Abstract: A controller board for controlling sequencing of positive and negative DC voltage and current to one or more devices or groups of device to achieve an optimum output from the one or more device or groups of devices using the least amount of energy is provided. The sequencing of signals may be programmed into or uploaded into the controller board for providing the order in which power is provided to the one or more devices or groups of devices. A sequence may be a set of paired outputs (one (+) and one (?)) turned On in the order they have been programmed/entered and at a selected frequency. According to one embodiment, there can be up to 8 steps (1 to 8) in a sequence.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing aluminum in an electrolysis cell, which includes setting up a succession of control periods of duration T, identifying perturbative tending operations on the cell that can introduce superfluous alumina in the electrolytic bath, noting the performance of the perturbative tending operations, determining a regulation feed rate B(k?) for each control period k? and setting a specified feed rate SR(k?) equal to M(k?)×B(k?), where M(k?) is a predetermined modulation factor that modulates the regulation feed rate B(k?) so as to take into account a reduction of the needs of the cell induced by the superfluous alumina. The method of the invention makes it possible to significantly reduce the rate of occurrence of anode effects.

Abstract: Processes for electrolysis of alkali metal chlorides with oxygen-consuming electrodes having startup and shutdown conditions which prevent damage to the constituents of the electrolysis cell.

Abstract: [Problems] The liquid pressure of an anode chamber in a two-chamber ion exchange membrane electrolytic cell using a gas diffusion electrode are different among one another depending on depths so that the liquid pressures are applied on an anode or an ion exchange membrane, thereby introducing damage or deformation of the elements. [Means for Solving] A cushion material 10 is accommodated between a cathode gas chamber back plate 9 and a gas diffusion electrode 7 of an ion exchange membrane electrolytic cell 1 such that a repulsive force of the cushion material at the bottom part of the cathode gas chamber is larger than that at the top part. The excessive pressure applied to an ion exchange membrane is suppressed to prevent the generation of scratches or the like by decreasing the repulsive force of the cushion material toward the top in accordance with a differential pressure between an anode chamber pressure and a cathode gas chamber pressure.

Abstract: A method for the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride in order to produce chlorine, characterized in that the following process parameters are maintained for initial operation: the anode half-element is filled with a 5 to 20% strength by weight hydrochloric acid, the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is more than 5% by weight during initial operation, the volumetric flow of the hydrochloric acid through the anode half-element is set in such a way that, at the start of electrolysis, the velocity of the hydrochloric acid in the anode space is from 0.05 cm/s to 0.15 cm/s, the electrolysis is started with a current density of 0.5 to 2 kA/m2, and the current density is then increased continuously or discontinuously until the desired current density is reached.

Abstract: The invention describes a process for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of alkali metal chloride, in particular sodium chloride, by the membrane process with an aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide, in particular sodium hydroxide, as catholyte, where the temperature of the alkali metal chloride solution in the anode half-element and/or the volume flow rate of the alkali metal chloride solution in the anode half-element are set in such a way that the difference between the temperature of the alkali metal hydroxide solution at the entry into the cathode half-element and the temperature of the alkali metal hydroxide solution at the exit from the cathode half-element are not greater than 15° C.

Abstract: An electrolytic bath is divided into an anodic chamber and a cathodic chamber by a cation-exchange membrane. A base alkaline solution of high impurity concentration is supplied into the anodic chamber from a tank of a base material as well as a circulating anolyte overflowed from the anodic chamber is supplied and circulated from an anode circulating tank, and NaOH solution of low impurity concentration is supplied and circulated into the cathodic chamber through a tank of a refined solution. The concentration of the circulating anolyte is detected, and based on this detected value the supplying amount of the base NaOH solution is controlled and electrolysis is performed. Thus, the concentration of NaOH solution in the anodic chamber is kept stable, and the refined NaOH solution of low impurity concentration can be obtained in the cathodic chamber.

Abstract: An electrode is mounted in a vertical manner in an electrolytic liquid in an electrolytic cell. A harmful gas collecting hood is disposed within the electrolytic cell to cover the entire upper portion of the electrode. One end of a bottom surface of the hood lies at a higher location than the other end of the bottom surface of the hood. An inlet of a harmful gas treating pipe line is disposed in the vicinity of that portion of the bottom surface of the hood which lies at the higher location thereof. A harmful gas generated around the electrode is smoothly guided to the inlet by a guide effect of the hood and sucked into the inlet.

Abstract: A halogen generator produces a halogen sanitizing agent to sanitize water in a spa or other water feature. A coaxial wall fitting desirably couples the halogen generator to the water feature. The halogen generator desirably includes a bipolar electrolytic cell in which a center electrode plate rotates between stationary anode and cathode plates. The bipolar electrode includes a plurality of vanes which motivate water flow between the anode and the cathode. The vanes on the rotating electrode also produce a flow of water through the generator. In this manner, the bipolar electrode functions as a impeller to pump water through the halogen generator. The vanes are positioned between the electrode and cathode, and are sufficiently spaced from the cathode to inhibit scale formation on the cathode. The vanes, however, generally do not contact the cathode when rotating.