Abstract: An electrochemical reduction device is provided with an electrode unit, a power control unit, an organic material storage tank, a water storage tank, a gas-liquid separator, and a control unit. The electrode unit has an electrolyte membrane, a reduction electrode, and an oxygen evolving electrode. The electrolyte membrane is formed of an ionomer. A reduction catalyst used for the reduction electrode contains at least one of Pt and Pd. The oxygen evolving electrode contains catalysts of noble metal oxides such as RuO2, IrO2, and the like. The control unit controls the power control unit such that a relationship, VHER?20 mV?VCA?VTRR, can be satisfied when the potential at a reversible hydrogen electrode, the standard redox potential of an aromatic hydrocarbon compound or an N-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound, and the potential of the reduction electrode are expressed as VHER, VTRR, and VCA, respectively.

Abstract: An electrochemical reduction device includes: an electrolyte membrane; a reduction electrode having a catalyst metal and a porous conductive compound; and an oxygen generating electrode. The catalytic metal includes at least one of Pt and Pd. The conductive compound includes an oxide, nitride, carbide, oxynitride, carbonitride, or partial oxide of a carbonitride of: one or more metals selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, and W.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell has an electrolyte membrane, a reduction electrode, and an oxygen evolving electrode. The electrolyte membrane is formed of a material having protonic conductivity (ionomer). A reduction catalyst used for the reduction electrode is composed of a composition containing a first catalyst metal (noble metal) that contains at least one of Pt and Pd and containing one or more kinds of second catalyst metals selected from among Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ru, Sn, W, Re, Pb, and Bi. The oxygen evolving electrode contains catalysts of noble metal oxides such as RuO2, IrO2, and the like.

Abstract: A process of making a polymeric phenazonium compound having the general formula: wherein R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, R8 and R9 are the same or different, and represent hydrogen, a low alkyl or a substituted aryl, R3 starts as NH2 and is diazotized followed by polymerization, R5 and R8 may alternatively represent monomeric or polymeric phenazonium radicals, R7 is a carbon in the aromatic ring, and wherein RX—N—RY represents a substituted amine, and RX and RY represent any combination of CH3, C2H5, and hydrogen, except that RX and RY cannot both be hydrogen, A is an acid radical, and n is an integer from 2 to 100. The polymeric phenazonium compound is usable in as an additive in a metal plating bath.

Abstract: A process of making a polymeric phenazonium compound having the general formula: wherein R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, R8 and R9 are the same or different, and represent hydrogen, a low alkyl or a substituted aryl, R3 starts with NH2 and is diazotized followed by polymerization, R5 and R8 may alternatively represent monomeric or polymeric phenazonium radicals, R7 with its substituent group is a substituted amine, with RX and RY representing any combination of CH3, C2H5, and hydrogen, except that RX and RY cannot both be hydrogen, A is an acid radical, and n is an integer from 2 to 100, preferably from 2 to 20 is described. The polymeric phenazonium compound is usable in as an additive in a metal plating bath.

Abstract: A room temperature crosslinkable polymer system comprising an anhydride containing polymer and an oxyalkylene amine and a polymer electrolyte derived therefrom are prepared and employed as ion conducting materials for batteries such as lithium ion battery, solar cells and electrochromic devices is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to methods and compositions comprising macrocycles. In some cases, at least one beta-position of the macrocycle comprises an electron-withdrawing group, for example, a halide. In some embodiments, methods for forming and/or modifying a macrocycle using microwave energy are provided. In some embodiments, the compositions are employed in catalysis reactions.

Abstract: Provided is a superior method of producing reduced glutathione by electroreduction of oxidized glutathione. In a method of producing reduced glutathione by electroreduction of oxidized glutathione using a cathode cell and an anode cell separated from each other by a separating membrane, oxidized glutathione is produced using an aqueous oxidized glutathione solution with pH 2.0-3.0 comprising a conducting agent other than acid as a solution in the cathode cell.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel macrocyclic lactams intermediates useful for the preparation of diazonamide analogs. This invention also relates to a novel electrochemical oxidative cyclization for the preparation of such macrocyclic lactams, and their further elucidation to provide diazonamide analogs.

Abstract: Use of an organic compound salt of general formula A-XY??(I) wherein A means an organic residue, X means a charged group and Y means a counter-ion, as a reagent in an electrochemical reaction and organic compound salt corresponding to the formula R1R2ZC-T-Q-XY wherein X is a charged group, Y is a counter-ion, Z is a group capable of being substituted, R1 and R2 mean organic residues, T means a group containing a hetero atom selected among N-R4, O and S, and Q means a connecting group linking the hetero atom and the charged group.

Abstract: Processes comprising: (i) providing an anode comprising zinc; and (ii) oxidizing the anode in a reaction medium in the presence of at least one organic compound to form a porous metal organic framework comprising the least one organic compound coordinated to at least one zinc ion; wherein the at least one organic compound comprises a ring system selected from the group consisting of compounds corresponding to the following structures wherein the ring system optionally bears one or more substituents selected independently from the group consisting of halogens, C1-6-alkyls, phenyl, NH2, NH(C1-6-alkyls), N(C1-6-alkyls)2, OH, O-phenyl and O—C1-6-alkyls, and wherein each C1-6-alkyl and phenyl substituent may independently and optionally bear one or more substituents selected independently from the group consisting of halogens, NH2, NH(C1-6-alkyls), N(C1-6-alkyls)2, OH, O-phenyl and O—C1-6-alkyls.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of orthoesters of the general formula I, where the radicals have the following meaning R1: hydrogen, C1- to C20-alkyl, C2- to C20-alkenyl, C2- to C20-alkynyl, C3- to C12-cycloalkyl, C4- to C20-cycloalkylalkyl or C4- to C10-aryl R2, R3: C1- to C20-alkyl, C3- to C12-cycloalkyl, and C4- to C20-cycloalkylalkyl or R2 and R3 together form C2- to C10-alkylene R4: C1- to C4-alkyl, by electrochemically oxidizing a compound of the general formula II in which the radicals R1 to R3 have the same meaning as in the general formula I and R5 is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl radical or heterocycloaryl radical having up to 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, where this radical is bonded to the remaining part of the molecule via a carbon atom which is situated in the adjacent position to a heteroatom, in the presence of C1- to C4-alcohols (alcohols A).

Abstract: A new class of polymers with a highly ordered state having unique electrical, electronic, optical, ferromagnetic, piezoelectric, ionic, or superconducting properties are achieved. The polymers are highly crystalline, exhibiting both long and short range order, and an associated nanoscale lattice parameter. The polymers are fabricated by forming a conductive set of nanoscale waveguides (composed of functional molecules and charge carriers, i.e., polarons, bipolarons, superpolarons, spins, ions, copper pair electrons) throughout a polymer lattice. These “molecular waveguides” are characterized by a width or diameter comparable to the size of the lattice cell.

Abstract: A fluid-type multiple electrochemical system. The system includes a substrate for an electric circuit having a plurality of electrode parts formed at regular intervals. The electrode parts each include a reference electrode and an auxiliary electrode. Also provided is a fluid-type substrate having a fluid injection part, a fluid ejection part and a plurality of fluid storages. The fluid storages are formed at the same regular intervals as the electrode parts of the substrate and are connected with each other through fluid passages. The system also includes a sensor substrate having a plurality of unit sensors formed at the same regular intervals as the electrode parts of the substrate. Each unit sensor has an electrode part, an electrode pad for supplying power voltage simultaneously, and an electrode wiring.

Abstract: Halogen substituents in the 5-position of 4-aminopicolinic acids are selectively reduced in the presence of halogen substituents in the 3- and 6-positions by electrolysis.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of chiral 2-aryl or 2-heterocyclyl-propionic acids of the formula wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing an exo-methylenepenam compound represented by the general formula (5) characterized in that a .beta.-lactam halide compound represented by the general formula (2) is reduced with a metal having a standard oxidation-reduction potential of up to -0.3 (V/SCE) in an amount of at least one mole per mole of the halide compound and with a metal compound having a higher standard oxidation-reduction potential than the metal in an amount of 0.0001 to 10 moles per mole of the halide compound, or is subjected to an electroreduction process to obtain the exo-methylenepenam compound.

Abstract: A process for the electrochemical reduction of an organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises a support made of an electrically conductive material and an electrically conductive, cathodically polarized layer formed thereon in situ by alluviation.

Abstract: An electrolyte contains a tetravalent salt of titanium and a trivalent salt of cerium in a methanesulfonic acid solution. A reducing agent consisting of trivalent titanium and an oxidizing agent consisting of tetravalent cerium are provided in the same solution. An electrochemical cell is disclosed wherein the catholyte and anolyte utilize this electrolyte. The reduction of tetravalent titanium into trivalent titanium is accomplished by electrolysis in the presence of extraneous trivalent cerium ions. The oxidation of trivalent cerium into tetravalent cerium is accomplished by electrolysis in the presence of extraneous tetravalent titanium ions. Simultaneous reduction of tetravalent titanium into trivalent titanium and oxidation of trivalent cerium to tetravalent cerium by electrolysis is also disclosed. Reduction of organic compounds using trivalent titanium in the presence of trivalent cerium in methanesulfonic acid is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing 3-aminopyridines from 3-nitropyridines, in which the nitropyridines are reduced electrochemically in acidic solution.