Abstract: A method for preparing products by electrochemical reductive amination and simultaneous oxidation of aldehyde-based biomass using non-precious metal catalysts is provided, which relates to a field of electrocatalysis. The preparing method includes: performing an electrochemical reaction in an electrolytic system with room temperature and atmospheric pressure (at a range of 25° C. to 30° C., 101 kPa) by taking an aldehyde compound and an amine compound as raw materials for reductive amination and oxidation of aldehyde-based biomass, and thereby obtaining the products. The electrolytic system includes a reaction substrate, an electrolyte, a solvent, an anode and a cathode. The anode is a phosphorylated hydrotalcite catalyst and the cathode is a Ti-based catalyst. The method uses no external oxidants and precious metal catalysts, which is clean, environmental and efficient.

Abstract: [Problem] It is to provide a method of producing basic amino acid or basic amino acid salt suitable for each use for medicine, industrial use, feed, food additive and the like, by a simple method to remove HCl from HCl salt of basic amino acid efficiently. [Solving Means] The above problem is solved by a method of producing a basic amino acid or a basic amino acid salt which comprises allowing to coexist a weak acid in a basic amino acid HCl salt solution, when the solution is dechlorinated using an anion-exchange resin.

Abstract: This invention relates to the partial hydrogenation of sulfur containing petroleum feedstreams by electrochemical means. The partially hydrogenated feedstream is then conducted to processes for either conversion and removal of at least some of the sulfur-containing species from the electrochemical desulfurization process or adsorption and removal of at least some of the sulfur-containing species from the electrochemical desulfurization process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for activation of a low reactivity, non-polar chemical compound. In one example embodiment, the method comprises introducing the low reactivity chemical compound to a catalyst. At least one of (a) an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent and (b) a polar compound is provided to the catalyst and the chemical compound. An alternating current is applied to the catalyst to produce an activation reaction in the chemical compound. This activation reaction produces a useful product.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for controlling catalytic processes, including catalyst regeneration and soot elimination. An alternating current is applied to a catalyst layer and a polarization impedance of the catalyst layer is monitored. The polarization impedance may be controlled by varying the asymmetrical alternating current. At least one of water, oxygen, steam and heat may be provided to the catalyst layer to enhance an oxidation reaction for soot elimination and/or to regenerate the catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a metallized substrate, comprising the steps consisting in: grafting onto said substrate a compound of polymer type optionally bearing a group that is capable of chelating at least one metal ion; placing said compound of polymer type that is capable of chelating at least one metal ion in contact with at least one metal ion, and subjecting the compound of polymer type to conditions for reducing said chelated metal ion(s), and repeating the chelation/reduction steps until a metallized substrate is obtained. The present invention also relates to the substrate obtained during this process and to the uses thereof.

Abstract: Use of an organic compound salt of general formula A-XY??(I) wherein A means an organic residue, X means a charged group and Y means a counter-ion, as a reagent in an electrochemical reaction and organic compound salt corresponding to the formula R1R2ZC-T-Q-XY wherein X is a charged group, Y is a counter-ion, Z is a group capable of being substituted, R1 and R2 mean organic residues, T means a group containing a hetero atom selected among N-R4, O and S, and Q means a connecting group linking the hetero atom and the charged group.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of orthoesters of the general formula I, where the radicals have the following meaning R1: hydrogen, C1- to C20-alkyl, C2- to C20-alkenyl, C2- to C20-alkynyl, C3- to C12-cycloalkyl, C4- to C20-cycloalkylalkyl or C4- to C10-aryl R2, R3: C1- to C20-alkyl, C3- to C12-cycloalkyl, and C4- to C20-cycloalkylalkyl or R2 and R3 together form C2- to C10-alkylene R4: C1- to C4-alkyl, by electrochemically oxidizing a compound of the general formula II in which the radicals R1 to R3 have the same meaning as in the general formula I and R5 is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl radical or heterocycloaryl radical having up to 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, where this radical is bonded to the remaining part of the molecule via a carbon atom which is situated in the adjacent position to a heteroatom, in the presence of C1- to C4-alcohols (alcohols A).

Abstract: A new class of polymers with a highly ordered state having unique electrical, electronic, optical, ferromagnetic, piezoelectric, ionic, or superconducting properties are achieved. The polymers are highly crystalline, exhibiting both long and short range order, and an associated nanoscale lattice parameter. The polymers are fabricated by forming a conductive set of nanoscale waveguides (composed of functional molecules and charge carriers, i.e., polarons, bipolarons, superpolarons, spins, ions, copper pair electrons) throughout a polymer lattice. These “molecular waveguides” are characterized by a width or diameter comparable to the size of the lattice cell.

Abstract: A fluid-type multiple electrochemical system. The system includes a substrate for an electric circuit having a plurality of electrode parts formed at regular intervals. The electrode parts each include a reference electrode and an auxiliary electrode. Also provided is a fluid-type substrate having a fluid injection part, a fluid ejection part and a plurality of fluid storages. The fluid storages are formed at the same regular intervals as the electrode parts of the substrate and are connected with each other through fluid passages. The system also includes a sensor substrate having a plurality of unit sensors formed at the same regular intervals as the electrode parts of the substrate. Each unit sensor has an electrode part, an electrode pad for supplying power voltage simultaneously, and an electrode wiring.

Abstract: A novel process for the continuous preparation of perfluorinated organic compounds by electrochemical fluorination of the parent non-fluorinated or partially fluorinated organic compounds, in which the quantity of charge which the electrolyte can still take up is kept in the range from about 5 Ah per kg of electrolyte to about 600 Ah per kg of electrolyte during the electrochemical fluorination, can be operated continuously over a prolonged period of time without the electrode area-time yield decreasing over time and without the formation of polymeric by products occurring.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the electrochemical reduction of vat and sulfur dyes in aqueous solutions, in steady-state conditions of reaction and a cycle which is largely free of reducing agents. The invention also relates to apparatus for carrying out said method. The steady-state conditions of reaction are obtained by means of a start reaction. The substances used for this reaction and the products resulting therefrom are extracted from the cycle. To maintain the cycle only dyes, an alkali and possibly small quantities of additional substances, such as surface-active agents, need to be added. No other chemicals active in the oxidation-reduction process are used.

Abstract: Herein are disclosed a method for producing a basic amino acid solution which comprises subjecting a solution of a basic amino acid salt to electrodialysis with the use of an electrodialyser equipped with cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes in combination, wherein an alkali aqueous solution is added to the solution of a basic amino acid salt during the electrodialysis, whereby not only desalting is caused but also the counter anions of the basic amino acid are removed to such degree that the said counter anions remain in an amount of 40 mol % or smaller based on the basic amino acid, as well as a method for producing a basic amino acid solution which comprises subjecting a solution of a basic amino acid salt to electrodialysis with the use of an electrodialyser equipped with anion exchange membrane alone, wherein an alkali aqueous solution is added to the solution of a basic amino acid salt to adjust the pH of the solution to 7 to 10 during the electrodialysis, whereby the counter anions ar

Abstract: Organoiodonium salts, including certain novel symmetrical and unsymmetrical diaryliodonium;. polyiodonium and cyclic iodonium salts are synthesized by a significantly improved electrochemical coupling reaction which provides greater control and selectivity over the end product produced. Reaction mixtures comprising aryliodides and/or aromatic substrates are electrolyzed in novel reaction mediums comprising strong acid electrolyte, lower carboxylic acid, and preferably in the presence of acid anhydride in amounts >10 percent by-weight, and up to 50 percent by-weight or more, to provide a high degree of product selectivity, and at yields which can even be quantitative. The methods are conducted by introducing the electrolysis reaction mixture into an undivided electrochemical cell equipped with a cathode and preferably a conductive carbon anode.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a process, which includes: electrochemically oxidizing at least one organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with an anode, wherein the anode includes: an electrically conductive support; and an electrically conductive, anodically polarized layer on the support; wherein the anodically polarized layer is formed in situ upon the support by precoating; and wherein the organic compound is not phosphonomethyliminodiacetic acid. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a product, produced by the above process.

Abstract: In a water-continuous system and a polymerization method, the water-continuous system comprises a polymerizable aromatic compound as an oil, water and a non-ionic surfactant, wherein the polymerizable aromatic compound is a component from the group consisting of: thiophene, furan and alkyl, alkoxy or alkylenedioxy derivatives of thiophene and furan. The non-ionic surfactant is an alkyl polyethoxylate and/or an alkyl polyglucoside.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of chiral 2-aryl or 2-heterocyclyl-propionic acids of the formula wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: Electrolysis of organic disulfides in liquid sulfur dioxide is used to obtain organothiating agents, which can then be reacted with appropriate substrates to effect the synthesis of organothioaromatic compounds efficiently and in high yields. With appropriate phenolic compounds, regioselective substitution occurs in which para substitution greatly exceeds ortho substitution.

Abstract: A film of a composite material is deposited by electropolymerization onto electrically conductive surface. A mixture comprising a monomer, a substance forming a dopant, a supporting electrolyte and a solvent is subjected to electrolysis in which the conductive surface to be coated is used as either cathode or anode. The cathode or anode is polarized to a potential between the electron transfer between the electrically conductive surface and the monomer. Prior to electrolysis, a solution is made from the mixture containing the substance forming a dopant either as anion, cation, molecule, and/or as undissociated complex.

Abstract: A process for depositing by electropolymerization an organic film onto an electrically conductive surface, wherein use is made of a mixture comprising (a) at least one monomer suited for forming a polymer onto said surface, (b) at least one material which can be linked to said polymer, (c) a supporting electrolyte and (d) a solvent, said process comprising the use, as material to be linked to said polymer, of a reactive substance which can react chemically with the growing polymeric chains formed starting from the monomer.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, electropolymerization in a substantially aqueous solution is used to form thick (e.g. greater than 2 microns or 30 weight %) and thermally stable coatings of thermoplastic materials onto electrically conductive filler materials (e.g. rods, plates, fibers). In a first preferred embodiment, the thick thermoplastic matrix comprises a copolymer of 3-carboxyphenyl meleimde and styrene. In a second preferred embodiment, cyclic (and preferably aromatic) N-substituted methacrylamide monomers are electropolymerized onto electrically conductive (e.g., graphite) filler (e.g., fibers, plates, film or cloth) to form a novel polymer composite exhibiting high Tg as well as a controlled degree of cross-linking which can prevent flow at high temperature. This invention is particularly will suited for direct preparation of thermoplastic prepregs containing commercially available bundles of graphite fibers.