Abstract: The present invention is directed to a coated substrate comprising: A) an electroconductive composite substrate comprising a resinous matrix reinforced with fibers, and B) a cured coating layer electrophoretically deposited on at least at least a portion of a surface of the substrate, wherein the cured coating layer is deposited from a curable, electrodepositable coating composition comprising: (1) a resin component containing an active hydrogen-containing, cationic or anionic resin comprising an acrylic, polyester, polyurethane and/or polyepoxide polymer; and (2) a curing agent. The present invention is further directed to a process for coating a plastic, electroconductive substrate comprising electrophoretically depositing on the substrate the curable, electrodepositable coating composition described above, and heating the coated substrate to a temperature less than 250° F. for a time sufficient to cure the electrodeposited coating on the substrate.

Abstract: There are provided a multi-layer piezoelectric element in which an increase of oxygen vacancies in an electric-field concentration part of piezoelectric layers is suppressed and a decrease of an amount of displacement is suppressed, as well as to provide a piezoelectric actuator, an injection device and a fuel injection system provided with the multi-layer piezoelectric element. A multi-layer piezoelectric element includes a stacked body composed of piezoelectric layers and internal electrode layers which are stacked on each other, and a resin which evolves OH? when being heated. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain a multi-layer piezoelectric element in which an increase of oxygen vacancies in an electric-field concentration part of piezoelectric layers is suppressed and a decrease of an amount of displacement is suppressed.

Abstract: A method of making a battery electrode includes the steps of dispersing an active electrode material and a conductive additive in water with at least one dispersant to create a mixed dispersion; treating a surface of a current collector to raise the surface energy of the surface to at least the surface tension of the mixed dispersion; depositing the dispersed active electrode material and conductive additive on a current collector; and heating the coated surface to remove water from the coating.

Abstract: A resist composition is provided comprising a (co)polymer comprising recurring units of acid labile group-substituted (meth)acrylic acid, styrenecarboxylic acid or vinylnaphthalenecarboxylic acid and/or recurring units having an acid labile group-substituted phenolic hydroxyl group, an acid generator, and a metal salt of carboxylic acid or a metal complex of ?-diketone. Due to a high contrast of alkaline dissolution rate before and after exposure, high resolution, high sensitivity, and controlled acid diffusion rate, the composition forms a pattern with satisfactory profile and minimal LER.

Abstract: A resist composition comprising a complex of a ?-diketone with a metal selected from magnesium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, cesium, zirconium, and hafnium, and a solvent is improved in film uniformity when coated, and exhibits a high resolution, high sensitivity, and minimal LER when processed by the EB or EUV lithography.

Abstract: A process for applying a coating on aluminum substrates by anionic or cationic electrodeposition of an electrodeposition coating including an aqueous dispersion of one or more lanthanide series elements having a +3/+4 oxidation state and phosphated epoxy resin made by phosphating a polyepoxide with both phosphoric acid and an organophosphonic acid and/or an organophosphinic acid. The coating has a reduced tendency to form pinholes.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed in which an electrically conductive substrate is immersed hit electrodepositable composition, the substrate serving as an electrode in an electrical circuit comprising the electrode and a counter-electrode immersed in the composition, a coating being applied onto or over at least a portion of the substrate as electric current is passed between the electrodes. The electrodepositable composition comprises: (a) an aqueous medium; (b) an ionic resin; and (c) solid particles.

Abstract: The present invention is aimed to fabricate nanoporous anodic oxide ceramic membrane tubes with excellent pore characteristics by anodizing metal tubes located in a cylindrical symmetry with respect to a cathode which itself has a cylindrical symmetry. The membrane tubes may have protruded portions acting as supports and joints. The present invention also deals with stacks and bundles consisted of numbers of the anodic oxide ceramic tubes for filter and dialysis applications.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods of fabricating nanoporous anodic oxide ceramic membrane tubes with excellent pore characteristics by anodizing metal tubes located in a cylindrical symmetry with respect to a cathode which itself has a cylindrical symmetry. The membrane tubes may have protruded portions acting as supports and joints. The present invention also deals with stacks and bundles consisted of numbers of the anodic oxide ceramic tubes for filter and dialysis applications.

Abstract: A process for applying a coating on aluminum substrates by anionic electrodeposition of a phosphated epoxy resin made by phosphating a polyepoxide with both phosphoric acid and an organophosphonic acid and/or an organophosphinic acid. The coating has a reduced tendency to form pinholes.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for coating a substrate wherein the substrate is electrically conductive, the method comprising simultaneously applying a plurality of electrically conductive liquid materials to different portions of the substrate wherein at least one of the electrically conductive liquid materials comprises an ionic compound; and applying an electrical current to at least one of the liquid materials thereby depositing the ionic compound onto the substrate.

Abstract: Methods for preparing an electrodepositable coating composition are provided comprising: (a) mixing a flatting agent with an electrodepositable resin; (b) combining the mixture of (a) with a pigment paste to form a flatting agent-pigment paste mixture; and (c) combining the flatting agent-pigment paste mixture of (b) with an electrodepositable resin. Methods of coating articles including electrodepositable coating compositions prepared by these methods, as well as processes for coating electroconductive substrates with compositions prepared by these methods are also provided.

Abstract: Composites comprising carbon nanotubes are provided. In some embodiments, the composite may include at least one metal/carbon nanotube layer disposed between at least two metal layers, where the metal/carbon nanotube layer includes metal and a plurality of carbon nanotubes distributed in selected regions of the metal. In other embodiments, the composite may include a carbon nanotube rope and at least one metal layer disposed on an outer surface of the carbon nanotube rope.

Abstract: To provide an electrophoretic dispersion capable of reducing or preventing the aggregation of electrophoretic particles, an electrophoretic display device using the electrophoretic dispersion, a method of manufacturing the electrophoretic display device, and an electronic system superior in display performance; an electrophoretic display device (electrophoretic display unit) has: a first substrate with a first electrode; a second substrate with a second electrode opposite the first electrode; and an electrophoretic dispersion provided between the first substrate and second substrate. The electrophoretic dispersion (dispersion for electrophoretic display units) includes a liquid phase insulative dispersion medium and electrophoretic particles dispersed in the dispersion medium, the particles electrophoretically migrated under an influence of an electric field.

Abstract: Electrocoat compositions providing coatings having reduced gloss levels are disclosed. The reduction in gloss is achieved through the incorporation of a solid polymer additive to a standard electrocoat composition. The polymer additive includes particulate polyacrylate, particulate aliphatic polyurethane/polyurea copolymers, or mixtures thereof. Low and medium gloss compositions can be achieved. A paste containing these polymer additives is also disclosed. Methods for using these compositions are also disclosed, as are methods for reducing the gloss of an E-coat composition.

Abstract: A cured multilayer coating provides improved edge corrosion resistance to a substrate. The method of making the cured multilayer coating includes applying by electrophoretic deposition a first curable coating composition to the substrate to establish a coated substrate. The coated substrate is then subjected to an amount of energy sufficient to cause the coated substrate to become a conductive coated substrate. Next, a second curable coating composition is applied to the conductive coated substrate to establish a multicoated substrate. The multicoated substrate is then subjected to an amount of energy sufficient for cross-linking the first and second curable coating compositions to make the cured multilayer coating. The cured multilayer coating has less than 40 rust spots as measured by an Edge Corrosion Test, while a surface roughness, Ra, of the cured multilayer coating is maintained at or below 13 &mgr;in (4.29 nm).

Abstract: A negative ion generating medium for generating negative ions from the surface of a mother material made of aluminum or aluminum alloy. The negative ion generating medium has the mother material of aluminum or aluminum alloy covered at the surface with an anodized layer on which a rare metal separated from a rare metal solution such as zirconium salt is deposited. As the rare metal is deposited in the pores provided in the anodized layer, its negative ion generating area can be increased thus releasing a large number of negative ions. The negative ion generating medium is manufactured by electrolytically processing the mother material in an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid doped with a rare metal salt such as lithium salt to develop the anodized layer on the surface of the mother material and deposit the rare metal on the anodized layer.

Abstract: A conductive cap for use in an electronic component, has an opening at a bottom portion thereof, and is constructed to be fixed to the upper surface of a substrate of the electronic component at the opening portion of the cap so as to cover at least an electronic component element mounted on the upper surface of the substrate having terminal electrodes provided thereon. The end surface of the opening and the inner and outer surfaces thereof in connection to and in the vicinity of the end surface are provided with an insulating film disposed thereon.

Abstract: According to the invention, silicon nanoparticles are applied to a substrate using an electrochemical plating processes, analogous to metal plating. An electrolysis tank of an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, such as alcohol, ether, or other solvents in which the particles are dissolved operates at a current flow between the electrodes. In applying silicon nanoparticles to a silicon, metal, or non-conducting substrate, a selective area plating may be accomplished by defining areas of different conductivity on the substrate. Silicon nanoparticle composite platings and stacked alternating material platings are also possible. The addition of metal ions into the silicon nanoparticle solution produces a composite material plating. Either composite silicon nanoparticle platings or pure silicon nanoparticle platings may be stacked with each other or with convention metal platings.

Abstract: Light emitters are formed and patterned on an electrode for an organic light-emitting device by electrochemically polymerizing a monomer across the full length of the electrode. A second electrode is deposited so to define a pixel region between mutually aligned portions of the two electrodes. Electroluminescence of the emitter occurs when a voltage is applied across the electrodes of the device.

Abstract: A method, and structure formed thereof, for processing an exposed conductive connection between an thermal inkjet head device and a flexible tape circuit connectable to control signals for driving the inkjet device. According to the method of processing, the exposed conductive connection is electrophoretically plated with a polymer to protect it against corrosive damage by coupling the exposed conductive connection to a first voltage potential and immersing it into an electrophoretic polymer solution in contact with an electrode at a second voltage potential thereby establishing a current between the electrode and the exposed connection such that the exposed connection is coated with a thin film of polymer of uniform thickness.

Abstract: A method is provided for making a hydrophobic carbon fiber construction, such as a fuel cell gas diffusion layer, by electrophoretic deposition of a highly fluorinated polymer, which may be followed by sintering of the fluoropolymer. A hydrophobic carbon fiber construction is provided, such as a fuel cell gas diffusion layer, which is coated with a monolayer of particles of a highly fluorinated polymer, which may be sintered.

Abstract: A method is provided for making a hydrophilic carbon fiber construction, such as a fuel cell gas diffusion layer or diffuser/current collector, by electrophoretic deposition of a metal oxide selected from Type I or Type II, where Type I consists of metal oxides having a negative zeta potential and Type II consists of metal oxides having a positive zeta potential. A hydrophilic carbon fiber construction is provided, such as a fuel cell gas diffusion layer or diffuser/current collector, which is coated with a metal oxide and capable of wicking 200 mg of water per 40 mg of the hydrophilic carbon fiber construction.

Abstract: The invention provides a polymer (a) having a polymer backbone having appended thereto at least one carbamate functional group, the polymer represented by randomly-repeating units according to the formula: 1

Abstract: A method of anodizing an aluminum substrate comprising heating the substrate to a first temperature of 200° C. to about 380° C.; suspending the substrate into a first electrolyte and applying a first anodizing current to the first electrolyte; rinsing the substrate; heating the substrate to a second temperature of 200° C. to about 380° C.; and suspending the substrate into a second electrolyte and applying a second anodizing current to the second electrolyte, wherein the first electrolyte and second electrolyte each comprise an aqueous solution of at least one salt of alpha-hydroxy acid.

Abstract: A method is provided for the fabrication of a porous polymeric material by electrophoretic deposition. The porous polymeric material is particularly well suited as a polishing surface for the planarization of semiconductor wafers.

Abstract: One electrode is provided in association with the object to be coated, the other electrode. A pre-stretched ion-exchange membrane in a thin tubular form is sandwiched inbetween two nonconductive water permeable screen tubular housings. The assembly contains a supply line that provides a water way for the electrolyte to flow from the top of the device into a lower cap, then to the lower cap reservoir that allows stabilization and disbursement of electrolyte through the rifled housing Inertia developed through this defined pattern creates a swirling action that scrubs the impurities away from the anode, and to the top of the device to be carried out top. The location of the supply line is just inside the inner screen inserted through both the upper housing and lower cap. The tubular electrode is provided to the inside of membrane housing completing the inner portion of the waterway return chamber.

Abstract: The invention provides a polymer (a) having a polymer backbone having appended thereto at least one carbamate functional group, the polymer represented by randomly repeating units according to the formula: R1 represents H or CH3, R2 represents H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl, L represents a divalent linking group, A represents repeat units comprising at least one repeat unit having a pendant carboxylic acid group, x represents 10 to 90 weight %, and y represents 90 to 10 weight %. The invention further provides an anodic electrocoat coating composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of a polymer (a) and (b) a compound having a plurality of functional groups that are reactive with said carbamate groups, wherein the repeat units A of polymer (a) having a pendant carboxylic acid group are base-salted.

Abstract: The present invention provides a record sheet used in an electro-coagulation printing method for forming characters and images on a cylinder as an electrode with an ink which coagulates with electric charge and for transferring the characters and images to the record sheet, wherein the wet time is 15 milliseconds or less, obtained from the absorption curve of pure water measured by a dynamic scanning absorptometer. Preferably, the record sheet has 5 ml/m.sup.2 s.sup.-1/2 or more absorption coefficient, and more preferably, has contact ratio measured by a specular reflection smoothness tester under a pressure of 40 kg/cm.sup.2 with a ray having a wavelength of 0.5 .mu.m is 40% or more. The record sheet can be used for various print sheets, in particular, for business form sheets and newspaper sheets.

Abstract: The present invention provides an aqueous pigment dispersion composition for electro-deposition color coating of an aluminum or aluminum alloy oxide film, the composition comprising an organic white pigment as an essential component thereof. The organic white pigment comprises large-diameter particles which are insoluble in a water-soluble organic liquid and/or water and exhibit a non-skinning property and a sufficient concealing power on an aluminum or aluminum alloy oxide film. More specifically, the organic white pigment particles preferably have an average particle diameters of at least 0.3 .mu.m and a reflective index of at least 1.4. The use of the aqueous pigment dispersion composition for electro-deposition coating ensures formation of a less lustrous, less transparent and highly weather-resistant coating film for coloration of an aluminum or aluminum alloy oxide film.

Abstract: A method apparatus is provided for electrophoretically depositing particles onto an electrode, and electrohydrodynamically assembling the particles into crystalline structures. Specifically, the present method and apparatus creates a current flowing through a solution to cause identically charged electrophoretically deposited colloidal particles to attract each other over very large distances (<5 particle diameters) on the surface of electrodes to form two-dimensional colloidal crystals. The attractive force can be created with both DC and AC fields and can modulated by adjusting either the field strength or frequency of the current. Modulating this "lateral attraction" between the particles causes the reversible formation of two-dimensional fluid and crystalline colloidal states on the electrode surface. Further manipulation allows for the formation of two or three-dimensional colloidal crystals, as well as more complex "designed" structures.

Abstract: A process for forming a cured paint film from a paint containing, as a binder, a resin containing a carbonyl group, or a resin, or a resin mixture containing a carbonyl group and a carboxyl group or a paint containing, as a binder, a resin containing a resin or a resin mixture containing a group which forms a carboxyl group in the subsequent contact step with a hydrazine compound or polyhydrazide compound. The uncured paint film, which contains a carbonyl group, or a carbonyl group and a carboxyl group or a group that forms a carboxyl group, is subjected to a step of curing the paint film by allowing the uncured paint film to contact with a hydrazine compound or a polyhydrazide compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides a record sheet used in an electro-coagulation printing method for forming characters and images on a cylinder as an electrode with an ink which coagulates with electric charge and for transferring the characters and images to the record sheet, wherein the wet time is 15 milliseconds or less, obtained from the absorption curve of pure water measured by a dynamic scanning absorptometer. Preferably, the record sheet has 5 ml/m.sup.2 s.sup.-1/2 or more absorption coefficient, and more preferably, has contact ratio measured by a specular reflection smoothness tester under a pressure of 40 kg/cm.sup.2 with a ray having a wavelength of 0.5 .mu.m is 40% or more. The record sheet can be used for various print sheets, in particular, for business form sheets and newspaper sheets.

Abstract: A method apparatus is provided for electrophoretically depositing particles onto an electrode, and electrohydrodynamically assembling the particles into crystalline structures. Specifically, the present method and apparatus creates a current flowing through a solution to cause identically charged electrophoretically deposited colloidal particles to attract each other over very large distances (<5 particle diameters) on the surface of electrodes to form two-dimensional colloidal crystals. The attractive force can be created with both DC and AC fields and can modulated by adjusting either the field strength or frequency of the current. Modulating this "lateral attraction" between the particles causes the reversible formation of two-dimensional fluid and crystalline colloidal states on the electrode surface. Further manipulation allows for the formation of two or three-dimensional colloidal crystals, as well as more complex "designed" structures.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a painted sheet metal part, such as a car body, with a polyacid layer between the coat of paint and the surface of the sheet metal part and to a method for applying such a coating on the part before painting. Initially, the part is cleaned and de-greased, and subsequently the polyacid layer is deposited and stabilized. In order to be able to apply this layer without losing wet adhesion qualities of the coat of paint and the anti-corrosive effect of coating layer, while presenting fewer ecological disadvantages or harmful consequences, polyacids, which comprise homopolymers or copolymers of carboxylic acids containing double bonds or of functional esters of carboxylic esters, or copolymers of carboxylic acids with vinyl compounds, are used pursuant to the present invention as the protective bonding layer. The polyacids used are further combined with polymers having a glass transition temperature above 100.degree. C.

Abstract: A method for creating a solid layer (36A or 52A) through which openings (38 or 54) extend entails subjecting particles (30) suspended in a fluid (26) to an electric field (E.sub.A) to cause a number of the particles to move towards, and accumulate over, a structure placed in the fluid. The structure, including the so-accumulated particles, is removed from the fluid. Solid material is deposited over the structure at least in the space between the so-accumulated particles. The particles, including any overlying material (36B or 52B), are removed. The remaining solid material forms the solid layer through which openings extend at the locations of the so-removed particles. The structure is typically a layer is then typically either a gate layer for the electron-emitting device or a layer used in forming the gate layer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a color image is disclosed which provide simply and stably color duplicates of high accuracy and high quality without color shear and color images excellent in storage stability. A method of forming color images comprising applying a compound (S) which contains a fluorine atom and/or silicon atom to the surface of electrophotographic light-sensitive element, forming a peelable transfer layer on the surface of electrophotographic light-sensitive element, forming at least one color toner image by an electrophotographic process on the transfer layer and transferring the toner image together with the transfer layer to a receiving material and an apparatus used therefor are disclosed.

Abstract: Aromatic diamines having a carboxylic acid group and various other diamines are reacted with aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhdyrides in organic polar solvents to provide polyimides. Polyimide compositions for electrodeposition which comprise the neutralized salts of the polyimides, water and poor solvents for the polyimides have good keeping quality and when electrodeposited on electrically conductive materials, can form polyimide coats that have high levels of appearance, smoothness and denseness while exhibiting good physical and chemical characteristics in such aspects as heat resistance, electrical insulation and chemical resistance.

Abstract: An electrocoagulation printing apparatus comprises a positive cylindrical electrode having a central longitudinal axis extending horizontally and a passivated surface defining a positive electrode active surface, the positive electrode being formed of an electrolytically inert metal; a drive mechanism for rotating the positive electrode about the longitudinal axis thereof at a substantially constant speed; a coating device for coating the positive electrode active surface with an olefinic substance and a metal oxide to form on the surface micro-droplets of olefinic substance containing the metal oxide; and a printing head for forming on the olefin and metal oxide-coated positive electrode active surface a plurality of dots of colored, coagulated colloid by electrocoagulation of an electrolytically coagulable colloid in the presence of a coloring agent, the dots of colored, coagulated colloid being representative of a desired image.

Abstract: A method of electrocoat painting using tubular guarded membrane electrode cells. An object-to-be-electrocoat painted, or counter-electrode, is positioned or moved into a paint bath. Electrical current flow is induced between the membrane electrode cells and the counter-electrodes through the tubular guard, with the tubular guard having openings of a type that particularly allow for the flow of electricity between the electrode cells and the counter-electrode for a substantially continuous flow of paint particles around the membrane electrode cells. After painting, the counter-electrode is removed from the paint bath. Flushing fluid may be passed through the membrane electrode cells.

Abstract: A cathode for the electrolysis of brine for the production of chlorine and caustic soda, whereby chlorate ions are produced, comprises a coating of e.g. Nickel alloyed with a metallic sacrificial component, the latter being leached out by a soltuion of sodium hydroxide. The remaining sodium hydroxide within the pores of the leached nickel coating is transformed into iron hydroxide upon application of an iron salt onto the nickel coating. The iron hydroxide acts as a suppressor for the excessive formation of chlorate ions in the caustic soda solution of the electrolysis cell.