Abstract: A discrete metallic particle having a metallic material, and a coating covering at least a portion of the metallic component. The discrete metallic particle has a thickness from 50 nm to 1000 nm, and the discrete metallic particle has a skin depth ? of greater than or equal to 1.0 ?m in a frequency range from 20-40 GHz. The skin depth ? is calculated by: ? = 2 ? ? ? ( 2 ? ? ? ? ? f ) ? ( ? 0 ? ? r ) ? 503 ? ? ? ? r ? f Where ? is skin depth in meters (m); ? is resistivity in ohm meter (?·m); f is frequency of an electromagnetic radiation in hertz (Hz); ?0 is permeability; and ?r is relative permeability of the metallic material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a microsensor package. Particularly, disclosed is a microsensor package configured such that a substrate with a sensor electrode is formed with a plurality of pores penetrating vertically therethrough, the lower surface of the substrate is formed with a bonding portion, and the pores under the sensor electrode pad are provided therein with respective connecting portions electrically connecting the sensor electrode pad and the bonding portion, whereby it is possible to provide a light, slim, and compact microsensor package, and it is possible to mount the microsensor package to a printed circuit board (PCB) without wire bonding.

Abstract: The electrolysis solution for electrolytic ceramic coating includes water, a water-soluble zirconium compound, a complexing agent, carbonate ion, and at least one member selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal ion, ammonium ion and an organic alkali. Te zirconium compound is included at a concentration (X) in terms of zirconium of 0.0001 to 1 mol/L, the complexing agent is included at a concentration (Y) of 0.0001 to 0.3 mol/L, the carbonate ion is included at a concentration (Z) of 0.0002 to 4 mol/L, a ratio of the concentration (Y) of the complexing agent to the concentration (X) in terms of zirconium (Y/X) is at least 0.01, a ratio of the concentration (Z) of the carbonate ion to the concentration (X) in terms of zirconium (Z/X) is at least 2.5, and the electrolysis solution has an electrical conductivity of 0.2 to 20 S/m.

Abstract: An anti-diffusion layer, a preparation method thereof, a thin-film transistor (TFT), an array substrate and a display device are provided, involve the display device manufacturing field and can resolve problem that a high atmosphere temperature is need in process of preparing a tantalum dioxide anti-diffusion layer by PVD or CVD, which causes the gate electrode to volatilize and affect the performance of a display device. The method for preparing the anti-diffusion layer comprises: placing a conductive base (1) and a cathode (4) in a tantalum sulfate solution (3), taking the conductive base (1) as an anode, and forming a tantalum dioxide anti-diffusion layer on the conductive base (1) after energizing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a coating on the surface of a substrate by plasma-electrolytic oxidation. Improved corrosion protection for lightweight metals, in particular for magnesium or magnesium alloys, is achieved by the process. Furthermore, biocompatible protective layers can also be produced on these materials, with the option of controlling degradation of the substrate. The layers are amorphous. They are produced by plasma-electrolytic oxidation in which the substrate is dipped as electrode together with a counterelectrode into an electrolyte liquid and a sufficient electric potential for generating spark discharges at the surface of the substrate is applied, wherein the electrolyte comprises clay particles dispersed therein. Substrates can therefore be any machine components, automobile components, railroad components, aircraft components, ships' components, etc.

Abstract: A coated overhead conductor having an assembly including one or more conductive wires, such that the assembly includes an outer surface coated with an electrochemical deposition coating forming an outer layer, wherein the electrochemical deposition coating includes a first metal oxide, such that the first metal oxide is not aluminum oxide. Methods for making the overhead conductor are also provided.

Abstract: An aluminum alloy member includes a main body including an aluminum alloy serving as a base material, and an electrolytic oxidation ceramic coating coated at a portion of a surface of the main body and including a most outer layer and an inner layer which is arranged close to the main body relative to the most outer layer, the inner layer in which an aluminum oxide is richer than the most outer layer, the most outer layer in which a volume of a titanium oxide or a total volume of the titanium oxide and a zirconium oxide is richer than the inner surface.

Abstract: A method includes (a) contacting at least a portion of a substrate material with a solution comprising a source of copper, wherein the solution is essentially free of a source of a group IIIB metal and a source of a group IVB metal; and (b) after step (a), contacting at least a portion of the substrate with an electrodepositable coating composition comprising (i) a film-forming resin and (ii) a source of yttrium.

Abstract: A wear resistant ceramic coated aluminum alloy article. The article is made by a method including the steps of: a) immersing the article in an aqueous electrolyte containing from about 1.5 to about 2.5 grams per liter of alkali metal hydroxide and from about 6.5 to about 9.5 grams per liter of alkali metal silicate. No more than 1 g per liter of alkali metal pyrophosphate is present and no more than about 0.05 percent of hydrogen peroxide is present, and b) applying an alternating current through the electrolyte using the article as one electrode where a second electrode includes at least one of an electrically conductive container or an immersed separate electrode, where applied EMF is selected to provide a current density of from about 15 to about 25 A/dm2, for a sufficient time to obtain a wear resistant ceramic coating having a thickness of from about 125 to about 150 ?m.

Abstract: A coating/sealant system that includes a coating and a sealant deposited over at least a portion of the coating, in which the coating includes a reaction product formed from reactants comprising a phosphated epoxy resin and a curing agent, and the sealant includes a sulfur-containing polymer.

Abstract: Bare aluminum baffles are adapted for resist stripping chambers and include an outer aluminum oxide layer, which can be a native aluminum oxide layer or a layer formed by chemically treating a new or used bare aluminum baffle to form a thin outer aluminum oxide layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a coating on the surface of a substrate by plasma-electrolytic oxidation. Improved corrosion protection for lightweight metals, in particular for magnesium or magnesium alloys, is achieved by the process. Furthermore, biocompatible protective layers can also be produced on these materials, with the option of controlling degradation of the substrate. The layers are amorphous. They are produced by plasma-electrolytic oxidation in which the substrate is dipped as electrode together with a counterelectrode into an electrolyte liquid and a sufficient electric potential for generating spark discharges at the surface of the substrate is applied, wherein the electrolyte comprises clay particles dispersed therein. Substrates can therefore be any machine components, automobile components, railroad components, aircraft components, ships' components, etc.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a membrane and such membrane. The method comprises the steps of: providing a container with electrolyte; placing a structure in the container; and providing at least two electrodes with a potential difference to achieve a plasma electrolytic oxidation on the structure. Preferably, the structure comprises a metallic structure, with the metallic structure chosen from the group of Titanium, Aluminium, Magnesium, Zirconium, Zinc and Niobium, and/or an alloy.

Abstract: A method for production of a metal oxide and/or metal hydroxide coated metal material comprises immersing a metal material or electrolyzing a conductive material in an aqueous treatment solution at pH 2-7 containing metal ion and fluorine ion in a 4-fold or more molar ratio with respect to the metal ion, and/or containing a complex ion comprising at least a metal and fluorine in a 4-fold or more molar ratio with respect to the metal, to form on the surface of the metal material a metal oxide and/or metal hydroxide coating containing the metal ion and/or the metal, as well as a metal oxide and/or metal hydroxide coated metal material having a metal oxide and/or metal hydroxide coating produced by the method.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for anodizing a porous valve metal pellet in a flowing liquid electrolyte is described. The apparatus comprises an insulative container comprised of a lower region, a central region including a cavity for holding the pellet, an upper region, and a continuous passageway extending through the lower, central, and upper regions. Lower and upper screens serving as lower and upper electrodes are disposed in the passageway in the lower and upper container regions, respectively. During anodizing, the electrolyte flows through the lower container region including the lower screen, the porous pellet and then the upper container region including the upper screen. The lower and upper screens are at an opposite electrical polarity as the pellet so that a dielectric oxide is formed on the exposed valve metal including interior portions of the pellet that are exposed to the flowing electrolyte.

Abstract: An electrolyte solution for anodizing a metal and a capacitor comprising the anodized metal. The electrolyte comprises more than about 5%, by weight, and less than about 30%, by weight, water; about 0.1 to 20%, by weight, ionogen and an aprotic polar solvent. The ionogen comprises phosphoric acid and an alkanol amine in an amount, and ratio, sufficient to maintain a pH of about 4 to about 9.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for coating a ceramic film on a metal, which can form dense films on various bases of metals such as magnesium alloys. The formed ceramic film has excellent abrasion resistance, causes no significant attack against a counter material, and has excellent corrosion resistance. The method comprises electrolyzing a metallic base in an electrolysis solution using the metallic base as a working electrode while causing glow discharge and/or arc discharge on the surface of the metallic base to form a ceramic film on the surface of the metallic base. The electrolysis solution contains zirconium oxide particles having an average diameter of not more than 1 ?m, satisfies the following formulae (1) to (3): 0.05 g/L?X?500 g/L (1), 0 g/L?Y?500 g/L (2), and 0?Y/X?10 (3); and has a pH value of not less than pH 7.0.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to an article, comprising: a substrate having a surface comprising aluminum or an aluminum alloy; a sealed anodic coating layer overlying at least part of the surface of the substrate; and a layer of a silicon-containing polymer overlying the sealed anodic coating layer. The article may be useful as a brake or wheel component.

Abstract: A method for forming a wear resistant ceramic coating on an aluminum alloy article. The alloy preferably contains from about 85 to about 92 percent aluminum with a plurality of other oxidizable metals selected from copper, magnesium, zinc, and chromium. Less that about 2 percent total of other elements is usually present. In accordance with the invention, the alloy preferably contains less than 0.5 percent each of manganese, iron and silicon. An example of such an alloy is 7075 aluminum alloy. The method includes the steps of: a) immersing the article in an aqueous electrolyte containing from about 1.5 to about 2.5 grams per liter of alkali metal hydroxide and from about 6.5 to about 9.5 grams per liter of alkali metal silicate. In general no more than 1 g per liter of alkali metal pyrophosphate is present and no more than about 0.

Abstract: Electrolysis using a suitable electrolyte provides a completely nonsludging zinc phosphate conversion coating process that produces a high quality conversion coating in a very short time. The suitable electrolyte contains at least water, dissolved nitric acid, and dissolved zinc cations and optionally also contains m chemically distinct species of cations other than zinc and n chemically distinct species of anions other than anions derivable by ionization of phosphoric and nitric acids, each of m and n independently being zero or a positive integer.

Abstract: In a cationic electrodeposition coating composition and a method of preparing the cationic electrodeposition coating composition, a cationic electrodeposition coating composition is prepared by dispersing a cationic electrodeposition resin in an aqueous medium containing about 0.5 to 3% by weight of zinc acetate. The cationic electrodeposition resin is prepared by reacting about 40 to about 60% by weight of a cationic resin prepared by an epoxy-amino addition reaction, about 2 to about 5% by weight of an acrylic cationic resin having an amino group, and about 30 to about 50% by weight of a polyisocyanate curing agent including partially blocked isocyanate functional groups. The cured film formed on the hard disc driver base frame by using the cationic electrodeposition coating composition contains no heavy metal such as lead or tin, has no appearance defect such as a pinhole and has excellent corrosion-resistance even when being cured at low temperature.

Abstract: A method for depositing a film of an advanced material on a surface of an article is disclosed. The method comprises placing the article within a bath having a pair of spaced electrodes one of which is formed by the article and an electrolyte containing a source of the material to be deposited. A stream of bubbles is generated within the electrolyte adjacent to the cathode. A potential difference is applied across the cathode and anode such that a plasma glow discharge is formed in the bubble region. The plasma of ionised gaseous molecules formed within the bubble region acts to deposit a film of material on the surface of the article. The method may be carried out at atmospheric pressure and does not require a vacuum apparatus. An apparatus for carrying out this method is also disclosed.

Abstract: An article coated with an electrolytically deposited bio-compatible composite layer useful as an internal prosthetic device is disclosed. The bio-compatible composite coating that is electrolytically deposited onto the article comprises hydroxyapatite and chitosan. The introduction of chitosan into the crystal matrix of brushite/hydroxyapatite significantly improves the adhesive and chemical and mechanical stability properties of the coating.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting corrosion, e.g., pitting corrosion, of alloys is provided. Particularly, the method comprises contacting at least a portion of a surface of the alloy with an aqueous solution comprising a salt of one or more rare earth elements selected from the group consisting of yttrium, gadolinium, cerium, europium, terbium, samarium, neodymium, praseodymium, lanthanum, holmium, ytterbium, dysprosium and erbium; and establishing a voltage differential between an anode comprising the alloy and a cathode in the solution at an effective level and for a sufficient period of time wherein a rare earth element oxide-containing coating is formed on the surface of the alloy to inhibit corrosion thereof.

Abstract: Using pulsed current and relatively low average voltages, articles containing light metals such as magnesium may be rapidly anodized to form protective surface coatings. The anodizing solutions employed may contain phosphate, permanganate, silicate, zirconate, vanadate, titanate, hydroxide, alkali metal fluoride and/or complex fluoride, optionally with other components present.

Abstract: In a process for producing a semiconductor member, and a solar cell, making use of a thin-film crystal semiconductor layer, the process includes the steps of: (1) anodizing the surface of a first substrate to form a porous layer at least on one side of the substrate, (2) forming a semiconductor layer at least on the surface of the porous layer, (3) removing the semiconductor layer at its peripheral region, (4) bonding a second substrate to the surface of the semiconductor layer, (5) separating the semiconductor layer from the first substrate at the part of the porous layer, and (6) treating the surface of the first substrate after separation and repeating the above steps (1) to (5).

Abstract: A conductive cap for use in an electronic component, has an opening at a bottom portion thereof, and is constructed to be fixed to the upper surface of a substrate of the electronic component at the opening portion of the cap so as to cover at least an electronic component element mounted on the upper surface of the substrate having terminal electrodes provided thereon. The end surface of the opening and the inner and outer surfaces thereof in connection to and in the vicinity of the end surface are provided with an insulating film disposed thereon.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for depositing zincate coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys comprising applying an immersion zincate coating on an aluminum or aluminum alloy substrates, optionally followed by plating the zincate coated aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate using an electroless or electrolytic metal plating solution. The present invention also relates to an improved aqueous alkaline zincate solution comprising hydroxide ions, zinc ions, nickel ions and/or cobalt iron ions, copper ions, and at least one inhibitor containing one or more nitrogen atoms, sulfur atoms, or both nitrogen and sulfur atoms provided said nitrogen atoms are not present in an aliphatic amine or hydroxylamine.

Abstract: A method is provided for forming an inorganic layer on a surface of a copper material, made of copper or of a copper-based alloy: a browning anodic oxidation process is performed on the copper material in an electrolytic bath containing only an alkali (for example NaOH) at a specified concentration in aqueous solution, under controlled condition of temperature and anodic current density and for a period of time suitable to form a continuous layer basically formed of copper (I) oxide (Cu2O): layers highly adherent to the copper substrate and having good mechanical behavior are produced: different colors and optical properties may be obtained by controlling the process conditions so as to influence the crystalline form of the Cu2O layers.

Abstract: A bearing manufacturing method for a compressor is disclosed. Since an oxide-coated layer is formed at the surface of the bearing and electrolized in a tiomolybedenic acid ammonium aqueous solution so that the molybedene emulsion can be infiltrated in the fine pores of the oxide-coated layer. Accordingly, the abrasion resistance of the bearing can be increased while the friction coefficient is remarkably reduced, and thus, a reliability of the compressor and an energy efficiency can be increased.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a positive electrode foil of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor is provided in which anodizing conditions are optimally determined and automatically set to minimize the loss of production and to produce a constant quality of the positive electrode foil. The method comprises an etching process and an anodizing process. An etched foil produced in the etching process is subjected to a constant current inspection, and then, the anodizing conditions are determined from the result of the constant current inspection. The anodizing conditions are transferred to a control panel in the anodizing process where they are automatically registered as its settings. Also, an apparatus for manufacturing the positive electrode foil is provided which has a voltage sensor connected between an output running roller and cathode electrodes in an anodizing tank. A voltage measured by the voltage sensor is fed back to a direct-current source for controlling its output voltage.

Abstract: A hard, wear-resistant ceramic surface is applied to spinning rotor cups in an electrolytic bath on which is imposed a shaped-wave electric current. A special electrode has been designed to facilitate application of the coating to the unique shape of a spinning rotor cup under the shaped wave conditions.

Abstract: We have discovered that the formation of particulate inclusions at the surface of an aluminum alloy article, which inclusions interfere with a smooth transition from the alloy surface to an overlying aluminum oxide protective film, can be controlled by maintaining the content of mobile and nonmobile impurities within a specific range and controlling the particulate size and distribution of the mobile and nonmobile impurities and compounds thereof; by heat-treating the aluminum alloy at a temperature less than about 330° C.; and by creating the aluminum oxide protective film by employing a particular electrolytic process. When these factors are taken into consideration, an improved aluminum oxide protective film is obtained.

Abstract: This invention relates to the sphere of plasma electrolyte oxide coating of aluminium alloys. The method incorporates anode-cathode oxide coating in an alkaline electrolyte at a temperature of 15-50° C., using 50-60 Hz frequency alternating current. In the initial stage of the process oxide coating is carried on for 5-90 seconds at a current density of 160-180 A/dm2, then the current density is dropped to 3-30 A/dm2 and the process is continued in a regimen of spontaneous diminution of power demand without on-line adjustment of the regimen until the set coating thickness is achieved. The alkaline electrolyte used is an aqueous solution of alkaline metal hydroxide at 1-5 g/l, an alkaline metal silicate at 2-15 g/l, an alkaline metal pyrophosphate at 2-20 g/l and peroxide compounds at 2-7 g/l (in terms of H2O2—30%).

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for forming a deposit on the surface of a metallic or conductive surface. The process employs an electrolytic process to deposit a silicate containing coating or film upon a metallic or conductive surface.

Abstract: An anodizing method of a metal body which includes an anodizing treatment process performed while vibrationally fluidly stirring and aerating a treatment bath in which the metal body is vibrated and swung and an apparatus for performing the same.

Abstract: An oxide dissolving acid dip is integrated into an anodic foil formation process. After a foil, either etched or un-etched, is hydrated in a bath of deionized water at an elevated temperature, the foil is then dipped in an organic acid mixture. Next, an oxide layer formation step is utilized to form a barrier oxide layer on a surface of the foil. Next, an oxide dissolving acid dip is utilized to selectively remove a diffuse hydrate layer formed in the formation process. The diffuse hydrate layer is responsible for the reduction of capacitance of the anodic foil. By the use of this oxide dissolving acid dip in conjunction with an organic acid dip, the foil exhibits reduced leakage current properties, while maintaining its capacitance. The treated foil can then be incorporated into a high voltage electrolytic capacitor suitable for use in an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for forming a deposit on the surface of a metallic or conductive surface. The process employs an electrolytic process to deposit a mineral containing coating or film upon a metallic or conductive surface.

Abstract: A method for forming an indium oxide film on an electrically conductive substrate by immersing the substrate and a counter electrode in an aqueous solution containing at least nitrate and indium ions and flowing an electric current between the substrate and the couter electrode, thereby causing indium oxide film formation on the substrate, is provided. A substrate for a semiconductor element and a photovoltaic element produced using the film forming method are also provided. An aqueous solution for the formation of an indium oxide film by an electroless deposition process, containing at least nitrate and indium ions and tartrate, is also disclosed. A film-forming method for the formation of an indium oxide film on a substrate by an electroless deposition process, using the aqueous solution, and a substrate for a semiconductor element and a photovoltaic element produced using the film-forming method are further provided.

Abstract: Method for manufacturing an image-forming element having a hollow cylindrical drum body with a metallic outer layer and provided on its outer circumferential surface with a plurality of circumferentially extending electrodes which are electrically insulated from one another and from the drum body. The steps include cutting grooves into the metallic outer layer of the drum body, forming an insulating surface layer at least on the internal walls of the grooves by converting the surface of the metallic outer layer into an insulating substance, and filling the grooves with electrically conductive material.

Abstract: Disclosed are kaolin compositions of at least one hydrous kaolin characterized by a particle size distribution where 98% of the particles are less than about 2.mu., 90% are less than about 0.5.mu. and the median particle size is less than about 0.3.mu.. Also disclosed is a process which involves the steps (i) preparing an aqueous slurry of at least one hydrous kaolin; (ii) separating the particles from said slurry so that the particle size distribution is such that 98% of the particles are less than about 2.mu., 90% are less than about 0.5.mu. and a median particle size is less than about 0.3.mu.; and (iii) drying said separated particles. Pigment pastes and electrodeposition paints containing said compositions as well as cationic electrodeposition of said paint on a substrate and the article of manufacture prepared thereby are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for polishing a metal surface, typically based on Al, Mg, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf or their alloys, comprises a first conventional polishing step by chemical or electrolytic means and a second electrolytic micro-polishing step by anodizing in a mineral, organic or mixed acid solution to form a oxide layer of the barrier type having a thickness between 100 and 500 nm.

Abstract: An electrodeposition coating method characterized in that in electrodeposition coating of a water soluble composition of a polyimide precursor which is prepared by using 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid or its imide-forming derivative and a diamine and has a percentage of residual acid value of 30 to 3%, there is added previously a water soluble solvent selected from the group consisting of an alcoholic solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide to the above-mentioned composition, and an electrodeposition coating agent used therefor. There can be provided the electrodeposition coating method practicable for the use of a water soluble polyimide composition which is capable of forming a uniform baked coating film having a continuous surface and being excellent in adhesivity to substrate and in toughness.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for forming a ceramic coating on a valve metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zirconium, titanium, hafnium and alloys of these metals. The process comprises the steps of (a) immersing the metal as an electrode in an electrolytic bath comprising water and a solution of an alkali metal hydroxide; (b) providing an opposite electrode immersed in or containing the electrolyte liquid; (c) passing a modified shaped-wave alternate electric current from a high voltage source of at least 700 V through a surface of the metal to be coated and the opposite electrode, thereby causing dielectric breakdown, heating, melting, and thermal compacting of a hydroxide film formed on the surface of the metal to form and weld a ceramic coating thereto, and (d) changing the composition of the electrolyte while the ceramic coating is being formed, the change being effected by adding an oxyacid salt of an alkali metal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for depositing a thin adhesive coating of polypyrrole on the surface of an article made of oxidizable metal, by electropolymerization of an aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic electrolytic solution of pyrrole and/or of one or more substituted pyrroles, in which the anode of the electropolymerization device consists of the article made of oxidizable metal, in which the solution contains ions selected from the ions of formula: ##STR1## in which X is selected from O, S and NH,R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are selected, independently of each other, from --H, --Cl, --Br, --F, --I, --OH, --SH, --NH.sub.2, --CHO, --COOH, --SO.sub.3 H and derivatives thereof, aryl groups, C.sub.1 to C.sub.20 alkyl groups, aralkyl groups and alkylaryl groups, these groups possibly being substituted with one or more groups selected from --OH, --SH, --NH.sub.2, --CHO, --COOH, .dbd.O, --CONH.sub.2, --N(X,X',X").sup.+, epoxy or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, or together possibly forming a ring structure.

Abstract: A multi-layer wiring board where a plurality of wiring boards are laminated. The wiring board comprises a flexible insulating layer having a through hole and a wiring pattern formed on the flexible insulating layer. The wiring pattern is composed at least of two conductive layers. The first conductive layer formed on the insulating layer is made of a non-metallic conductor and the first wiring pattern is formed by a laser beam. The second conductive layer is an electroplated layer formed on the first wiring pattern. The first and second conductive layers have different reflectance for a beam.

Abstract: A method of producing oxide ceramic layers on Al, Mg, Ti, Ta, Zr, Nb, Hf, Sb, W, Mo, V, Bi or their alloys by a plasma-chemical anodical oxidation in a chloride-free electrolytic bath having a pH value of 2 to 8 and a constant bath temperature of -30.degree. to +15.degree. C. A current density of at least 1 A/dm.sup.2 is maintained constant in the electrolytic bath until the voltage reaches a predetermined end value.

Abstract: Method for coating a rectifier metal (aluminum) with alkali metal molybdenate/alkali metal silicate or alkali metal tungstenate/alkali metal silicate comprises immersing a rectifier metal (anode) and a cathodic metal in an electrolytic solution and imposing voltage potential between the two electrodes. The voltage is first raised to about 240 to about 260 volts during an oxidation stage, and thereafter to about 380-420 volts to form the desired coating.Unique electrolytic solutions are provided for the electrodeposition method.

Abstract: A process for producing a thin film comprising electrotreating a dispersion or solution obtained by dispersing or dissolving a hydrophobic substance powder in an aqueous medium with a surfactant having a HLB value of 10.0 to 20.0, under conditions for forming a thin film of the hydrophobic substance on a cathode. The thin film of a hydrophobic substance can be formed on base metals such as aluminum, which can be applied to photosensitive materials and the like.

Abstract: A method for forming a ceramics film on the surface of a substrate comprises performing spark discharge in an electrolytic bath, wherein the electrolytic bath comprises an aqueous solution of a water-soluble or colloidal silicate and/or an oxyacid salt to which ceramics fine particles and/or specific fine particles are dispersed and the spark discharge is carried out in the electrolytic bath while ensuring the suspended state of the ceramics particles and/or the specific fine particles in the electrolytic bath. The method makes it possible to effectively form, on the surface of a metal substrate, ceramics films having a variety of color tones as well as excellent insulating properties and hardness. Moreover, it further makes it possible to effectively form a composite ceramics film having excellent wear resistance on the surface of a metal substrate.