Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor comprising a capacitor element, anode lead extending from a surface of the capacitor element, an anode termination that is in electrical connection with the anode lead, a cathode termination that is in electrical connection with the solid electrolyte, and a casing material that encapsulates the capacitor element and anode lead is provided. A barrier coating is disposed on at least a portion of the anode termination and/or cathode termination and is in contact with the casing material. The coating contains a hydrophobic resinous material that includes an olefin polymer having a glass transition temperature of from about 20° C. to about 160° C.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor is provided that contains a casing material that encapsulates the capacitor element. The casing material is formed from a curable resinous matrix that has a coefficient of thermal expansion of about 42 ppm/° C. or less at a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the resinous matrix. Further, the capacitor exhibits an initial equivalence series resistance of about 200 mohms or less as determined at an operating frequency of 100 kHz and temperature of 23° C., and the ratio of the equivalence series resistance of the capacitor after being exposed to a temperature of 125° C. for 560 hours to the initial equivalence series resistance of the capacitor is about 2.0 or less.

Abstract: A sealing process includes applying a first reactant to a substrate having a porous structure, the first reactant comprising a chromium (III) precursor and a transition metal precursor and applying a second reactant to the first reactant, the second reactant comprising a rare earth element precursor and an alkaline earth element precursor to form reservoirs of trivalent chromium in pore space of the porous structure, and a physical barrier over the substrate and the reservoirs.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an antimicrobial metal complex surface, and the method includes providing an article, and the article has a first metal complex surface treated by anodization. The first metal complex surface is formed with a first pore. Secondly a silver suspension is provided. The silver suspension also has pore sealing agent. The article is soaked in the suspension to form a pore sealing layer having silver particles on the first metal complex surface such that the silver particles are distributed in the pore sealing layer. The antimicrobial metal complex surface fabricated by the method inhibits microorganism growth on the anodized metal surface.

Abstract: A porous titanium dioxide film having photonic properties is made by etching a titanium substrate in an electrolyte solution in the presence of an electric field. The electrolyte solution can be an organic electrolyte solution. Etching involves providing an electrolyte solution in contact with a pair of electrodes and passing an electric current through the electrolyte solution. The titanium substrate can be one of the pair of electrodes. The current has a wave profile selected from a group consisting of a periodic square profile, a sine wave, a linear profile, or a quintic profile, and is provided either parallel to or perpendicular to a plane of the substrate.

Abstract: An antimicrobial metal complex surface and a method of fabricating the same, and the method includes providing an article, and the article has a first metal complex surface treated by anodization. The first metal complex surface is formed with a first pore. Secondly a silver suspension is provided. The silver suspension also has pore sealing agent. The article is soaked in the suspension to form a pore sealing layer having silver particles on the first metal complex surface such that the silver particles are distributed in the pore sealing layer. The antimicrobial metal complex surface fabricated by the method inhibits microorganism growth on the anodized metal surface.

Abstract: A process of hard anodizing or Type III anodizing an aluminum article creates a heat stable, hard anodized, color surface on the exterior of the article. The process includes anodizing the aluminum article to achieve a hard anodized base layer on a surface of the article. A copper layer is deposited after the exterior is hard anodized. A tin layer is deposited after the step of depositing the copper layer.

Abstract: To manufacture a chamber component for a processing chamber a first anodization layer is formed on a metallic article with impurities, the first anodization layer having a thickness greater than about 100 nm, and an aluminum coating is formed on the first anodization layer, the aluminum coating being substantially free from impurities. A second anodization layer can be formed on the aluminum coating.

Abstract: A patterned magnetic recording medium, accessible by a magnetic recording head, including a plurality of tracks, a width direction of each track and that of the magnetic recording head being of a skew angle. The patterned magnetic recording medium includes a plurality of magnetic dots, each corresponding to a recording bit, formed on a non-magnetic material. The plurality of magnetic dots are arranged in a plurality of arrays, each array corresponding to one of the tracks. Every N adjacent magnetic dots of the array define a polygon, one side thereof being parallel to the corresponding track, and another side thereof being parallel to a direction corresponding to the skew angle of the corresponding track.

Abstract: A roller for producing optical films is disclosed. The roller includes a cylindrical main body and a micro-structured layer surrounding a circumferential surface of the main body. The microstructure layer includes a number of microstructures on its surface away from the main body. The microstructure layer is made from ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing an anti-infective coating on implants that contain titanium or are composed of titanium. The aim of the invention is to provide a coating method with which it is possible, for implants made of titanium or that contain titanium, to combine the optimization of the mechanical properties achieved with the anodic oxidation type II with the optimization of the anti-infective properties. According to the invention, the implants are anodically oxidized in an alkaline solution, then metal having anti-infective properties is electrodeposited on said surface, and afterwards the oxide layer containing metal is solidified.

Abstract: A method for treating the surface of aluminum components or components comprising aluminum includes anodizing the surface. Anodizing includes introducing at least one pigmenting substance, particularly fully pigmenting substance, into depressions or pores open toward the surface of a comb or pore structure of the surface created by the anodizing process, and/or introducing oxidizable substances into depressions or pores open toward the surface of a comb or pore structure of the surface created by the anodizing process and oxidizing these substances. The method further includes applying a ceramic thin-film coating or siliceous sol-gel coating onto the surface. The ceramic thin-film coating or the sol-gel coating comprises a pigment particularly serving refraction purposes.

Abstract: A copper-substitute aluminum material made from a copper and cobalt anodizing process. The process includes the steps of: anodizing the aluminum material by submersing it in a basic sulfuric acid to build an anodic layer producing anodized aluminum material; combining copper and cobalt salts together in one bath; lowering the pH of the bath to between about 1.0 and about 3.0; coloring the anodized aluminum material electrolyticly by submersing the anodized aluminum material in the bath of copper and cobalt salts; and applying an electrical current to the bath plating the copper and cobalt salts into the anodized aluminum material.

Abstract: An alumina nanohole array and a method of fabricating the same includes the steps of forming an aluminum thin-film on a substrate at a substrate temperature of ?80° C. or below so that crystal grain growth is suppressed, even when a high-purity aluminum material is used, thus providing improved surface smoothness; and anodizing the aluminum thin-film. Preferably, the method additionally includes texturing by pressing a mold having an orderly array of projections against the aluminum thin-film to form pits on the aluminum thin-film which enables a larger array area to be formed. When the mold and the aluminum thin-film are held at a temperature of 150 to 200° C., the pressure used for pit formation is reduced. A magnetic recording medium manufactured by a method therefore includes forming a magnetic layer within the nanoholes so that the medium is suitable as a bit patterned media for a perpendicular recording system.

Abstract: A housing having a coating is disclosed. The housing comprises a base substrate made of metallic material; a micro-arc oxide layer formed on the base substrate; and a protection outer film formed on the micro-arc oxide layer and comprising a coating layer and a metallic layer, wherein the metallic layer is formed on the micro-arc oxide layer and covers a portion of the micro-arc oxide layer; and the coating layer is formed on a remaining portion of the micro-arc oxide layer so that the micro-arc oxide layer is covered by the metallic layer and the coating layer.

Abstract: There are provided a monocrystalline copper oxide (I) nanowire array manufacturing method using low-temperature electrochemical growth, and more particularly, to a manufacturing method allowing easy vapor deposition at low temperatures and also a monocrystalline copper oxide (I) nanowire array manufacturing method using low-temperature electrochemical growth which retains characteristics such as large-area growth, high-crystallinity nanowire, uniform radial distribution, easy length, radius adjustment, and the like. A monocrystalline copper oxide (I) nanowire array manufacturing method of the present invention includes a step of manufacturing a nanopore alumina layer (anodized alumina (AAO)) from a high-purity aluminum (Al) sheet by using a two-step anodic oxidation method; and a step of manufacturing a monocrystalline copper oxide (I) nanowire array by using the nanopore alumina layer as a nanopore molding flask by means of a low-temperature electrochemical growth method.

Abstract: In a preferred method of formation embodiment, a metal foil or film is obtained or formed with micro-holes. The foil is anodized to form metal oxide. One or more self-patterned metal electrodes are automatically formed and buried in the metal oxide created by the anodization process. The electrodes form in a closed circumference around each microcavity in a plane(s) transverse to the microcavity axis, and can be electrically isolated or connected. Preferred embodiments provide inexpensive microplasma device electrode structures and a fabrication method for realizing microplasma arrays that are lightweight and scalable to large areas. Electrodes buried in metal oxide and complex patterns of electrodes can also be formed without reference to microplasma devices—that is, for general electrical circuitry.

Abstract: An anodized layer on a metallic substrate is treated in a manner to directly electrodeposit a metal sulfide solid lubricant material represented by MS2, where M is Mo, W or other suitable metal, in pores of the anodized layer without any subsequent thermal and/or chemical treatment being needed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for providing an aluminium article with a copper coating, comprising a first step of anodizing said aluminium article to produce an anodic oxide layer on the surface thereof; and a second step of colouring the anodized aluminium surface in an electrolytic bath containing a copper salt by subjecting the aluminium surface to an asymmetrical voltage controlled alternating block current having a positive phase and a negative phase, such that a metallic copper coloured coating is formed. The invention also relates to aluminium articles, provided with a copper coating, obtainable by said process.

Abstract: A copper-substitute aluminum material made from a copper and cobalt anodizing process. The process includes the steps of: anodizing the aluminum material by submersing it in a basic sulfuric acid to build an anodic layer producing anodized aluminum material; combining copper and cobalt salts together in one bath; lowering the pH of the bath to between about 1.0 and about 3.0; coloring the anodized aluminum material electrolyticly by submersing the anodized aluminum material in the bath of copper and cobalt salts; and applying an electrical current to the bath plating the copper and cobalt salts into the anodized aluminum material.

Abstract: A stable FePt plating solution is provided. Further, a process for electroplating is provided for producing an FePt magnetic material having an especially strong coercive force and excellent properties by using the plating solution. The plating solution contains ionic Fe, ionic Pt, and a complex agent, at a molar ratio (Fe/Pt) of the ionic Fe to the ionic Pt ranging from 0.75 to 3.

Abstract: A surface treatment process for coloring metal articles includes following steps. In a first step, a metal article is anodized to form a first anodic oxide layer including a first portion and a second portion on the original metal article. In a second step, the anodized metal article is dyed. In a third step, the first portion of the first anodic oxide layer is removed from the anodized metal article to partially expose a metal body of the anodized metal article. In a fourth step, the exposed metal body of the anodized metal article is anodized to form a second anodic oxide layer. In a fifth step, the exposed metal body of the metal article is dyed.

Abstract: A high-density data storage medium, a method of manufacturing the data storage medium, a high-density data storage apparatus, and methods of writing data on, and reading and erasing data from the data storage medium by using the data storage apparatus are provided. The data storage medium includes a lower electrode, an insulation layer deposited on the lower electrode, a photoelectron emission layer deposited on the insulation layer and having a plurality of protrusions from which photoelectrons are emitted due to collisions between the protrusions and photons, and a dielectric layer deposited on the photoelectron emission layer and storing the photoelectrons emitted from the photoelectron emission layer.

Abstract: A plating method is capable of preferentially precipitating a plated film fully and uniformly in trenches and via holes according to a mechanical and electrochemical process, and of easily forming a plated film having higher flatness surface without being affected by variations in the shape of trenches and via holes. The plating method includes a first plating process and a second plating process. The second plating process is performed by filling a plating solution between an anode and a substrate, with a porous member placed in the plating solution, repeatedly bringing the porous member and the substrate into and out of contact with each other, passing a current between the anode and the substrate while the porous member is being held in contact with the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a far infrared radiator used in various types of heating equipment. This far infrared radiator is comprised of a base material 1 composed of aluminum or aluminum alloy, and an electrolytic colored film 2 formed on this base material 1. Fine irregularities are formed in the surface of the electrolytic colored film, and nickel or cobalt is heterogeneously deposited from the bottoms to the openings in micropores of this film 2. Electrolytic colored film 2 is obtained by performing electrolysis treatment in a nickel bath or cobalt bath using an alumite film 3, formed on the surface of base material 1 having fine irregularities, as the cathode.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for stabilizing certain colored anodized coating on aluminum articles against degradation by ultraviolet radiation. Anodized articles colored by an electrolytic or interference process can thereafter be stabilized by heat treating them at temperatures of the order of 350° F. for a period of an hour or so. The process is particularly useful for use on electrolytically colored, anodized vehicular external body panels made from suitably formable sheet metal aluminum alloys.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining gold-colored aluminum oxide layers in which the coloring of the oxidized surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloys is carried out by an electrolytic process in an electrolyte comprising an alkanesulfonic acid and an alkanesulfonate of silver, and to the use of the gold-colored workpieces based on aluminum or aluminum alloys produced by this process for decorative purposes. The invention furthermore relates to an electrolyte solution for coloring the oxidized surface of aluminum or aluminum alloys gold by an electrolytic process, and to the use of an electrolyte comprising an alkanesulfonate of silver for coloring aluminum oxide layers based on aluminum or aluminum alloys gold in an electrolytic process.

Abstract: A negative ion generating medium for generating negative ions from the surface of a mother material made of aluminum or aluminum alloy. The negative ion generating medium has the mother material of aluminum or aluminum alloy covered at the surface with an anodized layer on which a rare metal separated from a rare metal solution such as zirconium salt is deposited. As the rare metal is deposited in the pores provided in the anodized layer, its negative ion generating area can be increased thus releasing a large number of negative ions. The negative ion generating medium is manufactured by electrolytically processing the mother material in an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid doped with a rare metal salt such as lithium salt to develop the anodized layer on the surface of the mother material and deposit the rare metal on the anodized layer.

Abstract: A method to mark an aluminum object (1) includes the steps of: providing an aluminum substrate (10); anodizing and coloring the aluminum substrate; providing a mask (2) with a pattern (25) in the same shape as a mark (15) to be formed on the aluminum object; irradiating a portion of the anodized surface (12) of the aluminum substrate with an ultraviolet beam through the pattern until the desired mark is formed on the anodized surface. The color of the mark is lighter than the anodized surface of the aluminum object, or gradually changes to the color of the anodized surface of the aluminum object.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining gold-colored aluminum oxide layers in which the coloring of the oxidized surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloys is carried out by an electrolytic process in an electrolyte comprising an alkanesulfonic acid and an alkanesulfonate of silver, and to the use of the gold-colored workpieces based on aluminum or aluminum alloys produced by this process for decorative purposes.

Abstract: A substrate metal such as aluminum, usually in the form of a web, is anodized to form a porous oxide coating. A catalytic metal is then electrolytically deposited into the base of the pores preferably using an AC current. A portion of the oxide coating is then stripped away to expose the deposited catalytic metal at the surface of the remaining oxide layer. Alternately, a generally non-catalytic base metal may first be deposited followed by the deposition of the catalyst metal within the pores over the base metal. Further alternatives include stripping the oxide down to the base metal and then depositing the catalyst metal on the surface, further anodizing to form additional oxide between the deposited metal and the substrate, and enlarging the cross section of the base of the pores prior to the deposition of the metal.

Abstract: With the purpose of forming an anodic oxide coating that is given conductivity or other new functions on the surface of aluminum-based material with high productivity, anodizing of aluminum-based material (2) is performed in an anodizing bath containing sulfuric acid together with nitrate ion to form a porous anodic oxide coating on the surface of the aluminum-based material (2). In another processing step, if electroplating is performed after anodizing, silver or a silver compound or other metal (7) can be electroplated from an electroplating bath without dissolving and removing the barrier layer from the bottom (6) of the pores (3) of the porous anodic oxide coating (1).

Abstract: An external component of an endoscope includes an aluminum alloy base member whose surface is subjected to anodic oxidation, and thereafter, is subjected to an electrolytic deposition thereon.

Abstract: A process of producing an aluminum beverage can body having a decorative surface exhibiting a dichroic effect when observed in white light. In the process, a can body is formed from a sheet of metal selected from aluminum and aluminum alloy by drawing and ironing, surfaces of the can body are cleaned to produce a cleaned can body, a decorative structure exhibiting a dichroic effect is applied to a surface of the cleaned can body, and the can body is subjected to finishing operations. The decorative structure is applied by the steps of: applying a layer of dielectric material directly onto the metal of the cleaned can body without pre-treatment of the metal with a metal brightener, and forming a semi-transparent metal layer on or within the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A method for improving the electrical properties of a gate oxide is disclosed. The method includes the steps of providing a silicon wafer with a gate oxide formed thereon, providing a platinum plate, immersing the silicon wafer and the platinum plate in a chemical solution with a relatively high electrical conductivity, respectively connecting the silicon wafer and the platinum plate to the negative terminal and the positive terminal of a current source, inducing an electron current to flow from the negative terminal of the current source through the silicon wafer to the platinum plate, removing the silicon wafer from the chemical solution and removing the residual chemical solution from the surface of the gate oxide, and treating the gate oxide with an annealing process.

Abstract: A method of producing Y-junction carbon nanotubes. An alumina template with branched growth channels is produced after which individual Y-junction carbon nanotubes are grown directly by pyrolysis of acetylene using cobalt catalysis. The use of a branched growth channel allows the natural simultaneous formation of a very large number of individual but well-aligned three-port Y-junction carbon nanotubes with excellent uniformity and control over the length (up to several tens &mgr;m) and diameter (15-100 nm) of the “stem” and “branches” separately. These Y-junctions offer the nanoelectronics community a new base material for molecular scale electronic devices including for example transistors and rectifiers.

Abstract: A water vapor discharge passage 10 formed of fine porous fluorocarbon resin having high water vapor permeability is provided in a chip type solid electrolytic capacitor having a capacitor element 1 and an anode terminal 2 and a cathode terminal 3 for external electric connection and encapsulated in a mold resin 4. The water vapor discharge passage communicates an interior of the capacitor element with atmosphere.

Abstract: A process for producing anodized aluminum with enhanced electrical conductivity, comprising anodic oxidation of aluminum alloy substrate, electrolytic deposition of a small amount of metal into the pores of the anodized aluminum, and electrolytic anodic deposition of an electrically conductive oxide, including manganese dioxide, into the pores containing the metal deposit; and the product produced by the process.

Abstract: The solid electrolytic capacitor comprises a sealed capacitor element having, as a solid electrolyte layer, a heat resistant conductive layer formed on a dielectric oxide film. The heat resistant conducting polymer layer contains water, and the capacitor element inside is substantially oxygen-free. A cathode conductive layer is provided on the capacitor element and then both an external cathode lead and an external anode lead are mounted on the capacitor element. Water is supplied to the conducting polymer layer of the capacitor element such that the conducting polymer layer inside contains water. The capacitor element is then sealed such that water is held within the heat resistant conducting polymer layer and that the capacitor element inside is substantially oxygen-free. The step of supplying water is carried out by dipping the heat resistant conducting polymer layer in water or heavy water or exposed to water-containing inert gas.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for electrolytically coloring an aluminum material which is capable of coloring an anodic oxide film in a gray color and a gray-colored aluminum material obtained thereby. In a method for electrolytically coloring an aluminum material having the anodic oxide film formed on the surface thereof in an electrolytic coloring solution containing an inorganic metal salt, a strongly acidic electrolytic coloring solution containing sulfuric acid, stannous sulfate, nickel sulfate, and ammonium sulfate and having a pH of not more than 2.5 is used as the electrolytic coloring solution. Preferably the electrolytic coloring solution contains sulfuric acid at a concentration in the range of 3 to 30 g/liter, stannous sulfate at a concentration in the range of 0.1 to 3.0 g/liter, nickel sulfate at a concentration in the range of 10 to 100 g/liter, and ammonium sulfate at a concentration in the range of 20 to 100 g/liter.

Abstract: According to the present invention, an aluminum alloy containing silicon is anodized using an electrolyte including a compound containing an anion having complexing capability such as sodium hydrogenphosphate or tribasic sodium phosphate, a salt of an organic acid containing an oxyacid anion such as sodium citrate or sodium tartrate or an alcohol such as sorbitol, and a halide such as potassium fluoride or sodium fluoride. The use of such an electrolyte results in a reduced amount of silicon being incorporated in the anodic oxide film. When the resulting oxide film is subjected to an electrodeposition treatment such as electroplating or electrolytic coloring, wasteful consumption of electrodeposition current can be inhibited. An aluminum alloy decorative cover is produced by buffing the surface of an aluminum alloy containing silicon, forming the anodized film on the buffed surface, and subjecting the anodized film to sequential nickel and chromium plating.

Abstract: A method of fabricating two-dimensional regimented and quasi periodic arrays of metallic and semiconductor nanostructures (quantum dots) with diameters of .about.100 .ANG.(10 nm) includes the steps of polishing and anodizing a substrate to form a regimented quasi-periodic array of nanopits. The array forms a template for metallic or semiconductor material. The desired material is deposited in the nanopits by immersing the substrate in an appropriate solution and using the substrate as one cathode and inserting a second cathode in the solution.

Abstract: A substrate metal such as aluminum or titanium, usually in the form of a web, is anodized to form a porous unsealed oxide coating. An inexpensive core metal such as copper or chromium is then electrodeposited in the pores of the oxide coating to form metal nodules extending above the oxide coating in a bulbous, undercut configuration. A second metal, usually an expensive catalytic metal, is deposited onto the surface of the core metal nodules by electro or chemical deposition. A large surface area of catalyst is formed with the use of a minimum amount of catalyst metal. The nodules may be liberated from the substrate metal surface by dissolving the oxide layer and releasing discrete particles to form a fine catalyst powder.

Abstract: A process for providing a variety of light to medium colors of anodized aluminum or aluminum alloy which comprises the steps of anodizing an aluminum or aluminum alloy workpiece in an aqueous strong acid electrolyte solution such as a sulfuric acid solution by application of direct current at a current density of 5 to about 25 amperes per square foot and a temperature of from 55.degree. F. to 90.degree. F. to form on the workpiece a porous anodic oxide film having a thickness of at least about 3 microns; subjecting the resulting anodized workpiece to alternating current at a voltage of about 5 to about 25 volts for about 1 to 25 minutes in an aqueous strong acid electrolyte solution such as a sulfuric acid solution comprising about 1 to 15 volume percent of an organic carboxylic acid containing at least one reactive group in the alpha-position, wherein said reactive group is a hydroxy, amino, keto or carboxyl group; and electrolytically coloring the workpiece.

Abstract: Process for the electrolytic deposition of composite nickel onto the face of a part of a motor vehicle, in particular the bore of a casing or engine block of an internal combustion engine comprising at least three successive stages, the first being an electrochemical activation stage where the part is brought to anodic polarity in a bath containing a halogenated acid salt of nickel, the second being a stage of superactivation of the surface and the third being a stage of electrolytic deposition of a nickel layer containing particles of solid substances where the part is brought to cathodic polarity in a nickel-plating bath containing a charge of solid particles of which the diameter is advantageously between 0.5 and 5 microns and which can be of silicon carbide or any other hardening element, optionally mixed with particles of graphite.

Abstract: Anodized aluminum surfaces are electrolytically colored using alternating current in a process in which two different coloring baths are sequentially employed. One bath contains copper(II) ions and an additive which improves throwing power thereby providing uniform distribution of the depth of color. The other bath contains tin(II) ions, silver ions, or both tin(II) and silver ions. If tin(II) ions are included, additives which stabilize tin(II) ions and improve throwing power are also included. Either bath may be used first. The use of two separate coloring baths provides colored aluminum surfaces which have excellent resistance to corrosion. Workpieces with reddish-gold hues and darker tones can be produced.

Abstract: A process for obtaining a range of colors of the visible spectrum includes a first phase to form an anodic film, a second phase to modify a barrier film and a third phase to deposit metallic particles on the barrier film. During the formation of the anodic film, a thickness in excess of 0.3 .mu.m is obtained. The electrolytic modification of the barrier film is carried out in a low dissolving power electrolyte, applying a predetermined low voltage and a predetermined low current density. The third phase is carried out by an electrolytic deposition of metallic particles in order to increase internal reflections under the deposit. The average voltage applied in the electrolytic modification of the barrier film is below 5 volts of a complex alternating current, and the average density of the current applied is less than 200 mA/dm.sup.2 of the complex alternating current.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium having a substrate made of aluminum or aluminum alloy and an anodic-oxide film, e.g., alumite film, formed by effecting the anodic oxidation process, wherein the surface of the alumite film has protruding portions formed in addition to micro-irregularities which are formed in response to the cell-pore structure of the alumite film and height of the protruding portions is higher than that of the micro-irregularity, and density of the protruding portions is ranging from 10.sup.2 to 10.sup.7 per one square millimeter, these protruding portions are formed by processing the alumite film in the fluorine-contained solution (e.g., hydrofluoric acid) or in solution containing one of the acid (HCl), base (NaOH) and strong-acid salt ((NH.sub.4)SO.sub.4), Cr film and magnetic film are sequentially formed on the alumite film by the sputtering process.

Abstract: A manufactured stannous sulfate granulate is suitable for electrolytically coloring anodized aluminum with metallic salts, where the granulate particles have a linear extension from 0.1 to 10 mm. Also disclosed are a process for manufacturing the same and using it for electrolytically coloring anodized aluminum with metallic salts. The manufactured stannous sulfate granulate is characterized by technical advantages, such as storage stability, easy dispensibility, and absence of dust, compared to conventionally used stannous sulfate powders.

Abstract: The invention describes a novel electrolyte additive for a sulfuric acid tin(II) containing colorant bath for the alternating current coloring of anodized aluminum surfaces, consisting of a synergistic mixture of at least one antioxidant of one of the general formulas (I to IV) and at least one throwing power improver of general formula (V), and to a process for the alternating current coloration of anodized aluminum surfaces using the electrolyte additive of the invention.