydrogen adsorption layer formed on the catalytic layer.

Abstract: Electrodes comprising ruthenium oxide nanoparticles are disclosed. The ruthenium oxide nanoparticles are located within the electrode or as a coating thereon. The electrode is especially suited for measuring the presence and/or concentration of nitric oxide in a sample.

Abstract: A device of an electrode is disclosed, comprising a core and a surface coating of electrically-conductive material, and it is characterized by that the surface coating comprises one or several layers with a pore-free surface, each with a thickness of 0.005 mm to 0.050 mm, and formed by spraying, especially with a vacuum plasma spray technique.

Abstract: The invention relates to membrane-electrode assemblies for the electrolysis of water (electrolysis MEAs), which contain an ion-conducting membrane having a front and rear side; a first catalyst layer on the front side; a first gas diffusion layer on the front side; a second catalyst layer on the rear side, and a second gas diffusion layer on the rear side. The first gas diffusion layer has smaller planar dimensions than the ion-conducting membrane, whereas the second gas diffusion layer has essentially the same planar dimensions as the ion-conducting membrane (“semi-coextensive design”). The MEAs also comprise an unsupported free membrane surface that yields improved adhesion properties of the sealing material. The invention also relates to a method for producing the MEA products. Pressure-resistant, gastight and cost-effective membrane-electrode assemblies are obtained, that are used in PEM water electrolyzers, regenerative fuel cells or in other electrochemical devices.

Abstract: Preferred electrode devices (10) including a substrate (11) and cathode (13) and anode material (12) coated thereon in discreet locations are described. The cathode materials desirably include multiple layers of thin metal films (14). Preferred cell devices including conductive elements and a solid state source of charged ions for migration into and through the conductive elements are also described.

Abstract: Electrode at least comprising an electroconductive support of a titanium-palladium alloy, titanium, tantalum or compounds or alloys of titanium or of tantalum, an electrochemically active coating and an interlayer between the support and the electrochemically active coating, wherein the interlayer consists of titanium carbide and/or titanium boride and is applied to the support by flame or plasma spraying. Process for producing these electrodes and their use in an electrochemical cell for producing chlorine or chromic acid.

Abstract: Described are preferred electrode structures which desirably include multiple thin conductive layers stably bonded to an electrode substrate through a bonding layer. Also described are preferred electrode structures which include reinforcing carbon layers, which include an embrittlement-sensitive material and a protective oxygen-free copper layer, and which include at least one thin metal layer including a bamboo grain pattern. Additional embodiments of the invention include electric cells incorporating such electrode structures, and methods for their operation.

Abstract: A method of making a set of metallic deposits includes injection molding a substrate, where a pattern of channels is in a surface of the substrate, applying a metallic layer on the surface, to form metallic deposits in the pattern, and removing a portion of the metallic layer, to expose a portion of the surface. The set of metallic deposits can form an electrode set for an electrochemical sensor strip.

Abstract: Preferred electrode devices (10) including a substrate (11) and cathode (13) and anode material (12) coated thereon in discreet locations are described. The cathode materials desirably include multiple layers of thin metal films (14). Preferred cell devices including conductive elements and a solid state source of charged ions for migration into and through the conductive elements are also described.

Abstract: An electrolytic process of ozone generation using platinum-coated titanium grid as cathode, &bgr;-PbO2 deposited on the grid as anode, and batteries in conjunction with supercapacitors as a DC power source is described. No membrane is required to separate the electrodes, and a neutral salt such as NaCl is used to enhance the generation of ozone gas. The electrolytic apparatus comprising a cell, the electrodes, and a bubbler can also be inserted directly in water that needs ozone treatment. As batteries can power the ozone generation, the apparatus can be disposed at point-of-use and away from the city electricity. The electrolytic apparatus can be used for sterilization of water for pharmaceutical industry, household water supply, for surface cleaning of semiconductors, meats, fish, fruits, as well as for disinfection of SPA water and personal hygiene.

Abstract: Described are preferred multilayer, thin-film electrodes (11) that have improved resistance to flaking or cracking under conditions of operation. Also described are electrolytic cells (17) incorporating such electrodes (11), and methods for selecting electrode materials to facilitate reaction rates, energy production, and/or to shift the average mass number of transmuted products to lighter or heavier values. Preferred electrodes (11) have a plurality of thin-film conductive layers (14) supported on generally concave surfaces (13).

Abstract: An electrolytic cell producing sodium chlorate uses an electrode, specifically an anode, having a surface or coating or treatment of a mixed metal oxide having ruthenium oxide as an electrocatalyst, a precious metal of the platinum group or its oxide as a stability enhancer, antimony oxide as an oxygen suppressant and a titanium oxide binder. The electrocatalytic coating is about 21 mole percent ruthenium oxide, about 2 mole percent iridium oxide, about 4 mole percent antimony oxide and the balance is titanium oxide. The coating is characterized by high durability and low oxygen content in an off-gas.