Abstract: Apparatus are disclosed for measuring substrate content present in a specimen that is applied to a biosensor, where the apparatus include an input for receiving an electrical signal from the biosensor; and a circuit coupled to the input to detect the electrical signal to determine whether an amount of the specimen needed for specimen detection has been supplied to the biosensor; where the apparatus measures the substrate content included in the specimen when the circuit determines that an amount of the specimen needed for specimen detection has been supplied to the biosensor, and the apparatus is prevented from measuring the substrate content included in the specimen when the circuit determines that the specimen has not been sufficiently supplied to the biosensor.

Abstract: A gas sensor in one form comprises a housing including a base and a top defining an interior space. The housing includes a gas entry hole and first and second electrical terminals. First and second electrodes in the housing interior space each comprise a membrane having a layer of platinum black catalyst on one side. The second electrode includes a lower amount of platinum black catalyst than the first electrode. A separator is placed between the first and second electrodes. Current collectors electrically connect the first and second electrodes to the respective first and second electrical terminals whereby sensor current represents concentration of gas while minimizing cross sensitivity.

Abstract: A method for detecting nitrogen oxides, the method comprising monitoring the change in potential difference between a working electrode and a reference electrode as the working electrode is exposed to nitrogen oxides, where the working electrode includes an inorganic non-metallic oxide selected from spinel-structured compounds and wolframite-structured compounds, and where the working electrode and the reference electrode are in contact with a solid electrolyte.

Abstract: A reference half-cell for application in an electrochemical sensor, comprising a housing, in which a chamber containing a reference electrolyte is formed, wherein the reference electrolyte (5, 105) is in contact with a medium surrounding the housing via a liquid junction arranged in a wall of the housing, wherein the liquid junction comprises a porous diaphragm, especially a porous ceramic diaphragm, and wherein the diaphragm has, at least partially, a coating, which comprises at least one metal.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed comprising: a sample conduit; an electrochemical flow cell; a source of carrier fluid; a structure elucidation spectrometer; a conduit and an in-line sample reservoir, such that: (a) a first operating modus wherein the sample conduit is connected to the conduit via the electrochemical flow cell and the in-line sample reservoir, and the source of carrier fluid is connected to the by-passing the in-line sample reservoir, and (b) a second operating modus wherein the sample conduit is connected to the conduit by-passing the in-line sample reservoir, and the source of carrier fluid is connected to the structure elucidation spectrometer via the in-line sample reservoir. Decoupling of the electrochemical cell from the spectrometer allows for uncompromised selection of optimal electrochemical and separation conditions.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and methods for distinguishing between a control solution and a blood sample. In one aspect, the methods include using a test strip in which multiple current transients are measured by a meter electrically connected to an electrochemical test strip. The current transients are used to determine if a sample is a blood sample or a control solution based on at least two characteristics. Further described herein are methods for calculating a discrimination criteria based upon at least two characteristics. Still further described herein are system for distinguishing between blood samples and control solutions.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

Abstract: An instrument is provided for pharmacologic measurement capable of detecting a very small and short time change in electric signal caused by a pharmacologic action of a biologic specimen with quickness and a high sensitivity by steeply decreasing an external disturbance component mixed into the system while dropping/exchange of medicinal solutions is conducted in a batch mode.

Abstract: The application provides an assembly comprising a housing (20) having an electrical housing connector (50) and a strip port (40) for a BGM sensor arranged in the vicinity of the electrical connector. The assembly further comprises an external electrical connector (60) adapted for releasable connection to the housing connector, wherein the external electrical connector comprises a portion (62) adapted to block the port opening when the external electrical connector is connected to the housing connector, thereby preventing insertion of a strip in the port when the two connectors are connected to each other. In this way it is prevented in a simple and cost-effective manner that a patient via an inserted strip is subjected to a too high voltage or current supplied to the circuitry of the electronic device.

Abstract: An ion sensing circuit includes an ion sensing element configured for exposure to an electrolytic solution and control of a sensing current through the ion sensing element according to an ion concentration of the electrolytic solution. The ion sensing circuit further includes a current-to-voltage converter coupled electrically to the ion sensing element for generating a converted voltage from the sensing current. The ion sensing circuit also includes a comparator coupled electrically to the current-to-voltage converter for comparing the converted voltage and a threshold voltage to form a comparison result. In addition, the ion sensing circuit includes a latch coupled electrically to the comparator and the current-to-voltage converter. The latch is configured for sampling the output of the comparator according to a clock signal to generate a digital signal used by the current-to-voltage converter for converting the sensing current to the converted voltage.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode system capable of more accurately measuring properties of solutions using a porous platinum electrode.

Abstract: A particle detection device (10) included substrates (1, 4), insulating members (2, 3), supporting member (5), and electrodes (6, 7). The insulating member (2) is provided on a principal surface of the substrate (1) and has a recess. The insulating member (3) is provided so as to make contact with the insulating member (3) and the substrate (4). The substrate (4) is formed on a principal surface of the supporting member (5). The electrode (6) is formed on a surface, which is opposite to the surface where the insulating member (2) is formed, of the substrate (1). The electrode (7) is formed on the surface (5A), the side surface (5B), and the rear surface (5C) of the supporting member (5) so as to be connected to the substrate (4). Accordingly, the detection device 10 includes a gap (8) surrounded by the insulating members (2, 3). The substrate (1) is connected to the substrate (4) with the insulating members (2, 3) and the supporting member (5) (quartz).

Abstract: A gas sensor includes known types of electrodes such as sensing electrodes, counter electrodes or reference electrodes to sense the presence of a predetermined gas. In addition, at least one diagnostic electrode is carried in the sensor. The diagnostic electrode implements at least one diagnostic function without substantially impairing the gas sensing function. The diagnostic electrode is immersed in sensor electrolyte.

Abstract: A meter is adapted for measuring concentrations of a chemical in a flowing solution. The meter has a barrier that shields a sensor from the high turbulence of the solution flow. One or more membranes can be employed to selectively filter out various ions or other chemicals.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described for preparing, maintaining, and stabilizing sensors. The apparatus and methods for preparing sensors for use are utilized in advance of the sensor being removed from a sealed, sterilized package. The apparatus include packaging materials having electrical circuits capable of stabilizing a sensor to prepare the sensor for use. The methods for preparing a sensor for use includes methods of providing a solution to a sterilized packaging that contains a sensor connected to a sensor activating circuit, activating the circuit, and allowing the sensor to stabilize. These methods can be performed without compromising the packaging. The apparatus for stabilizing a sensor that is in use include a circuit connectable to the sensor that provides a signal to the sensor that prevents the sensor from becoming destabilized when disconnected from a monitoring device.

Abstract: An analysis device for analysis of a sample on a test element is provided that comprises at least one component configured to make electrical contact with at least one other component for electrical transmission therebetween. The at least one component generally comprises an injection-molded circuit mount, also called an MID, or molded interconnect device.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to devices and methods for sensing a variety of biologically-related substances and/or chemical substances. In a device aspect, the present invention is directed to a multilayer device for sensing metal ions, non-biological molecules, biological molecules, or whole cells. In a method aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for sensing species such as ions, protons, metal ions, non-biological molecules, whole cells, and biological molecules, for example one or more biologically-related substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, enzymes, and chemical substances such as water contaminants.

Abstract: An apparatus, a control unit and a method are provided for detecting a concentration of chlorate-ions in an aqueous solution containing different types of chlorine oxidants. By applying energy to a defined volume of the aqueous solution to trigger a transformation of substantially all chlorine oxidants and/or chlorine therein to chloride and/or chlorate, and detecting the concentration of chlorate-ions contained in the defined volume, a solution can be provided that enables a simple and cheap measurement for a concentration of chlorate ions in an aqueous solution and that is capable for online measurement of such chlorate concentrations.

Abstract: A wireless sensor unit and a maintenance method. The sensor unit includes a sensor capable of forming a measurement signal, electronics capable of receiving a measurement signal from the sensor and sending the signal wirelessly to a wireless network, and a power supply for providing supply voltage for the sensor and electronics. The unit is divided into two parts, a first part and a second part such that the first part includes the electronics and is may be mounted permanently to a fixed object like a wall, and second part including the power supply and the sensor. The second part is capable to be repeatedly mounted and detached to the first part.

Abstract: An LED-based materials analysis apparatus that measures the photoelectrochemical response of materials to illumination. The apparatus uses an array of light sources such as a plurality of LEDs that provide light of desired wavelengths to illuminate one or more samples of materials of interest that are immersed in an electrolyte. A measurement circuit is connected between a transparent conductor attached to each sample of interest and a counter electrode. In some measurements, a third, standard electrode may be connected to the measurement circuit. A pulsing circuit that operates the LEDs causes each sample to be tested according to a predetermined sequence. Data is collected using a programmable computer operating under the control of instructions recorded on a machine readable medium. The data is analyzed and is available to be displayed to a user, recorded in a database, or communicated to another apparatus or process.

Abstract: Arranged in a bath contained in a tank are respectively an anodic electrode and a cathodic electrode, which are connected to an electric current generator. The cathodic electrode can be composed of a plurality of individual test specimens suitable for being immersed in the metal bath, and the device additionally includes a controllable electric power supply unit for the individual cathodic test specimens, which is connected to the current generator and includes a mechanism for controlling the current passing through the cathodic test specimens so that a given current flows in each of them.

Abstract: A simple and low cost device to detect the presence of mercury or other trace metals in the environment and quantify said concentration by spectrophotometric, colorimetric, or electrical conductivity is disclosed. Owing to its small size, it is suitable for portable mercury detectors or detectors that may be worn as badges in the breathing zone of workers.

Abstract: A ceramic gas sensor for measuring a gas component in a gas mixture, which includes a sensor element, which has at least one first electrode exposed to the gas mixture to be determined, and at least one further electrode. Only one shared electrical contact is provided for the first electrode and for the additional electrode, an electrical resistor, which is situated inside the gas sensor, being preconnected to the first electrode and/or the additional electrode.

Abstract: A microchamber electrochemical cell and method of using the cell for performing quantitative analysis of various charged macromolecules is presented. The microchamber electrochemical cell includes a substrate, opposing electrodes and at least one nanoslot. The substrate is configured to define a pair of opposing fluid reservoirs. The pair of opposing electrodes are respectively positioned within the opposing fluid reservoirs. Each nanoslot is configured to fluidly connect the opposing fluid reservoirs together. The opposing fluid reservoirs of the microchamber electrochemical cell are fluidly connected to each other only through each nanoslot. Each nanoslot is physically restricted to less than 500 nanometers. One method includes the steps of coupling, filling, measuring, obtaining, performing and preparing.

Abstract: A meter and sensors, for use in combination, where no calibration code has to be entered by the user or is read by the meter. The meter is configured with a predetermined slope and y-intercept built into the meter. If the slope and y-intercept of the sensor are within a predetermined area or grid, or otherwise close to the slope and y-intercept of the meter, the batch of sensors is acceptable for use with that meter for providing accurate analyte concentration results.

Abstract: A current detection resistance in a sensor control device is connected to a sensor element. The current flowing in the sensor element is detected through the current detection resistance. The current detection resistance is connected to an inverting amplification circuit for outputting an air/fuel output voltage to be transferred to a microcomputer. An offset setting circuit is connected to one input terminal of an operational amplifier in the inverting amplification circuit. The offset setting circuit is comprised of a switching element, a resistance connected in series to the switching element, and two dividing voltage resistances whose common node is connected to the resistance. The offset setting circuit generates and gives an offset to the A/F output voltage. The switching element is turned ON and OFF based on an offset switching signal transferred from the microcomputer.

Abstract: An analysis device for analysis of a sample on a test element is provided that comprises at least one component configured to make electrical contact with at least one other component for electrical transmission therebetween. The at least one component generally comprises an injection-molded circuit mount, also called an MID, or molded interconnect device.

Abstract: A system for operating at least first and second amperometric sensors includes a cartridge and a control device. The cartridge includes a first amperometric sensor and a second amperometric sensor. The first amperometric sensor is in fluid flow communication with a liquid sample inlet and includes a first electrode. The second amperometric sensor is in fluid flow communication with a liquid sample and includes a second electrode. The control device sets the first and second electrodes to about the same potential such that the first and second amperometric sensors can be operated simultaneously.

Abstract: A galvanic sensor for analyzing gases present in blood includes a duct suitable for being crossed by a flow of gas and provided with an inlet opening and an outlet opening, a reference galvanic element including a container containing an electrolytic solution in which a reference electrode is inserted, and a measuring galvanic element. The container is fixed to the duct and the measuring galvanic element includes a measuring electrode arranged transversally to the axis of the duct and a filiform element having a high capillarity so as to act as a wick. The filiform element is anchored to the container and has a first end contacting the measuring electrode and a second end contacting the electrolytic solution. The measuring element of the galvanic sensor is extremely miniaturized and allows to detect in real time and continuously gases in traces, on the order of parts per million or even lower.

Abstract: A sensor system including devices and methods for determining the concentration of an analyte in a sample is described. Input signals including amperometric and voltammetric duty cycles of excitations and relaxations may provide a shorter analysis time and/or improve the accuracy and/or precision of the analysis. The disclosed system may reduce analysis errors, thus improving measurement performance, by adjusting the potential and/or scan rate in response to output currents obtained from voltammetric scans. The disclosed system also may determine the concentration of more than one ionizable species in the sample by adjusting the potential and/or scan rate in response to output currents obtained from voltammetric scans. The multiple, determined concentrations may be used to determine the concentration of multiple analytes or to correct the concentration determined for an analyte, thus improving the measurement performance of the system.

Abstract: A system for measuring a solution pH includes a potentiostat with a working electrode made of an electro-conductive solid polymer transducer, an input to receive the potential to be applied between the working electrode and a reference electrode, and an output to transmit a signal representative of the current flowing between a counter electrode and the working electrode, the three electrodes being immerged into the solution. The system further includes a digital processor connected to a digital to analog converter for generating the potential to be applied between the working and the reference electrodes; and to an analog to digital converter for receiving a digital value representative of the current. The digital processor is adapted to modify the potential to maintain the current inside a predetermined range such that the potential is representative of the solution pH when the current is inside the predetermined range.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

Abstract: The invention comprises portable, rugged and relatively compact electrochemical cells. Each cell has the ability to be removably and nondestructive secured to one surface of a substrate of indefinite size. In-situ electrochemical measurements may be made on portions of existing structures such as ships, bridges, or buildings. An electrochemical cell comprises an analytical chamber which can be utilized with potentiostats. An electrochemical cell is a self-contained portable probe comprising an electrochemical cell, an electronics component and a fluid handling component. Said probe is capable of performing electrochemical measurements by itself without the use of an external potentiostat, such as monitoring corrosion, effectiveness, or integrity of conductive and nonconductive coatings on bare and coated metallic or conductive substrates.

Abstract: A method for detecting a proportion of at least one gas species in a measurement gas space. A sensor element is used, having an oxygen reduction pumping cell for concentration of the gas species, a pumping cell connected downstream of the oxygen reduction pumping cell having pumping electrodes, and a gas-tight chamber. A pumping electrode may be exposed to gas from the measurement gas space which has been concentrated by the oxygen reduction pumping cell. A further pumping electrode is disposed in the gas-tight chamber. At least one measuring electrode is further disposed in the gas-tight chamber. The oxygen reduction pumping cell and the pumping cell are galvanically isolated. The method includes an initialization phase, and an accumulation phase.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a bio-sensing device capable of automatically detecting a sensing code and a sensing method thereof. The bio-sensing device has a bio-sensing strip and a process-and-display unit. The bio-sensing strip has a passive component, wherein a physical value of the passive component is able to present a sensing code. When the bio-sensing strip is inserted into the process-and-display unit, the process-and-display unit reads the sensing code to produce an appropriate compensation value of a sample. Moreover, by the sensing method, the process-and-display unit is able to detect the sensing code of the bio-sensing strip, and automatically, to access, calculate, compensate, and display the sensing code of the sample.

Abstract: A method of measuring pH of aqueous liquid with little or no buffer present uses an electrochemical pH sensor which comprises a plurality of electrodes with a redox active organic compound attached to an electrode and having at least one functional group convertible electrochemically between reduced and oxidized forms with transfer of at least one proton between the compound and surrounding aqueous phase, wherein the compound has at least one substituent group which promotes hydrogen bonding at a said functional group and thereby increases the reaction rate of proton transfer. The substituent group may form an internal hydrogen bond with a redox-convertible group or may enhance polarity to promote electrostatic interaction with water molecules and reduce activation energy. Such an electrochemical sensor may be used for pH measurement in computer controlled equipment for processing an aqueous liquid.

Abstract: A method of measuring a quantity of a substrate contained in sample liquid is provided. This method can reduce measurement errors caused by a biosensor. The biosensor includes at least a pair of electrodes on an insulating board and is inserted into a measuring device which includes a supporting section for supporting detachably the biosensor, plural connecting terminals to be coupled to the respective electrodes, and a driving power supply which applies a voltage to the respective electrodes via the connecting terminals. One of the electrodes of the biosensor is connected to the first and second connecting terminals of the measuring device only when the biosensor is inserted into the measuring device in a given direction, and has a structure such that the electrode becomes conductive between the first and second connecting terminals due to a voltage application by the driving power supply.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

Abstract: A liquid sample measurement apparatus of the present invention is provided with a timer for measuring the time from when a biosensor is attached to a liquid sample measurement device which measures the concentration of a specific component in a liquid sample that is applied to the biosensor to when the liquid sample is applied to the biosensor, and correction based on the time measured by the timer is performed to the measurement result of the concentration of the specific component in the liquid sample that is applied to the biosensor. Thereby, the measurement precision can be enhanced with utilizing the correction algorithm in which the ambient temperature and the temperature of the biosensor itself are considered.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensing method that includes (a) providing an electrochemical cell having a working electrode and a pseudo reference electrode; (b) providing a sample comprising a metal, the sample being in contact with the working electrode and the metal being capable of being oxidized or reduced at the working electrode when the metal is bound to the working electrode; (c) preconditioning the working electrode by (i) applying a time varying preconditioning potential between the working and pseudo reference electrodes; and/or (ii) baking the working electrode; and/or (iii) air-ageing the working electrode; and (d) applying a measuring potential between the working and pseudo reference electrodes and, during application of said measuring potential, measuring the current generated by oxidation/reduction of the metal at the working electrode.

Abstract: A biosensor measurement device for providing accurate measurement results within a short period of time by using only a very small amount of sample. The biosensor measurement device includes a power source, which is connected to a voltage regulator, a measurement instrument, and a controller for supplying power. When the biosensor chip is connected to the biosensor measurement device and a voltage is applied, the measurement instrument begins the measurement of a current value for the biosensor. When the measured current value or a measured charge value is greater than a reference value, the measurement is terminated in accordance with an instruction issued by the controller, and when the value is smaller than the reference value, the measurement is continued in accordance with a controller instruction.

Abstract: A gas detector includes at least two electrodes. The electrodes are carried on a common substrate having first and second spaced apart surfaces. The electrodes are formed on respective ones of the surfaces with the substrate sandwiched therebetween.

Abstract: A biosensor includes a working electrode 101, a counter electrode 102 opposing the working electrode 101, a working electrode terminal 103 and a working electrode reference terminal 10 connected to the working electrode 101 by wires, and a counter electrode terminal 104 connected to the counter electrode 102 by a wire. By employing a structure with at least three electrodes, it is possible to assay a target substance without being influenced by the line resistance on the working electrode side.

Abstract: A sensor control apparatus is disclosed, including a preliminary control for supplying a constant current to a second oxygen pump cell of a gas sensor for a constant period of time so as to control to a constant level the amount of oxygen pumped out from a second measurement chamber (S40 to S50). At the beginning of drive control (S55 to S80), oxygen is pumped back into the second measurement chamber. During the pumping back operation, an NOX concentration correspondence value has a large time course change and is not stable. The NOX concentration correspondence value is corrected using correction data common among gas sensors, wherein the timing for applying the correction data is adjusted by making use of an application time determined in accordance with individual differences of each gas sensor.

Abstract: A wellbore tool has an electrochemical sensor for measuring the amount of hydrogen sulphide or thiols in a fluid downhole in a wellbore. The sensor comprises a temperature- and pressure-resistant housing containing a flow path for the fluids. The fluids flow over one side of a gas permeable membrane the other side of the membrane being exposed to a chamber containing at least two electrodes and containing a reaction solution which together with the hydrogen sulphide or thiols create a redox reaction resulting in an electrical current dependent upon the amount of hydrogen sulphide or thiols in the fluid. Measurement is made by passing formation fluid along the flow path and repeatedly applying varying potential to one electrode and measuring the peak current flowing between that electrode and a second electrode.

Abstract: Circuits are described for reading a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor (chemFET) with an improved signal-to-noise ratio. In one embodiment, a device is described that includes a chemFET including a first terminal and a second terminal, and a floating gate coupled to a passivation layer. An integrator circuit is coupled to the second source/drain terminal of the chemFET via a data line. The integrator circuit applies a bias voltage to the data line during a read interval, thereby inducing a current through the chemFET based on a threshold voltage of the chemFET. The integrator circuit then generates an output signal proportional to an integral of the induced current through the chemFET during the read interval.

Abstract: A sensor arrangement including a control circuit is disclosed. In at least one embodiment, at least one sensor electrode can be charged and/or discharged therewith and a comparator unit for the comparison of a provided voltage for the at least one electrode with a reference voltage. A duration necessary for the charging/discharging of the at least one sensor electrode is determined, whereby, from the determined duration, it is determined whether a sensor event, in the form of a hybridization between trap molecules and the particles for recording, has occurred.

Abstract: A blood glucose measurement device (50) comprises a test piece insertion unit (10) for inserting, holding, and electrically connecting a test piece on which an electrode pattern has been formed, a measurement circuit (16) for electrochemically measuring a biological sample that has been placed in the form of a spot on the test piece, a communication circuit (15) for transmitting the result of measurement with the measurement circuit (16) by wireless communication using an antenna electrode (2C) equipped with the test piece, and a switch (14) that is connected to the test piece insertion unit (10) for switching between the measurement circuit (16) and the communication circuit (15).

Abstract: A temperature of a gas sensor may be adjusted to a first temperature value for a first period of time and a second temperature value for a second period of time. A signal of the gas sensor may be measured during the first period of time to determine a first signal value and during the second period of time to determine a second value. Then, concentration information for at least one gas is calculated according to the first signal value and the second signal value. While the gas sensor signal may include information about a presence of a first gas and a second gas, the concentration information for the at least one gas may not substantially include concentration information for the second gas.

Abstract: An electronic sensor is provided for detecting the presence of one or more analytes of interest in a sample. The sensor preferably comprises a field effect transistor in which conductance is enhanced altered by analyte binding to receptors in the active region. An array of sensors may be formed to analyze a sample for multiple analytes.