Abstract: To improve the efficiency of a reduction reaction. A power source applies a voltage to an oxidation electrode immersed in an aqueous solution in an oxidation tank and a reduction electrode immersed in an aqueous solution in a reduction tank, the voltage having a voltage value that changes with a predetermined cycle to be a voltage value at which ions can be desorbed from a surface of the oxidation electrode and a surface of the reduction electrode during one cycle of the voltage change. The frequency of the voltage is set within a range of 10 Hz to 1 kHz.

Abstract: The selective electrochemical reduction of halogenated 4-aminopicolinic acids is improved by activating the cathode at a final potential from about +1.0 to about +1.8 volts.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for producing chitosan derivatives and the derivatives formed by these methods. The processes of the present disclosure utilize electrochemical methods to functionalize and/or modify amine and/or hydroxyl groups present on chitosan, to form new derivatives. In embodiments, a nitro-chitosan derivative may be prepared. The altered cationic affinity of these derivatives make them excellent candidates for environmental applications, including water and waste treatments, and fertilizers.

Abstract: The selective electrochemical reduction of halogenated 4-aminopicolinic acids is improved by activating the cathode at a final potential from about +1.0 to about +1.8 volts.

Abstract: The selective electrochemical reduction of halogenated 4-aminopicolinic acids is improved by activating the cathode at a final potential from about +1.0 to about +1.8 volts.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing a nitrogen-containing carbon material, comprising a first step of subjecting azulmic acid to a first heat treatment in an oxygen-containing gas atmosphere, thereby preparing a heat-treated product, and a second step of subjecting the heat-treated product to a second heat treatment in an inert gas atmosphere.

Abstract: The selective electrochemical reduction of halogenated 4-aminopicolinic acids is improved by activating the cathode at a final potential from about +1.0 to about +1.8 volts.

Abstract: The object of the disclosure is to provide a nano-scale molecular assembly such as a conductive nano-wire. Specifically, there is provided an electrochemical apparatus for forming a molecular assembly, including two electrodes and an electrochemical cell holding an electrolytic solution and the two electrodes, wherein the gap between the two electrodes is from 1 nm to 100 ?m, by allowing the electrochemical cell to hold an electrolytic solution containing molecules that is to constitute the molecular assembly, and applying a voltage across the two electrodes in the state wherein the electrolyte and the two electrodes are in contact.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for preparing a porous metal-organic framework comprising at least two organic compounds coordinated to at least one metal ion, the porous metal-organic frameworks prepared by the process and their use, in particular for gas storage and gas separation.

Abstract: Processes for making organic photosensitive pigments for charge generating layers of imaging members. The pigments may include titanyl phthalocyanine. The pigments may be synthesized through a partially electrochemical or purely electrochemical process. The pigments may be used in a charge generating layer of an imaging member having a substrate, the charge generating layer, and a charge transfer layer.

Abstract: The selective electrochemical reduction of halogenated 4-aminopicolinic acids is improved by activating the cathode in the presence of the starting material, excess alkali metal hydroxide and an alkali metal chloride, bromide or sulfate.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus enable radiosynthesis of radiolabeled compounds using electrochemical trapping and release. The trapping and release of radioactive isotopes all occur inside a microreactor, a vial or similar device, thus eliminating the need for azeotropic drying and several dead-end filling steps, as well as the necessity to move concentrated radioisotopes from one compartment of the chip to another. These and other features allow radioisotope enrichment to be carried out internally within a radiochemical synthesis chip, providing faster and more robust operation, as well as producing very high radiochemical labeling yields.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for preparing a porous metal-organic framework comprising at least two organic compounds coordinated to at least one metal ion, the porous metal-organic frameworks prepared by the process and their use, in particular for gas storage and gas separation.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of orthoesters of the general formula I, where the radicals have the following meaning R1: hydrogen, C1- to C20-alkyl, C2- to C20-alkenyl, C2- to C20-alkynyl, C3- to C12-cycloalkyl, C4- to C20-cycloalkylalkyl or C4- to C10-aryl R2, R3: C1- to C20-alkyl, C3- to C12-cycloalkyl, and C4- to C20-cycloalkylalkyl or R2 and R3 together form C2- to C10-alkylene R4: C1- to C4-alkyl, by electrochemically oxidizing a compound of the general formula II in which the radicals R1 to R3 have the same meaning as in the general formula I and R5 is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl radical or heterocycloaryl radical having up to 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, where this radical is bonded to the remaining part of the molecule via a carbon atom which is situated in the adjacent position to a heteroatom, in the presence of C1- to C4-alcohols (alcohols A).

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrochemical method for producing diaryl iodonium compounds wherein application of an electric current to an electrochemical cell containing a reaction mixture composed of a solvent, an iodoaryl compound and an electrolyte forms an oxidizing agent in situ. In this first step, the oxidizing agent is subsequently converted into a stable oxidized iodoaryl intermediate, typically an iodosyl compound. The electric potential is removed and in a second step a target aryl compound is introduced to the reaction mixture to react with the oxidized iodoaryl intermediate to form a diaryl iodonium compound.

Abstract: A fluid-type multiple electrochemical system. The system includes a substrate for an electric circuit having a plurality of electrode parts formed at regular intervals. The electrode parts each include a reference electrode and an auxiliary electrode. Also provided is a fluid-type substrate having a fluid injection part, a fluid ejection part and a plurality of fluid storages. The fluid storages are formed at the same regular intervals as the electrode parts of the substrate and are connected with each other through fluid passages. The system also includes a sensor substrate having a plurality of unit sensors formed at the same regular intervals as the electrode parts of the substrate. Each unit sensor has an electrode part, an electrode pad for supplying power voltage simultaneously, and an electrode wiring.

Abstract: A two-step chemical treatment method for chemically conditioning a sensor element comprising an electrolyte in ionic communication with a first electrode and a second electrode is described. The method comprises treating at least a portion of a sensor element with a first solution comprising an inorganic base, a carbonate salt and an acid salt; heating the sensor element; treating at least a portion of the sensor element with a second solution comprising an inorganic base and a carbonate salt; and drying the sensor element. The gas sensors comprising the two-step treated sensor elements have reduced lean shift, green effect, sensor output amplitude drop, and the light-off time is improved.

Abstract: Electrochemical oxidation of organic disulfides is conducted in an electrolytic solution containing an arene (e.g., anthracene, acenaphthylene, phenanthrene), and depending on the arene used and/or the product desired, an organic base (e.g., pyridine) to effect the synthesis of organothiated products in good yields.

Abstract: Halogen substituents in the 5-position of 4-aminopicolinic acids are selectively reduced in the presence of halogen substituents in the 3- and 6-positions by electrolysis.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of chiral 2-aryl or 2-heterocyclyl-propionic acids of the formula wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming a novel carbonaceous material, which has properties such as acceptor properly useful as a secondary cell electrode material and a host material for catalyst, comprising of the steps of electrochemically polymerizing a nitrogen-containing organic compound as a monomer constituent, and heat-treating the resultant polymer as a carbon precursor.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing 3-exomethylene cephalosporanic acid derivatives for use in the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics such as ceftibuten. The process comprises electrochemical reduction of a compound of the formula (IV) ##STR1## wherein: R.sup.3 is CH.sub.3 C(O)--; ##STR2## is an optional sulfoxide group; n is 2 or 3; R.sup.1 is H and R is H or NHR.sup.2, where R.sup.2 is H or a protecting group selected from C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2 OC(O)--, C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C(O)-- or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy-C(O)--; or wherein R and R.sup.1 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached comprise --C(O)--, and produces the desired 3-exomethylene compounds with low levels of the corresponding 3-methyl tautomers.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of a 2,4,6-triiodinated or 2,4,6,2',4',6'-hexaiodinated 3,5-disubstituted-aniline or 3,3'-disubstituted-5,5'-linked bisaniline, which process comprises electrochemically iodinating a 3,5-disubstituted-aniline or a 3,3'-disubstituted-5,5'-linked bisaniline in an acidic solvent which comprises water and optionally at least one water-miscible organic solvent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing 3-aminopyridines from 3-nitropyridines, in which the nitropyridines are reduced electrochemically in acidic solution.