Abstract: The present invention provides a metal electrode stabilized by a coating, the coating comprising a sulfur containing moiety in its molecular structure. The coating may also include a hydrophilic group and a spacer between the sulfur containing moiety and the hydrophilic group. Preferably, the sulphur-containing moiety is selected from the group comprising thiol, disulphide and SOx, and the hydrophilic group is selected from the group comprising hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, carbonyl, oligo (ethylene oxide) chain, and zwitterionic species. Compounds useful in the present invention include 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptoethylamine, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, thiophene, 4-carboxythiophene, cysteine, homocysteine, and cystine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas diffusion electrode (1) comprising a hydrophobic gas diffusion layer (3b), a reaction layer (3a), and a hydrophilic layer (5) arranged in the mentioned order wherein the reaction layer (3a) is arranged to a barrier layer (4), which barrier layer (4), on its opposite side, is arranged to the hydrophilic layer (5). The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing such a gas diffusion electrode (1), and to an electrolytic cell, and use thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metal electrode stabilised by a coating, the coating comprising a sulfur containing moiety in its molecular structure. The coating may also include a hydrophilic group and a spacer between the sulfur containing moiety and the hydrophilic group. Preferably, the sulfur containing moiety is selected from the group comprising thiol, disulfide and SOx, and the hydrophilic group is selected from the group comprising hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, carbonyl, oligo (ethylene oxide) chain, and zwitterionic species. Compounds useful in the present invention include 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptoethylamine, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, thiophene, 4-carboxythiophene, cysteine, homocysteine, and cystine.

Abstract: In order to regenerate permanganate solutions being utilized for the etching and roughening of plastics surfaces electrolytic methods are known. Though relatively small quantaties of by-products are produced with these methods as compared to chemical regeneration methods, large quantaties of manganese dioxide are produced when printed circuit boards are treated. In order to avoid formation of manganese dioxide during the regeneration method a novel cathode 2 has been found which is provided with a porous, electrically nonconducting layer 7 on the cathode body 3. The layer 7 preferably consists of a plastics material being resistant to acid and/or alkali.

Abstract: A cathode comprising an electrically conductive substrate made of titanium, nickel, tantalum, zirconium, niobium, iron or alloys thereof, coated with an intermediate layer of oxides of titanium and of a precious metal, and with an outer layer comprising metal oxides of titanium, zirconium and a precious metal, can be used for the electrolysis of solutions, in particular for the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of alkali metal chlorides.

Abstract: A method of treating a carbonaceous cell component of an electrolyte cell for the production of aluminum, to impart protection against deterioration during operation of the cell. A liquid suspension of a refractory material dispersed in a lignosulfonate binder solution is prepared and applied as a protective coating to the surface of carbonaceous cell components and allowed to dry.

Abstract: A semiconductor workpiece holder used in electroplating systems for plating metal layers, such as copper, onto a semiconductor workpiece. The workpiece holder includes electrodes which extend and are partially submerged in a liquid plating bath. The electrodes have a contact face which bears against the workpiece and conducts current therebetween. The submersible portions of the electrodes are partially covered with a dielectric layer or surface and partially covered with a conductive layer or surface. The conductive surface is preferably spaced from the contact face and placed in direct contact with the plating bath to allow diversion of some of the plating current directly between the electrode and plating bath. Associated methods are also described.

Abstract: A photoelectrochemical cell, with a work electrode and a counter electrode that is arranged opposite the work electrode and whose electrochemically active surfaces are facing each other and with an electrolyte being arranged between the surfaces which contains a redox system, with the surface of the counter electrode being catalytically active, is characterized by the fact that the catalytically active surface of the counter electrode contains at least one polymer and/or at least one salt of a polymer, which has been doped to an intrinsically electrically conductive polymer through the redox system of the electrolyte.

Abstract: An electrode (10, 112) containing platinum has its surface modified with sulfur, tellurium, or selenium, or compounds thereof, which renders the surface highly selective for the conversion of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. The high selectivity of the electrode, and its ability to function in acidic electrolytes make it suitable to a variety of electrochemical processes. In a preferred embodiment, an oxygen concentration device (A) incorporating the electrode as a cathode (10) also includes an anode (12) and a selective membrane (14), formed from a solid polymer electrolyte material, between the anode and the cathode. An oxygen-containing atmosphere is brought into contact with the cathode where it is converted to hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide passes through the membrane to the anode where it is reconverted to purified oxygen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a specific cathode comprising a substrate made of an element chosen from the group formed by titanium, nickel, tantalum, zirconium, niobium and alloys thereof, the said substrate being coated with an interlayer of a mixed oxide based on titanium and on ruthenium and with an external layer of metal oxides comprising titanium, zirconium and ruthenium. The subject of the invention is also its manufacturing process and its applications in electrolysis.

Abstract: A coated composite electrode for supporting an anodic electrochemical reaction includes a substrate composed of an electrically conductive metal and a mixture composed of lead and manganese oxides of between about 70 and 90 weight percent and of binders and extenders together being of between about 10 and 30 weight percent. The mixture is in the form of a coating on the substrate which constitutes a site of electrochemical oxidation. The coating is pressed above about 1500 psi pressure and at a temperature within the range of about 25 to 230 degrees C. The composite electrode provides corrosion inhibition for the lead alloy and improved current efficiency in systems with iron, such as copper electrowinning.

Abstract: A method of treating a carbonaceous cell component of an electrolyte cell for the production of aluminum, to impart protection against deterioration during operation of the cell. A liquid suspension of a refractory material dispersed in a lignosulfonate binder solution is prepared and applied as a protective coating to the surface of carbonaceous cell components and allowed to dry.

Abstract: A self-contained, portable device for decomposing ions present in a liquid includes a housing shaped to be held within a human hand; a source of electric current; an anode that is comprised of an inert material, attached to the housing and in electrical communication with the source of electric current; a cathode that is comprised of an inert material, attached to the housing and in electrical communication with the source of electric current; and a switch for electrically connecting the anode, the cathode and the source of electric current.