Abstract: An electrolytic solution comprising glycerine and dibasic potassium phosphate. The electrolytic solution has a water content of less than 1000 ppm and is prepared by mixing the glycerine and the dibasic potassium phosphate and then heating to about 150 to 180.degree. C. for about 1 to 12 hours. A method of anodizing a metal comprising forming a film on the metal with an electrolytic solution comprising glycerine and dibasic potassium phosphate. The metal is preferably a valve metal, such as tantalum, and the film is formed at a temperature of 150.degree. C. or higher.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for applying a stabilization layer to at least one side of copper foil comprising contacting said side of said copper foil with an electrolyte solution comprising zinc ions, chromium ions and at least one hydrogen inhibitor. This invention also relates to copper foils treated by the foregoing process, and to laminates comprising a dielectric substrate and copper foil treated by the foregoing process adhered to said dielectric substrate.

Abstract: An electrolytic solution comprising glycerine and dibasic potassium phosphate. The electrolytic solution has a water content of less than 1000 ppm and is prepared by mixing the glycerine and the dibasic potassium phosphate and then heating to about 150.degree. to 180.degree. C. for about 1 to 12 hours. A method of anodizing a metal comprising forming a film on the metal with an electrolytic solution comprising glycerine and dibasic potassium phosphate. The metal is preferably a valve metal, such as tantalum, and the film is formed at a temperature of 150.degree. C. or higher.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for the anodization of magnesium in magnesium based alloys using an electrolytic solution containing ammonia. The use of such an electrolytic solution alters the manner in which the anodization occurs to provide a coating on the magnesium material without spark formation.

Abstract: A process for coating phosphated metal substrates with one or more organic coatings, in which after phosphating and before application of a first organic coating, the phosphated metal substrates are treated with an aqueous solution which contains 5 to 10000 ppm of dissolved titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, silver, tin, antimony and/or one or more elements of atomic numbers 57 to 83 in the form of inorganic and/or organic compounds, wherein the phosphated metal substrates are additionally connected as a cathode during the entire treatment or for part of the duration of the treatment.

Abstract: An electrode for use in electrochemical ion exchange which includes a hydrolysable metal phosphate such as zirconium phosphate (Zr(HPO.sub.4).sub.2) which has been hydrolysed at least in part is regenerated. The electrode is made the anode of an electrochemical cell in which the electrolyte is an aqueous solution containing one or more phosphate ions provided, for example, by a dissolved salt (eg Na.sub.3 PO.sub.4, Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 or NaH.sub.2 PO.sub.4) or orthophosphoric acid, or both. Preferably, the electrolyte is acidic (eg pH 2). Operation of the cell reverses the hydrolysis reaction and enhances the performance of the electrode.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for producing a gradient coating of calcium phosphat phases and metal oxide phases on metallic implants, in particular made of titanium or titanium alloys, for use as dental, jaw or joint implants. A solution containing calcium ions and phosphate ions is used as electrolyte of which the pH is slightly acidic to approximately neutral. The substrate electrodes are alternately polarized cathodically and anodically. The layer deposited in a gratuated manner is adherent, has a fine structure and is distinguished by a high degree of biocompatibility.

Abstract: A process for producing an oxide layer with a pore structure on the surface of a strip or wire of aluminum or an aluminum alloy is such that the strip or wire is passed continuously through an electrolyte and simultaneously anodized under conditions that create pores and at an anodizing voltage creating the desired thickness of oxide layer. In a first stage of the process, in order to form a fine pore structure, the anodizing voltage is set at an initial level (U.sub.1) and subsequently, in a second stage to form a coarser pore structure, raised to a final level (U.sub.2) required to reach the desired thickness of oxide layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating the surface of surgical implants made of titanium or a titanium alloy, for instance dental implants, before implantation in bone tissue. The method results in a roughened exterior implant surface and at the same time a cleaning action is obtained, should there be any contaminants. The surface is blasted with particles of an oxide of titanium, preferably titanium dioxide. In this way an implant having an improved retention in bone tissue is obtained. The Blasted implant is used in a method for treating toothlessness.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of forming a phosphate chemical treatment film which is efficient and allows a high-quality chemical film to be obtained, by which a substance to be treated is subjected to electrolytic treatment while removing the sludge, which consists of impurities other than the unavoidable impurities in the phosphate chemical treatment bath. According to this method, an adequate phosphate chemical treatment film may be formed onto any type of metal material, to provide phosphate chemical treatment films having thicknesses not obtainable by the prior art.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for phosphating galvanized steel surfaces, preferably electrolytically or hot-dip galvanized surfaces of steel strip, by treating them in a bath or spray with acidic aqueous phosphating solutions, wherein the workpieces are given a d.c. cathodic treatment at the same time. In the process, (a) the phosphating solutions contain Zn.sup.+2 cations in the range from 0.1 to 5 g/l, PO.sub.4.sup.-3 anions in the range from 5 to 50 g/l, NO.sub.3.sup.- anions in the range from 0.1 to 50 g/l, Mn.sup.+2 cations in the range from 0.1 to 5 g/l, and Cu.sup.+2 cations in the range from 0.001 to 1 g/l; (b) the following conditions are used: pH of the phosphating solution in the range from 1.5 to 4.5, temperature of the phosphating solution in the range from 10.degree. to 80.degree. C., treatment time in the range from 1 to 300 sec; and (c) the workpieces are also cathodically treated with a direct current with a density in the range from 0.01 to 100 mA/cm.sup.2 during phosphating.

Abstract: An implant comprises and implant base body, at least a surface of which is composed of titanium or titanium alloy, and an anodic oxidation film formed on the surface, the film containing Ca and P. The implant may further comprise a calcium phosphate compound such as hydroxyapatite precipitated on the anodic oxidation film. The implant may be prepared by subjecting the base body to anodic oxidation in an electrolyte containing Ca compound and P compound, thereby forming an anodic oxidation film containing Ca and P. In addition, the film may be subjected to a hydrothermal treatment, thereby forming a film of a calcium phosphate compound such as hydroxyapatite on the anodic oxide film.

Abstract: The invention is a method, involving temperatures between room temperature and 100.degree. C., for coating a metal substrate with hydroxyapatite. The intended application is coating porous metal coats of orthopedic and endosseous implants such that the underlying metal is not sintered and the hydroxyapatite coating has chemical and physical properties that are close to biological apatite. The method involves: (i) cleaning the metal substrate, (ii) coating the metal substrate with brushite by electrodeposition at room temperature, (iii) dislodging bubbles periodically during brushite electrodeposition, and (iv) converting the brushite coating to hydroxyapatite at a temperature between room temperature and 100.degree. C.

Abstract: A surface of copper foil is protected from oxidation and tarnishing by electrodepositing on the surface a protective layer containing metallic zinc and one or more compound of tri-valent chromium, which protection layer is easily removable by dissolution in a dilute aqueous alkaline solution and which preferably has a zinc to chromium weight ratio of 1:1 or greater. An electrodeposited copper foil especially suited for multilayer printed circuit boards has such a protective layer electrodeposited on the matte side thereof and an electrodeposited copper bonding treatment on the shiny side thereof.

Abstract: An electrolytic method for providing bone-emulating, phosphate coatings on prosthetic appliances. Such coatings serve to enhance bone fixation after implantation of the appliances. The method of the invention is an electrolysis process wherein the appliance to be coated is immersed in a phosphate-containing electrolyte to serve as the cathode of the electrolysis process. When current is applied to the electrolysis cell, the electrolyte solution, which includes calcium ions and dihydrogen phosphate ions, is caused to rapidly increase in (localized) pH proximate the cathode element. The localized pH increase creates a supersaturated local condition causing less soluble calcium phosphate salts to crystallize out of the electrolyte solution and adhere to the cathode, thus effecting thereon a coating of brushite.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for phosphating metallic surfaces, particularly electrolytically or hot dipped galvanized steel strip surfaces, by dip or spray processing the metallic surfaces with acidic aqueous phosphating solutions, wherein the workpieces are cathodically treated at the same time with a direct current. The process is characterized by (a) the use of phosphating solutions that contain the following components: Zn.sup.+2 cations in a range from 0.1 to 5 g/l; PO.sub.4.sup.-3 anions in a range from 5 to 50 g/l; NO.sub.3.sup.- anions in a range from 0.1 to 50 g/l; as well as Ni.sup.+2 cations in a range from 0.1 to 5 g/l and/or Co.sup.+2 cations in a range from 0.1 to 5 g/l; (b) the observance of the following conditions: pH value of the phosphating solutions in a range from 1.5 to 4.5; temperature of the phosphating solutions in a range from 10.degree. to 80.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new process for obtaining tissue-protective devices of bone surgery implants prepared from a medical-purity metal, titanium and/or a titanium-base microalloy containing at least 98% by weight of titanium, by establishing a biocompatible (tissue-protective) coating on the metal surface by anodic oxidation after degreasing and chemical or electrochemical etching, which comprises carrying out the anodic oxidation of the etched implant surfaces in an aqueous solution of a phosphate concentration lower than 20% by weight with a current density of 2 to 50 mA/cm.sup.2 until reaching a voltage of at least 105 V, then, after washing to ion-free, heat-treating the thus-oxidized implants at a temperature between 120.degree. C. and 750.degree. C. for 5 to 120 minutes, and repeating once or twice the anodic oxidation and heat-treatment with the phosphate concentration, current density and temperature values as given above for the first step.

Abstract: The method for forming a chemical conversion film on a substrate made of aluminum or its alloy which comprises the steps of: (a) etching a surface of the substrate with an aqueous solution of acid or alkali; (b) immersing the etched substrate in an aqueous, phosphate-based chemical conversion solution which is substantially free from fluoride ions; and (c) applying a negative voltage to the substrate during at least a part of the immersion step so that a potential of the substrate reaches a predetermined minimum potential which is lower than a natural electrode potential of the substrate in the aqueous chemical conversion solution.

Abstract: An electrolytic method for providing bone-emulating, phosphate coatings on prosthetic appliances. Such coatings serve to enhance bone fixation after implantation of the appliances. The method of the invention is an electrolysis process wherein the appliance to be coated is immersed in a phosphate-containing electrolyte to serve as the cathode of the electrolysis process. When current is applied to the electrolysis cell, the electrolyte solution, which includes calcium ions and dihydrogen phosphate ions, is caused to rapidly increase in (localized) pH proximate the cathode element. The localized pH increase creates a supersaturated local condition causing less soluble calcium phosphate salts to crystallize out of the electrolyte solution and adhere to the cathode, thus effecting thereon a coating of brushite.

Abstract: A process for electro depositing bioactive coatings, such as calcium phosphate or aluminum oxide, onto conductive substrates, such as prosthetic implant devices, is described. An electrolyte bath containing an aqueous solution of the desired oxide or phosphate is prepared with an inert anode such as a platinum anode. A porous or non porous substrate, such as a stainless steel or titanium implant is used as the cathode and a D.C. potential is applied so as to raise the interfacial pH at the cathode sufficient to precipitate the desired oxide or phosphate thereon as a dense adherent film.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for treating the surface of a valve metal such as aluminum to form a two layer protective coating thereon using an anodizing bath consisting essentially of an aqueous solution having a concentration ranging from about 0.001 molar to a saturated solution of a phosphorus-containing compound selected from the class consisting of a phosphorus acid ester and salts thereof. A non-porous barrier valve metal oxide layer is formed on a surface of the valve metal, and a functionalized layer comprised of a phosphate ester is formed on the oxide layer.