Abstract: Sheet-like product and method for authenticating a security tag including a section of the sheet-like product. The sheet-like product includes at least one security feature having optical properties that change with the viewing angle and, and at least one marker, wherein each marker is uniquely attributable to a position on the sheet-like product. The position of the at least one security feature on the sheet-like product is predetermined relative to the position of the at least one marker on the sheet-like product.

Abstract: A process for polymerizing radically (co)polymerizable monomers at a temperature between ?10° C. and 110° C. in an aqueous system comprising one or more radically (co)polymerizable monomer(s) is disclosed, and includes a molar excess of a ligand forming a soluble transition metal complex with an added transition metal salt that participates in a reversible reduction-oxidation cycle with one of an added site specific functional initiator and a dormant polymer chain having a radically transferable atom or group. The initial soluble catalyst complex concentration in the higher oxidation state is less than or equal to 2500 ppm. The reaction is conducted in the presence of an activator regenerator. The mole fraction of the soluble lower activator oxidation state transition metal formed by action of the activator regenerator, to transition metal in a higher deactivator oxidation state is less than 10%. The formed polymer chains have a dispersity of less than 1.5.

Abstract: Antenna including a wire made of a conducting polymer. The wire is sewn into fabric material in a selected pattern. A preferred conducing polymer is polypyrrole. It is also preferred that the wire be encased in a non-conductive, low dielectric plastic.

Abstract: The invention provides an In situ polymerization process which does not require the use of polymerization initiators or solvents for obtaining an electro-optical apparatus wherein a compound having a polymerizable group, preferably an acrylate or methacrylate, is introduced into a cell formed of 1 to 100 microns thick, wherein said compound having a polymerizable group is maintained at a temperature which is above its melting temperature, and a direct current electric field is applied of at least 2.5 V/?m and for a time ranging between 5 minutes and 24 hours until the polymerization of the compound with the polymerizable group is achieved, an then cooled down to room temperature and removing the applied field.

Abstract: Electrochemical reduction of an exemplary ATRP catalyst, C11Br2/Me6TREN, is shown to be an efficient process to mediate and execute an ATRP. The onset of polymerization occurs only through passage of a cathodic current achieved under a reductive potential to form Cu1Br2/Me6TREN, within the reaction medium. Unprecedented control over the polymerization kinetics can be attained through electrochemical methods by modulating the magnitude of the applied potential allowing polymerization rate enhancement or retardation. Additional polymerization control is gained through electrochemical “dials” allowing polymerization rate enhancements achieved by larger applied potentials and the ability to successfully switch a polymerization “on” and “off between dormant and active states by application of multistep intermittent potentials.

Abstract: Water-responsive composite materials are provided containing a polymeric matrix and a water-responsive gel integrated into the polymeric matrix. The water-responsive gel can include a polyol or an alkoxylated polyol crosslinked by reversibly hydrolysable bonds, such as borate ester bonds. The polymeric matrix can include conjugated polymers such as poly(pyrrole) containing polymers. The composite material is capable of rapid actuation in the presence of a water gradient and can exhibit power densities greater than 1 W/kg. Methods of making water-responsive composite materials are provided, including by electropolymerization. Devices containing water-responsive composite materials are provided for sensing, locomotion, and power generation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a micro wire, a sensor including the micro wire, and a method for manufacturing the sensor, having improved production efficiency. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for manufacturing a micro wire includes applying a three-dimensional electric field to a solution for forming a micro wire. The method for manufacturing the micro wire may further include providing an electrode assembly comprising a substrate, a first electrode and a second electrode formed on the substrate, and providing the solution to a space. The first electrode and the second electrode may form the space therebetween, and the space may have a first width and a second width that is smaller than the first width. The three-dimensional electric field is applied to the solution by applying a voltage to the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a polymerization solution for electrolytic polymerization having a small environmental load, having excellent economic efficiency and capable of producing a conductive polymer exhibiting excellent heat resistance. The polymerization solution has: a solvent consisting of 100 to 80% by mass of water and 0 to 20% by mass of an organic solvent; at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of 3,4-disubstituted thiophenes; and at least one organic non-sulfonate supporting electrolyte having an anion with the molecular weight of 200 or more. A conductive polymer film densely filled with polymer particles is obtained by performing electrolytic polymerization using the polymerization solution. A polymer electrode provided with the conductive polymer film exerts excellent heat resistance and the electrochemical activity of the polymer electrode will hardly deteriorate even when being subjected to high temperatures.

Abstract: A room temperature crosslinkable polymer system comprising an anhydride containing polymer and an oxyalkylene amine and a polymer electrolyte derived therefrom are prepared and employed as ion conducting materials for batteries such as lithium ion battery, solar cells and electrochromic devices is disclosed.

Abstract: Methods for electrochemically synthesizing polymers are provided in which a cleavable linker is coupled to the surface of at least one electrode of an array of electrodes on a substrate and a polymer coupled to the cleavable linker is synthesized through a series of monomer addition cycles. Polymers that are synthesized include nucleic acids and peptides. Cleavable linkers include linkers that can be cleaved under conditions such as reducing, oxidizing, acidic, and or basic conditions. Additionally, provided are devices that comprise an array of individually addressable electrodes having surface-attached cleavable linker molecules.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to carbon to carbon coupling processes, and more specifically, to dimerization or trimerization by electrocatalysis of alkenes and alkynes at room temperature.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of preparation of highly sensitive potentiometric sensors with an electroconductive polymer film as a sensing element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of polymers by free radical polymerization of monomers in the presence of water, electrochemically produced free radicals being used for initiating the free radical polymerization.

Abstract: A method of electrowinning or electrorefining copper from a copper electrolyte solution which contains chloride ions, the method comprising the steps of: (a) forming a polyacrylamide solution by dissolving polyacrylamide, having a molecular weight range of 5,000 to 20,000,000 Daltons, in an acidic medium and under conditions to form a polyacrylamide block copolymer having blocks of carboxyl groups dispersed along the polymer backbone; (b) introducing the polyacrylamide solution into an electrolytic cell containing the copper electrolyte solution at a polyacrylamide concentration of 0.01-10 mg/L; and (c) electroplating copper from the copper electrolyte solution to form a copper cathode.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a conducting polymer composite with carbon nanotubes is described. A conducting polymer is compounded with the CNT film by in-situ electrochemical polymerization.

Abstract: The conductive polyrotaxane of the present invention contains an electron-accepting cyclic molecule in each of its repeating unit. Since the electron-accepting cyclic molecule remains stable because of molecular interaction with a ?-conjugated oligomer molecule, the electron-accepting cyclic molecule is not dissociated during rotaxane polymerization reaction, and thus a conductive polyrotaxane of stable quality can be obtained.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to processes for the combination of injecting charge in a material electrochemically via non-faradaic (double-layer) charging, and retaining this charge and associated desirable properties changes when the electrolyte is removed. The present invention is also directed to compositions and applications using material property changes that are induced electrochemically by double-layer charging and retained during subsequent electrolyte removal. In some embodiments, the present invention provides reversible processes for electrochemically injecting charge into material that is not in direct contact with an electrolyte. Additionally, in some embodiments, the present invention is directed to devices and other material applications that use properties changes resulting from reversible electrochemical charge injection in the absence of an electrolyte.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing a nitrogen-containing carbon material, comprising a first step of subjecting azulmic acid to a first heat treatment in an oxygen-containing gas atmosphere, thereby preparing a heat-treated product, and a second step of subjecting the heat-treated product to a second heat treatment in an inert gas atmosphere.

Abstract: A process for producing one or more chemical compounds comprising the steps of providing a bioelectrochemical system having an anode and a cathode separated by a membrane, the anode and the cathode being electrically connected to each other, causing oxidation to occur at the anode and causing reduction to occur at the cathode to thereby produce reducing equivalents at the cathode, providing the reducing equivalents to a culture of microorganisms, and providing carbon dioxide to the culture of microorganisms, whereby the microorganisms produce the one or more chemical compounds, and recovering the one or chemical compounds.

Abstract: A monomer having an aniline moiety linked through nitrogen to a dithiocarbamate moiety, e.g. N—(N1,N1-diethyldithiocarbamoylethylamidoethyl)-aniline: Ph-NH—CH2—CH2—NH—CO—CH2—CH2—S—C(?S)—NEt2 can be oxidatively polymerised to produce a polyaniline bearing dithiocarbamate moieties. This can be used as an iniferter, to graft addition polymers onto it.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a facile process for the formation of conjugated polymers inside or outside assembled solid-state devices. One process generally involves applying a voltage to a device comprising at least two electrodes, a combination of an electrolyte composition and a electroactive monomer disposed between the electrodes, and a potential source in electrical connection with the at least two electrodes; wherein the applying voltage polymerizes the electroactive monomer into a conjugated polymer. Also disclosed are electrochromic articles prepared from the process and solid-state devices comprising a composite of an electrolyte composition and a conjugated polymer.

Abstract: A method for reducing carbon dioxide to one or more products is disclosed. The method may include steps (A) to (C). Step (A) may bubble the carbon dioxide into a solution of an electrolyte and a catalyst in a divided electrochemical cell. The divided electrochemical cell may include an anode in a first cell compartment and a cathode in a second cell compartment. The cathode generally reduces the carbon dioxide into the products. Step (B) may vary at least one of (i) which of the products is produced and (ii) a faradaic yield of the products by adjusting one or more of (a) a cathode material and (b) a surface morphology of the cathode. Step (C) may separate the products from the solution.

Abstract: A monomer M-S has a first polymerisable moiety (M) capable of forming a conjugated polymer, and a second polymerisable moiety (S) with a double bond susceptible to addition polymerisation. Polymerisation of the M-moieties is caused, generally by electropolymerisation or chemical oxidation. Polymerisation of the S-moieties is also caused, generally by a radical mechanism, before, after or simultaneously with the M-polymerisation. Suitable monomers include N-(methacrylamidoethyl)-aniline, N-(acrylamidoethyl)-aniline, N-(methacryloyloxyethyl)-aniline and N-(acryloyloxyethyl)-aniline.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to electronic devices and methods. In some cases, the invention provides a sensor device comprising a pair of interdigitated microelectrodes (60), coated with an electrically conducting polymer material (70). The microelectrodes (60) may be surrounded by a first electrode (22), a second electrode (40), and a hydrophobic wall (50).

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a conducting polymer composite with carbon nanotubes is described. A conducting polymer is compounded with the CNT film by in-situ electrochemical polymerization.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel electropolymerisable monomers which are to be polymerised in an aqueous solution and comprise: an electropolymerisable pattern selected from acetylene, pyrrols, thiophenes, indols, anilines, azines, p-phenylene vinylenes, p-phenylenes, pyrenes, furanes, selenophenes, pyrridazines, carbazoles, acrylates, methacrylates and the derivatives thereof, and a metalloporphyrine which is substituted by at least two ionised or ionisable entities in an aqueous solution. The invention also relates to a method for the polymerisation of such monomers, to the electroactive probe that can be obtained by the polymerisation of such monomers, and to a method for detecting a target ligand in a biological sample using one such electroactive probe.

Abstract: A capacitor electrode material having high capacitance and capable of handling large current and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. In addition, a capacitor electrode and a capacitor having high capacitance and capable of handling large current, are also provided. After dipping a carbon nanotube into an electropolymerization monomer solution to adhere the electropolymerization monomer to the carbon nanotube (adsorption step), the carbon nanotube is electropolymerized in an electrolytic solution containing no electropolymerization monomer so as to produce an electroconductive polymer-adhered carbon nanotube.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a production method of a solid electrolytic capacitor element wherein a semiconductor layer is formed by electrolytic polymerization on an oxide dielectric film formed on the surface of an electric conductor and an electrode layer is laminated thereon, comprising passing current providing a period for temporarily applying a reverse voltage during the electrolytic polymerization passing current using an electric conductor having a dielectric layer formed thereon as an anode and a negative electrode plate placed in the electrolyte as a cathode; a solid electrolytic capacitor element produced by the method; a solid electrolytic capacitor obtained from the solid electrolytic capacitor element and use thereof. According to the present invention, a solid electrolytic capacitor element in which a high quality semiconductor layer is formed in a short time can be produced, which enables to produce a solid electrolytic capacitor having a good ESR property.

Abstract: A process for fabricating a whole solid-state pH sensing device by using the polypyrrole as the contrast pH detector and a whole solid-state pH sensing device fabricated by the process are disclosed, wherein said device is a differential pair framework potential electrochemical sensing device fabricated by using a non-insulating solid-state inorganic ion-sensing membrane and a polypyrrole sensing membrane. The differential pair framework uses tin dioxide as the ion-sensing membrane and the reference electrode, and uses a polypyrrole sensor as the differential sensor so that the sensing device framework has practicability. Since the sensitivity of the polypyrrole can be controlled by means of its polymerization, a sensing device with controllable sensitivity can be fabricated for applying to the fabrication of a pH sensor or a biosensor.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrode for an electrochemical element absorbs monomers for polymerization on a surface having a specific surface area of 100 to 3000 m2g?1 and having an average pore diameter in the range of 0.4 to 100 nm, performing electrolysis polymerization by applying pulse voltage, and forming a conductive polymer layer on the surface of the conductive porous material, forming a thin and uniform electrode film. In a method for producing an electrochemical element, a conductive polymer layer is formed on the conductive porous material by absorbing monomers for polymerization on a surface of a conductive porous material having a specific surface area and pore diameter as above forming a electrochemical cell by using the conductive porous material, the monomers are absorbed in the pores, putting the electrochemical cell and the electrolyte solution in an outer casing, and performing electrolysis polymerization of the monomers in the electrolyte solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cationic electrodeposition coating composition substantially free of lead compounds, and more specifically to a method of coating an alloyed hot-dip galvanized steel plate with the composition and a coated article obtained by the method having edge portions and general surfaces excellent in corrosion resistance. The invention provides a method of coating an alloyed hotdip galvanized steel plate with a lead-free cationic electrodeposition coating composition containing a rust preventive pigment to form an electrodeposition coating film excellent in corrosion resistance, and a coated article obtained by the electrodeposition.

Abstract: An electroconductive porous substrate such as carbon fiber paper with an electroconductive polymer deposited on the carbon fibers of the paper is used as a wicking material or diffusion medium in a fuel cell. The polymer may be deposited from a solution of monomers by electrochemical polymerization.

Abstract: The present invention deals with the electrochemical synthesis of electrically conductive polymers in supercritical fluids, for example supercritical CO2. The use of the supercritical fluid as a solvent results in the reduction or elimination of hazardous reagents and environmentally hazardous waste, which was generated in the prior chemical synthesis techniques. The electrochemical approach eliminates the need to add a charge transfer agent as the electrode serves this purpose. The resulting polymers are characterized by high conductivities and distinctive surface morphology, which suggests that they may be more appropriate than the previous materials for certain applications (e.g., corrosion inhibition, optical applications, etc.).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electropolymerization method for preparing a nanotube-type conducting polymer using a porous template, a method for preparing an electrochomic device using electrochromism of the conducting polymer, and an electrochromic device prepared therefrom, and more particularly to an electropolymerization method for preparing a nanotube-type conducting polymer using a porous template to prepare an electrochromic device having good electrochromism by injecting an electrolyte solution wherein a precursor of the electrochromic conducting polymer is dissolved into an electrochemical reaction cell comprising a first transparent electrode and a working electrode, which is a porous template on the electrode, a method for preparing an electrochromic device using electrochromism of the conducting polymer, and an electrochromic device prepared therefrom.

Abstract: A new class of polymers with a highly ordered state having unique electrical, electronic, optical, ferromagnetic, piezoelectric, ionic, or superconducting properties are achieved. The polymers are highly crystalline, exhibiting both long and short range order, and an associated nanoscale lattice parameter. The polymers are fabricated by forming a conductive set of nanoscale waveguides (composed of functional molecules and charge carriers, i.e., polarons, bipolarons, superpolarons, spins, ions, copper pair electrons) throughout a polymer lattice. These “molecular waveguides” are characterized by a width or diameter comparable to the size of the lattice cell.

Abstract: A fluid-type multiple electrochemical system. The system includes a substrate for an electric circuit having a plurality of electrode parts formed at regular intervals. The electrode parts each include a reference electrode and an auxiliary electrode. Also provided is a fluid-type substrate having a fluid injection part, a fluid ejection part and a plurality of fluid storages. The fluid storages are formed at the same regular intervals as the electrode parts of the substrate and are connected with each other through fluid passages. The system also includes a sensor substrate having a plurality of unit sensors formed at the same regular intervals as the electrode parts of the substrate. Each unit sensor has an electrode part, an electrode pad for supplying power voltage simultaneously, and an electrode wiring.

Abstract: A method to electrolytically polymerize aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidize cyclopentane structures within the hydrocarbons into cyclopentanone structures is disclosed including a method to electrolyze fluorene in the presence of an ester to produce poly(9-fluorenone). A method to electrolytically oxidize polymers having cyclopentane structures to polymers having cyclopentanone structures is also disclosed including a method to electrolyze poly(fluorene) to produce poly(9-fluorenone). In addition, a method to chemically oxidize polymers containing cyclopentane structures into polymers containing cyclopentanone structures is disclosed, including a method to oxidize poly(fluorene), with a chemically prepared oxidizing agent, to produce poly(9-fluroenone).

Abstract: The present invention is a film and method for making the same. The film includes a plurality of particles having a desired film property that are entrapped in a matrix of linkage polymer molecules. The linkage polymer molecules ionically bind to the particles. The linkage polymer molecules are electrochemically polymerizable in a solvent. The particles are insoluble in the solvent. The film is prepared by providing an electrode and a solution of the linkage polymer molecules in which the particles are suspended. An electrical potential is provided between the solution and the electrode in temporal sequence that causes the linkage polymer molecules to polymerize in the vicinity of the electrode thereby entrapping the particles.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of preparation of highly sensitive potentiometric sensors with an electroconductive polymer film as a sensing element.

Abstract: A thermal interface material may be covalently bonded to a bottom surface of a heat dissipating device and/or a backside surface of a heat generating device. The heat dissipating device may be thermally coupled to the heat generating device, the thermal interface material disposed between the bottom surface of the heat dissipating device and the backside surface of the heat generating device. The thermal interface material may comprise a polymer material with thermally conductive filler components dispersed therein. For one embodiment, the thermally conductive filler components may be covalently bonded together. For one embodiment, the thermally conductive filler components may be covalently bonded with the polymer material.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for measuring chloride ion concentration in a medium. The techniques allow measurements to be made in dry or alkaline media, or both. For alkaline conditions, a sensor includes a pair of electrodes and a polymer film imprinted for uptake of chloride ions under alkaline conditions. The film is deposited to be in contact with at least one electrode and the medium. For dry conditions, a sensor includes a pair of electrodes and a conductive polymer film imprinted for uptake of chloride ions. The film is in contact with the pair of electrodes, and is positioned for contact with the medium. An electrical conductivity of the film depends on an amount of chloride ions taken up by the film. Some techniques allow chloride ion measurements over years at sensors embedded in concrete. Such measurements allow the determination of the progress of rebar corrosion in concrete infrastructure.

Abstract: The invention concerns a mask-free localised grafting of organic molecules capable of being electrically activated, on a composite surface comprising conductive and/or semiconductive portions, by contacting said organic molecules with said composite surface, whereby the grafting is carried out electrochemically in one single step on specific selected zones of said conductive and/or semiconductive portions, said zones being brought to a potential not less than an electric potential threshold determined relative to a reference electrode, said electric potential threshold being the potential beyond which the grafting of said organic molecules occurs.

Abstract: Polymers and copolymers comprising repeating units of 5 thieno[3,4-b]thiophene. Water-borne dispersions of such polymers and copolymers can be cast by conventional methods to provide uniform, thin films which possess utility in numerous electroactive applications including electrochromic displays, optically transparent electrodes and antistatic coatings. The compositions of this invention can be doped with conventional p-dopants or n-dopants. The invention also presents an aqueous process for preparing such polymeric compositions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the spatial distribution of a filler component within the matrix of a composite material are disclosed. An electric field is applied to a mixture consisting of two or more components that have different dielectric permittivities, at least one of which is initially in the form of a liquid polymer or pre-polymer. An alternating electric field is established between a pair of electrical conductors or electrodes that are moved relative to each other, so as to alter the spatial intensity of the electric field in a controlled manner. Polarized particles or elements of the filler component that are coupled to a moving electrode by a dielectrophoretic force can consequently be dragged into a predetermined spatial configuration. As the size of the inter-electrode gap is changed, the applied voltage can be adjusted in order to maintain electrically induced polarization of the filler component.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for synthesizing arrays of polymers. A barrier to a reaction is applied to select features of the array thereby limiting the reaction to the remaining features.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for forming a polymer layer with a uniform thickness on the surface of a solid support, to the solid support obtained using this process, and to its applications.

Abstract: A method to electrolytically polymerize aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidize cyclopentane structures within the hydrocarbons into cyclopentanone structures is disclosed including a method to electrolyse fluorene in the presence of an ester to produce poly(9-fluorenone). A method to electrolytically oxidize polymers having cyclopentane structures to polymers having cycloppentanone structures is also disclosed including a method to electrolyze poly(fluorene) to produce poly(9-fluorenone). These methods may include performing two separate and independent electrolysis steps to prepare higher yield cyclopentanone structures. In addition, a method to chemically oxidize polymers containing cyclopentane structures into polymers containing cyclopentanone structures is disclosed, including a method to oxidize poly(fluorene), with a chemically prepared oxidizing agent, to produce poly(9-fluorenone).

Abstract: A two-layered anode (1′) is used for the electrochemical polymerisation. The lower layer (2) consists of a non-conductive carrier material to which a conductive electrode layer (3′) is applied, the electrode layer being removed in part-areas in order to form non-conductive areas. the non-conductive areas have a predetermined structure which corresponds to the structure of the structured polymer film (11) to be formed. the anode (1′) is held together with a platinum cathode in an electrolyte into which compounds of low molecular weight, preferably monomers of the polymer film (11) to be formed, are introduced. A current flow is produced through the electrolyte via the anode (1′) and cathode. In the course of this a conductive polymer film (11) of the predetermined structure is formed on the conductive areas which are brought into contact with the electrolyte.

Abstract: A method for depositing an electrically conducting film on an electrode and the film resulting from that method. An electrically conducting film according to the present invention is deposited by immersing the electrode in a solution of a precursor polymer in a predetermined solvent. The precursor polymer includes a plurality of electrochemical polymerizable monomers. Each monomer has first and second polymer-forming active sites that can be joined by electrochemical polymerization and third and fourth polymer-forming active sites that can be joined chemically in solution. The precursor polymer is constructed from the monomers joined by the third and fourth polymer-forming active sites. The precursor polymer is soluble in the solvent whereas a polymer formed by electrochemical polymerization of the first and second polymer-forming active sites is insoluble in the solvent.

Abstract: The present invention has an object to obtain a cooking liquor containing polysulfide-sulfur at a high concentration by minimizing by-production of thiosulfate ions. The present invention is a method for producing polysulfides, which comprises introducing a solution containing sulfide ions into an anode compartment of an electrolytic cell comprising the anode compartment provided with a porous anode, a cathode compartment provided with a cathode, and a diaphragm partitioning the anode compartment and the cathode compartment, for electrolytic oxidation to obtain polysulfide ions, characterized in that the porous anode is disposed so that a space is provided at least partly between the porous anode and the diaphragm, and the apparent volume of the porous anode is from 60% to 99% based on the volume of the anode compartment.