Abstract: A method for measuring compliance with building air quality attribute set points. The method includes the steps of sensing a first attribute of environmental air quality, setting a range of acceptable values for the first attribute, setting a penalty function for the first attribute and comparing sensed data to the first range of acceptable values. The first penalty function is applied as appropriate to assess a first set of points for the first attribute. An index value is created that is a function of the first set of points. In another aspect, the method includes sensing a second attribute, comparing the data against acceptable values and applying a second penalty function as appropriate. The index value is also a function of the second set of points. In yet another aspect, the method includes the step of sensing a first attribute at a second site.

Abstract: An oxidation-reduction potentiometer immerses a working electrode and a reference electrode in a reference liquid, measures an interelectrode voltage between the above electrodes when an impedance reducing circuit is unconnected and an interelectrode voltage between the above electrodes when the impedance reducing circuit is connected by interelectrode voltage measuring means, computes a comparison coefficient based on the measured voltages by a comparison coefficient computing section, stores the coefficient in a comparison coefficient storing section, immerses the working electrode and the reference electrode in a test liquid, measures an interelectrode voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode when the impedance reducing circuit is connected by the measuring means, and computes an oxidation-reduction potential by an oxidation-reduction potential computing section based on the measured voltage when the impedance reducing circuit is connected and the coefficient stored in the storing

Abstract: Systems and methods of use for continuous analyte measurement of a host's vascular system are provided. In some embodiments, a continuous glucose measurement system includes a vascular access device, a sensor and sensor electronics, the system being configured for insertion into communication with a host's circulatory system.

Abstract: A gas sensor control system for a gas sensor having a first, a second, and a third cell. The second cell produces a second cell electric current indicating the concentration of oxygen in gas in which the amount of oxygen has already been controlled by the first cell. The third cell produces a third cell electric current indicating the concentration of a preselected component of the gas in which the amount of oxygen has already been controlled by the first cell. A second cell circuit converts the second cell electric current into a voltage as a second cell current-measured value. A current adjuster produces a flow of an adjustment current as a function of the second cell current-measured value so that a third cell circuit converts the third cell electric current minus the adjustment current into a voltage as representing the concentration of the preselected component of the gas.

Abstract: Low concentrations of fluoride ion in a semiconductor processing solution containing an acid are determined via fluoride ion specific electrode measurements corrected for the effect of the acid concentration. No reagents are used for the fluoride determination.

Abstract: A micro fuel cell sensor having laminated gas permeable membrane. The sensor comprises a housing, first and second gas diffusing electrodes spaced from one another, a fuel-cell spacer having an acidic electrolyte disposed between said first and second electrodes, and two gas permeable membranes. The first gas permeable membrane comprises a polymer laminated on a metal substrate, wherein the substrate comprises pores that have dimensions at least less than one-half the thickness of the polymer film.

Abstract: A gas concentration measuring apparatus for use in air-fuel ratio control of motor vehicle engines is provided which is designed to determine the concentrations of oxygen at different resolutions within a wide and a narrow range using a first and a second sensor signal which are amplified by first and second operational amplifiers at different amplification factors. The apparatus samples values of the first sensor signal at different concentrations of oxygen to find an output characteristic error of the first operational amplifier and determines an actual concentration of oxygen to calculate an output characteristic error of the second operational amplifier using the one of the first operational amplifier and the actual concentration of oxygen. This permits values of the first and second sensor signals to be corrected so as to compensate for the output characteristics of the first and second operational amplifiers.

Abstract: In electric plating of supplying a current between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode as a plated body immersed in a plating solution thereby forming a plated film comprising a conductor on a surface of the cathode electrode, a preliminary electrolytic electrode that comes in contact with the plating solution before the cathode electrode comes in contact with the plating solution is disposed, and the cathode electrode is brought into contact with the plating solution while supplying a preliminary electrolytic current between the preliminary electrolytic electrode and the anode electrode, whereby a uniform plated film with no voids can be formed while suppressing dissolution of the underlying conductive film in the electric plating treatment.

Abstract: A gas sensor control device is disclosed as including a sensor cell having a negative terminal, to which a current-voltage converter is connected, and a differential amplifier is connected to the current-voltage converter to provide a current measured result applied to a microcomputer. The current-voltage converter has an opposite-to-sensor terminal to which another differential amplifier is connected. A sensor-side terminal of the current-voltage converter and another differential amplifier is electrically connected to each other via an electric pathway having a sensor-current flow disabling pathway in which a switch circuit is provided. Closing the switch circuit allows a potential difference between both terminals of the current-voltage converter is zeroed. With the switch circuit closed, the microcomputer calculates an element current correcting value, while detecting an electromotive force of the sensor cell based on which a failure is determined.

Abstract: A sampling head, and/or an array including same for use in electrochemical deposition of various metal(s) on wafers or other substrates suitable for use in microelectronic devices or components thereof.

Abstract: The invention concerns a chemical sensor comprising at least one cantilever sensor unit with a capture surface for a chemical substance to be detected. The cantilever comprises a piezoresistor of doped single crystalline silicon with a pair of wires for applying an electrical field over the piezoresistor, and a current shield capable of shielding the piezoresistor electrically from a liquid for a sufficient time to performing a measurement when a liquid sample is applied in contact with the capture surface. The current shield comprises one or more of the materials selected from the group consisting of nitrides, such as silicon nitride, metal oxides, such as aluminum oxide, ceramics, diamond films, silicon carbide, tantalum oxide, single crystalline silicon, glass mixtures and combinations thereof, said current shield preferably comprises one or more of the materials silicon nitride and single crystalline silicon. The invention also relates to methods of preparing such chemical sensor.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a plate-like sensor element having solid electrolyte layers; a circuit board having a processing circuit for processing an output signal from the sensor element; terminals connected to the sensor element and to the circuit board and serving as electric junctions therebetween; and a metallic casing which encloses the sensor element, the circuit board, and the terminals and has attachment portions for attachment to an external object. The attachment portions are attached to an inlet pipe at a position located downstream of an EGR gas inlet or to a cylinder head.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for sensing time varying ionic current in an electrolytic system having a first fluid chamber and a second fluid chamber separated by a barrier structure is provided, wherein the barrier structure includes thick walls and a substrate having an orifice therein, with the first and second fluid chambers being in communication via the orifice. A potential is applied between electrodes in respective first and second fluid chambers, thus driving an electrical current between them and through the orifice. Total capacitance of the system is less than 10 pF. Analytes are added to one of the first and second fluid chambers and time varying ionic current that passes across the orifice is measured. An amplifier proximal to the barrier structure and electrodes amplifies the ionic current signal.

Abstract: A method for determining a concentration of an analyte is disclosed. The method includes applying a potential excitation to a fluid sample containing an analyte and determining if a current decay curve associated with the fluid sample has entered an analyte depletion stage. The method also includes measuring a plurality of current values associated with the fluid sample during the analyte depletion stage and calculating an analyte concentration based on at least one of the plurality of current values.

Abstract: An electrolyte analyzing apparatus according to the present invention includes an A/D converter which converts analogue data output from an ion selective electrode into digital data. The electrolyte analyzing apparatus also includes a data processor which calculates a median of multiple pieces of the digital data converted from multiple pieces of the analogue data output from the ion selective electrode and outputs the median as measurement data of an electrolyte; and a calculator which calculates a concentration of the electrolyte contained in a specimen based on the measurement data of the electrolyte output from the data processor.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described for preparing, maintaining, and stabilizing sensors. The apparatus and methods for preparing sensors for use are utilized in advance of the sensor being removed from a sealed, sterilized package. The apparatus include packaging materials having electrical circuits capable of stabilizing a sensor to prepare the sensor for use. The methods for preparing a sensor for use includes methods of providing a solution to a sterilized packaging that contains a sensor connected to a sensor activating circuit, activating the circuit, and allowing the sensor to stabilize. These methods can be performed without compromising the packaging. The apparatus for stabilizing a sensor that is in use include a circuit connectable to the sensor that provides a signal to the sensor that prevents the sensor from becoming destabilized when disconnected from a monitoring device.

Abstract: A biosensor device (10) for detecting of molecules of an analyte in a sample (23) comprising: an identification element (18) comprising at least one self assembling monolayer (26) having a first surface, a transducer element (20) comprising a metal electrode (34) for receiving an electric signal from the reaction of the molecules in the sample with the at least one self assembling monolayer (26), and at least one electronic element (14, 16) for receiving the electric signal from the transducer element (20), for processing, and/or storing the electric signal. The at least one self-assembling monolayer (26) comprises at least one carboxylic acid-group for coupling the at least one self-assembling monolayer (26) to the surface (32) of the metal electrode (34).

Abstract: A sensor apparatus for an electrochemical measuring device. The apparatus has at least one electrode, which can be heated using a heating current in the form of an alternating current, and a first and a second connection for the supply line for the heating current. The electrochemical measuring device is connected to the electrode by a third connection. In this case, the apparatus has the third connection connected to the electrode by a bridge circuit, which is also connected to the first and second connections. There also is provided a method for carrying out electrochemical measurements at elevated temperature. The sensor apparatus and the method for carrying out electrochemical measurements enable electrochemical measurements with little interference and directly heated electrodes in conjunction with a simplified design of the electrodes.

Abstract: Methods of determining a corrected analyte concentration in view of some error source are provided herein. The methods can be utilized for the determination of various analytes and/or various sources of error. In one example, the method can be configured to determine a corrected glucose concentration in view of an extreme level of hematocrit found within the sample. In other embodiments, methods are provided for identifying various system errors and/or defects. For example, such errors can include partial-fill or double-fill situations, high track resistance, and/or sample leakage. Systems are also provided for determining a corrected analyte concentration and/or detecting some system error.

Abstract: Many aspects of the invention will be apparent from the following paragraphs and detailed description some of which are as follows. In one example, the invention includes a circuit for measuring an analyte or indicator in a body fluid sample including a reference voltage circuit, at least one measurement line, a result line, a buffering circuit between the voltage reference circuit and the measurement line wherein the buffering circuit comprises at least one operational amplifier the output of which is connected to the result line. The circuit may be a glucose concentration measurement circuit delivering the glucose concentration in a body fluid such as for example blood, plasma, interstitial fluid, urine. The circuit may further form part of a meter or system for measuring glucose concentration in a body fluid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a gas sensor, particularly a lambda probe, for determining the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine that is operated using a fuel-air mixture. Said gas sensor comprises a pump cell with an outer electrode that is exposed to the exhaust gas, an inner electrode located in a measuring chamber which is separated from the exhaust gas by means of a first diffusion barrier, and an electronic circuit for generating a voltage applied between the outer electrode and the inner electrode as well as for measuring and evaluating a pump current that is generated in said process in order to draw a conclusion therefrom about the composition of the fuel-air mixture.

Abstract: A gas detection system used for detecting a concentration of a gas in a second environment based on a concentration of the gas in a first environment is provided. The gas detection system may include a gas detecting device having two detection module, a first dielectric layer a second dielectric layer and a programmed control module. The control module may detect the voltage outputted by the first detection module to obtain the concentration of the gas in the second environment, when the detected voltage is smaller than a predetermined value. The control module may output a voltage signal to the second detection module and may detect the steady state current corresponding to the voltage signal to obtain the concentration of the gas in the second environment corresponding to the steady state current.

Abstract: A penicillin G biosensor, systems comprising the same, and measurement using the systems. The penicillin G biosensor has an extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) structure and comprises a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) on a semiconductor substrate, a sensing unit comprising a substrate, a tin oxide film on the substrate, and a penicillin G acylase film immobilized on the tin oxide film, and a conductive wire connecting the MOSFET and the sensing unit.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and method maximizes efficiency and accuracy of measuring an ion concentration of a measured fluid by varying a flow of ions within a measuring cell (1006) in accordance with an output signal of a sensor cell. The pump current through a pump cell is switched between a constant positive current and a constant negative current when upper and lower thresholds of the output signal are reached. The pulse width ratio of the square wave produced by the varying current is compared to a pulse width ratio function derived from a calibration procedure to determine the ion concentration of the measured fluid. In one embodiment, the functions of the pump cell and sensing cell are performed by a single electrochemical cell. In an embodiment where a concentration of a compound is determined, a primary electrochemical cell system pumps an ion of an element of the compound into and out from a measuring chamber.

Abstract: An auto-calibration system for diagnostic test strips is described for presenting data individually carried on each test strip readable by a diagnostic meter. The test strip meter may provide a predetermined varying resistance on one strip or a plurality of varying resistances from strip lot to strip lot.

Abstract: This invention relates to a technique for analyzing a sample.

Abstract: The multichannel potentiostat comprises a reference terminal, a counter-electrode terminal, and at least two working terminals, respectively designed to be connected to a reference electrode, a counter-electrode and at least two working electrodes of an electrochemical cell. The potentiostat comprises first and second regulating circuits to apply a setpoint voltage respectively between the first and second working terminals and the reference terminal. The potentiostat comprises a control circuit of the counter-electrode voltage applied to the counter-electrode terminal. The control circuit comprises a first input terminal connected to a predefined potential and a second input terminal to which a regulating voltage representative of at least one of the voltages of the working terminals is applied.

Abstract: A sensor control device including a circuit board separate from and electrically connectable to a gas sensor, the gas sensor including a detecting element configured to output a concentration response signal in response to the concentration of a specific gas component. The circuit board has mounted thereon: a detecting element driving unit; a temperature sensing element configured to output a temperature response signal in response to a temperature of the circuit board; a temperature calculating unit; and a concentration information correcting unit configured to correct gas concentration information calculated by the detecting element driving unit based on temperature information calculated by the temperature calculating unit.

Abstract: A sensor supervision system for periodically providing a test to accesses the status of a gas detection sensor, such as a carbon monoxide (CO) sensor, is provided. To access the status of the CO sensor, a processor provides a voltage to the sensor supervision system, such that a voltage is applied to CO sensor, charging the CO sensor. The status of the CO sensor is accessed by determining the change in the voltage charge of the CO sensor between two sampling time points. If the first sample voltage is substantially equal to the second sample voltage, i.e., a substantially constant voltage, the carbon monoxide sensor fails the test. However, if there is an change is the voltage change between the first and second sampled time points, the CO sensor passes the test.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas sensor for determining the oxygen concentration in a gas mixture, especially in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines. Said gas sensor comprises a pump cell having an outer pump electrode, exposed to the gas mixture, and an inner pump electrode, exposed to the gas mixture via a diffusion barrier, and a solid electrolyte body interposed between the outer pump electrode and the inner pump electrode. The gas sensor also has a reference electrode, exposed to a reference gas, and a sensor heating device. The outer pump electrode is connected to a circuit arrangement via a pump current line, the inner pump electrode via a measuring line, the reference electrode via a reference current line and the sensor heating device via two heating lines.

Abstract: An electronic circuit for sensing an output of a sensor having at least one electrode pair and circuitry for obtaining and processing the sensor output. The electrode pair may be laid out such that one electrode is wrapped around the other electrode in a U-shaped fashion. The electronic circuitry may include, among other things, a line interface for interfacing with input/output lines, a rectifier in parallel with the line interface, a counter connected to the line interface and a data converter connected to the counter and the electrode pair. The data converter may be a current-to-frequency converter. In addition, the rectifier may derive power for the electronic circuit from communication pulses received on the input/output lines.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a test strip with an identification function and a test instrument using the same. The test strip of the present invention comprises a substrate, a test area on the substrate and an identification area also on the substrate. The identification area has at least two identification electrodes, at least one resistor element connected in parallel with the identification electrodes, and an electrode area coupling the identification electrodes and the resistor element. Thereby, the present invention provides many sets of identification signals to differentiate customers, test strips and test instruments.

Abstract: An ionic probe is provided according to the invention. The ionic probe includes an active electrode configured to generate a measurement signal for an external test fluid, a first reference electrode configured to generate a first reference signal, and an at least second reference electrode configured to generate at least a second reference signal. The measurement signal is compared to the first reference signal and the at least second reference signal in order to determine an ionic measurement of the external test fluid.

Abstract: Embodiments in accordance with the present invention relate to packed-column nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) systems integrated on-chip, and methods for producing and using same. The microfabricated chip includes a column, frits/filters, an injector, and a detector, fabricated in a process compatible with those conventionally utilized to form integrated circuits. The column can be packed with supports for various different stationary phases to allow performance of different forms of nano-LC, including but not limited to reversed-phase, normal-phase, adsorption, size-exclusion, affinity, and ion chromatography. A cross-channel injector injects a nanolitre/picolitre-volume sample plug at the column inlet. An electrochemical/conductivity sensor integrated at the column outlet measures separation signals.

Abstract: A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, a solid-state selector having a vessel for carrying a liquid medium with one or more molecules surrounded by ions, a solid state conductive structure doped with impurities having one or more through-holes extending between two surfaces of the solid state conductive structure positioned within the liquid medium of the vessel, a voltage source coupled to the solid state conductive structure to selectively stimulate the ions surrounding the one or more molecules to pass through the one or more through-holes. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor system for sensing free radicals or materials which generate free radicals in solution includes a working electrode coated with a plurality of cerium oxide nanoparticles and a counter electrode. A solution to be analyzed provides electrolytes to electrically couple the working electrode to the counter electrode. Electronics are connected to at least one of the working and counter electrodes for measuring and amplifying an electrical current signal generated by reduction or oxidation occurring at the working electrode, wherein in a presence of free radicals an electrical current signal flows between the working electrode and the counter electrode. The system can be used to sense the presence of hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: A gas sensor equipped with an elastic member which is disposed hermetically in an open end of an air cover joined to a housing. The elastic member has a vertical hole, an air flow path, and lead-retaining holes through which leads pass to establish electric connections between a sensing device and an external device. The air flow path extends from the vertical hole to an outer peripheral surface of the elastic member to direct air having entered at air inlets to the vertical hole. An assembly of an air-permeable filter and a support is fit elastically in the vertical hole of the elastic member, thereby asserting the stability of adhesion between the vertical hole and the filter even if the filter is thermally deteriorated to ensure the waterproofing of the gas sensor.

Abstract: According to the standard solution and the determination method of the present invention, in a case where a voltage is applied by a drive voltage of a measurement apparatus to an electrode portion of a biosensor comprising an electrode portion including a counter electrode and a measuring electrode formed on an insulating substrate, and a reagent layer which reacts with a sample solution supplied to the electrode portion, and a current value which flows at the application is measured, thereby determining a substrate contained in the sample solution, a reducing substance is contained in the standard solution used for controlling a precision of measurement of the measurement apparatus. Therefore, when the standard solution is measured, a large change occurs in a current waveform between time t0 and t1 shown in FIG. 6 due to the reducing substance, thereby discriminating whether the analyte liquid being measured is the standard solution or the sample solution and easily identifying the kind of analyte liquid.

Abstract: The chloride concentration in an acid copper plating bath is determined from the chloride oxidation current measured under controlled hydrodynamic conditions at a noble metal electrode using specific voltammetric parameters. The measurement is made directly on the undiluted plating bath so that the chloride measurement is fast and no waste stream is generated.

Abstract: An additive breakdown product in an acid copper plating bath sample is detected by performing a voltammetric analysis for the leveler additive in two measurement solutions comprising different volume fractions of the copper plating bath sample in a background electrolyte. When the plating bath sample contains a substantial concentration of the additive breakdown product, the analyses for the first and second measurement solutions indicate different concentrations for the leveler additive in the plating bath sample. A comparison of the leveler additive concentrations indicated by the two analyses provides a measure of the concentration of the additive breakdown product.

Abstract: The invention is directed to devices that allow for simultaneous multiple biochip analysis. In particular, the devices are configured to hold multiple cartridges comprising biochips comprising arrays such as nucleic acid arrays, and allow for high throughput analysis of samples.

Abstract: A gas concentration measuring apparatus for use in air-fuel ratio control of motor vehicle engines is provided which includes a laminated sensor element and a sensor circuit. The sensor circuit includes a current-measuring resistor, at least one amplifier, and A/D converters. The current-measuring resistor functions to measure a current signal flowing through the sensor element produced upon application of the voltage to the sensor element. The amplifier works to amplify the current signal to output it to one of the A/D converters to determine the concentration of the air-fuel ratio within one of a plurality of measurement ranges defined within the wide gas concentration measuring range. The amplification of the current signal results in expansion of the level of the input to the A/D converter, thus enhancing the resolution in determining the air-fuel ratio.

Abstract: This invention discloses a voltage-type gas concentration sensor and sensing method thereof. An ionic sensing electrode, a solid electrolyte membrane and a gas-permeable membrane are provided. The ionic sensing electrode comprises a sensing window. The solid electrolyte membrane is disposed on the sensing window. The gas-permeable membrane is disposed on the solid electrolyte membrane. By detecting the change of a reaction voltage as a result of reaction between the ionic sensing electrode and a solution to be measured, the invention is able to determine the pH of the solution to be measured.

Abstract: Sensor assemblies for analyzing NO and NO2 concentrations in an emission gas and method for fabricating such sensor assemblies are provided. A sensor assembly comprises a first sensor having a first barium tungstate film. The first sensor is configured to detect a concentration of NOx in the gas and to provide a first signal associated with the concentration of NOx. NOx represents a combination of NO2 and NO. The sensor assembly also comprises a second sensor disposed in a stationary position relative to the first sensor and having a second barium tungstate film. The second sensor is configured to detect a concentration of one of NO2 and NO in the gas and to provide a second signal associated with the concentration of the one of NO2 and NO.

Abstract: A linear exhaust-gas probe has a measuring cell for measuring a gas concentration in a measuring chamber by determining a measuring-cell voltage, and a pump cell for pumping gas by way of a pump current. A circuit configuration for operating the prove has a comparator circuit for comparing the measuring-cell voltage with a measuring-cell setpoint voltage and for providing a corresponding analog deviation signal. A pump current source provides the pump current. The source is controlled by the deviation signal using a control circuit for the approximation of the measuring cell voltage to the measuring cell setpoint voltage. In order to reliably limit the pump voltage with no significant detrimental effect on the operation, the circuit configuration further has a second comparator circuit for comparing the pump voltage with a predefined threshold voltage and for providing a corresponding binary switching signal; and a counter coupling path between the output of the pump current source and the control circuit.

Abstract: A sensor system for measuring a plurality of chemical species is disclosed. The sensor system includes a plurality of semiconductor device sensor elements, wherein each sensor element includes at least one wide band gap semiconductor layer and at least one catalytic layer configured to have an electrical property modifiable on exposure to an analyte including one or more chemical species; and an acquisition and analysis system configured to receive sensor signals from the plurality of sensor elements and to use multivariate analysis techniques to analyze the sensor signals to provide multivariate analyte measurement data.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to systems and methods for detecting biological and chemical species in liquid and gaseous phase. The systems and methods utilize carbon nanotubes to enhance sensitivity and selectivity towards the reacting species by decreasing interference and detecting a wide range of concentrations.

Abstract: An electrochemical gas sensor and methods of operating an electrochemical gas sensor are disclosed. In one embodiment, an electrochemical gas sensor comprising a measuring electrode pair configured to measure a gas species and a pumping electrode pair configured to reduce an amount of an interfering species in a sample in the electrochemical gas sensor is operated by obtaining a measurement of the interfering species at a location spatially adjacent to a measuring electrode of the measuring electrode pair, and adjusting one or more of an operation or an output processing of the electrochemical gas sensor based on the measurement of the interfering species.

Abstract: In a method and with a circuit for operating a nitrogen oxide sensor for determining the nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentration in a gas mixture, in particular in post-treatment of an automotive exhaust, an electric pumping voltage (U_APE,IPE) which induces a pumping current (I_pump) being applied between an internal pump electrode (IPE) and an external pump electrode (APE) of a pumping cell, by which a constant oxygen partial pressure is established in a first test gas space by pumping oxygen in or out, the pumping voltage (U_APE,IPE) being regulated so that a constant voltage value is established at electrodes of a concentration cell, a NOx-sensitive third electrode situated in a second test gas space being operated as the second pumping cell in which a limit pumping current is established, indicating the NOx concentration, in order to minimize the influence of oxygen on the nitrogen oxide signal measured, the pumping current (I_pump) is switched off or reduced in a controlled manner within a measurement time w

Abstract: Soot sensing systems and soot sensors are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, a soot sensor includes a non-conductive substrate and a first electrode disposed on the non-conductive substrate. The soot sensor further includes a second electrode disposed on the non-conductive substrate and spaced away from the first electrode. The soot sensor further includes a first protective layer disposed over at least a portion of the first electrode. The soot sensor further includes a second protective layer disposed over at least a portion of the second electrode. Further, an electrical parameter between the first and second electrodes is indicative of an amount of soot disposed on the non-conductive substrate between the first and second electrodes.