Abstract: An electrocoagulation treatment device includes a plurality of spaced reaction plates disposed within a reaction chamber. A voltage is applied to selected reaction plates to create an electrical field within the electrocoagulation chamber. The plates are arranged vertically which induces a vertical flow of liquid through a device. The device includes various embodiments adapted for use as a large industrial unit, a portable unit or for use within the home. The voltage and amperage of the electrical field chamber may be adjusted by placing selected reaction plates in electrical contact with the voltage source. One embodiment is especially adapted for treatment of oil slop to remove water from the oil, and for treatment of seawater to desalinate the same.

Abstract: A method for continuously manufacturing lithium transition metal phosphates of the formula LiMPO4, comprising the steps of providing an aqueous reaction mixture containing LION, H3PO4, and a transition metal sulphate, converting the reaction mixture into a lithium transition metal phosphate, separating the solid lithium transition metal phosphate from the soluble part of the reaction mixture, subjecting the soluble part (diluate) to an electrodialysis, and isolating the part of the electrodialysate that contains an aqueous LiOH solution.

Abstract: In a method of decomposing partially fluorinated and perfluorinated surfactants which are, in particular, present in wastewater, sewage sludges and the like, the surfactant is present in solution or suspension and is electrolytically decomposed. An anodic oxidation of the surfactants preferably takes place here. The method is particularly suitable for decomposing perfluorinated alkylsulfonates, in particular PFOS. The invention also describes an apparatus for electrolytically decomposing partially fluorinated and perfluorinated surfactants.

Abstract: For substantially eliminating scale buildup in a water processing facility, a water treatment method having the steps: accepting a scale formation standard value amount of scale formation that would occur in the facility from a cubic meter of water; measuring water from a water source for total hardness, alkali hardness, pH, and temperature; and therewith substantially removing a calculated scale removal target quantity from each cubic meter of the water source water just prior to entry of said water into the facility. Essentially, just prior to entry of each quantity of predetermined water into a water flow-through processing facility, removing more than about 0.1% of dissolved scale from the water quantity albeit less than 10% of dissolved scale from the water quantity.

Abstract: The invention provides an improved method for creating at least two flows of water from a reactor, derived from substantially pH7 water, for various applications and having widely divergent pH readings between 2 and 14 without need for chemicals. In addition, the reactor generates said divergent flows without need of an RF or A/C generator.

Abstract: A method of purifying water is provided that includes applying a voltage to an electrolytic cell 10 that includes an anode 14, a cathode 16 and an alkaline electrolyte composition having a pH value of about 11 or less. The alkaline electrolyte composition 13 includes at least one waste metal ion to be reduced, and a sacrificial reductant, such as urea, ammonia or a combination thereof, to be oxidized. According to the disclosed method, the voltage is applied across the cathode 16 and the anode 14 and is sufficient to reduce the at least one waste metal ion to form at least one elemental metal species at the cathode 16, and to oxidize the sacrificial reductant at the anode 14. Additionally, the applied voltage does not affect the generation of hydrogen at the cathode 16 and/or oxygen at the anode 14.

Abstract: A method for sanitization of water in a swimming pool or the like comprises the steps of forming, in the pool water, an electrolyte solution containing from 1500 ppm to 9000 ppm of a soluble magnesium halide salt, treating the electrolyte solution in en electrolytic halogenation cell to form an aqueous solution of hypohalous acid and then returning the water so treated back to a swimming pool. A mixture of magnesium and potassium chlorides with small quantities of soluble alkaline earth metal bromide is particularly effective in the sanitization process.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and devices for the decontamination of fluid, particularly the removal of heavy metals and/or arsenic and/or their compounds from water, by means of electrolysis, wherein the water to be purified subjected to electrodes of different polarities. The invention can include means for control of the pH of the fluid. The invention can also include control systems that allow self-cleaning of electrodes, self-cleaning of filters, and automatic monitoring of maintenance conditions.

Abstract: An automatic, self-regulating method of water treatment for use in water circulating towers in which water is evaporated, and make up water is added, with components which synergistically function to cut chemical, energy, water, corrosion, pollution, and maintenance costs, by passing the water through a Water Conditioning unit to prevent adhering evaporation scale deposits along with their content of concentrated biofouling nutrients from forming on the flooded surfaces of the tower and its associated water flow circuit, adding a trace level of iodine to the input make-up water to enhance the further disinfection of nutrient-deprived surfaces from any residual biofilm and chance pathogen contaminations, and adding a trace level addition of zinc ions in the water such as by an assured treatment feeder to the input make-up flow for inhibiting residual iodine-resistant algal and bacterial organisms of hazard for restoring bionutrient tower conditions, such as within sun-lit environments, and apparatus for carryi

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of treating contaminated water containing microorganisms comprising feeding a contaminated water stream at a volumetric flow of about 1 to about 1000 m3/h through an electrolyser zone, said water stream having a conductivity from about 0.0001 to about 100 S/m, electrolysing said water stream in said electrolyser zone defined by at least one electrode pair enabling treatment of microorganisms, said at least one electrode pair comprising an anode and a cathode without separator means, said water stream being guided substantially perpendicularly through said at least one anode and cathode while imposing a voltage across said anode and cathode and supplying a direct current to said anode and cathode, withdrawing from the electrolyser zone a treated water stream. The invention also relates to an electrolytic cell in which said process can be performed, and to the use of the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: An apparatus (20) for treating contaminated water has an electrocoagulation reactor (26) and a clarifier (30) to receive the effluent of the reactor. The reactor has a reaction vessel (48) having an inlet (58) and an outlet (62), a sacrificial anode (64), a rotatable cathode (68) and a non-sacrificial anode (66). A first gap (70) between the sacrificial anode and the cathode comprises a first water treatment zone. A second gap (74) between the cathode and the non-sacrificial anode comprises the second water treatment zone. The water flow path is from the inlet to the first treatment zone, then to the second treatment zone and then to the outlet. In the clarifier, the reactor effluent is separated into cleaned water and the contaminated sludge.

Abstract: A method for treating a substance using an apparatus having: (a) a volute or cyclone head, (b) a throat connected to the volute or cyclone head, (c) a parabolic reflector connected to the throat, (d) a first wave energy source comprising a first electrode within the volute or cyclone head that extends through the outlet into the first opening of the throat along the central axis of the throat, and a second electrode extending into the parabolic reflector proximate to the focus wherein the second electrode is spaced apart and axially aligned with first electrode, and (e) a second wave energy source disposed inside the throat, embedded within the throat or disposed around the throat. The substance is supplied to the inlet of the volute or cyclone head and is irradiated with one or more wave energies produced by the first and second wave energy sources.

Abstract: Methods of and apparatuses for removing selenium from water. Sulfate and organics are first removed to discourage such materials from overwhelming subsequent processing of water to remove selenium.

Abstract: An electrocoagulation reactor for the treatment of wastewater. The electrocoagulation reactor typically engages a DC power source and a source of wastewater to be treated. It has a housing with walls and a wastewater inlet, and a treated wastewater outlet. There is at least one anode/cathode pair of oppositely charged spaced apart plates that engage the power source to charge the anode with a positive charge and the cathode with a negative charge. Between each anode/cathode pair is at least one segmented intermediate plate, which is not engaged to the power source of electrical energy, and which intermediate plate is segmented into multiple segments, which multiple segments lay generally in the same plane.

Abstract: Methods of and apparatuses for removing selenium from water. Sulfates and organics are first removed to discourage such materials from overwhelming subsequent processing of water to remove selenium.

Abstract: A device and method are provided for producing neutral electrolytic water usable in a wide range of fields and stable over long periods of time. In this invention, neutral electrolytic water is produced by an electrolysis process that applies a voltage of 1 volt to 30 volts, and current density of 5 A/dm2 to 300 A/dm2, from a direct current or pulsed current, to a liquid for processing comprised of water and at least one type of salt selected from a group consisting of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2 while vibrating that liquid at an amplitude from 0.01 to 15 millimeters at a period between 10 Hertz and 200 Hertz.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electrolytically producing oxidation reduction potential water from aqueous salt solutions for use in disinfection, sterilization, decontamination, wound cleansing. The apparatus includes an electrolysis unit having a three-compartment cell (22) comprising a cathode chamber (18), an anode chamber (16), and a saline solution chamber (20) interposed between the anode and cathode chambers. Two communicating (24, 26) membranes separate the three chambers. The center chamber includes a fluid flow inlet (21a) and outlet (21b) and contains insulative material that ensures direct voltage potential does not travel through the chamber. A supply of water flows through the cathode and anode chambers at the respective sides of the saline chamber. Saline solution flows through the center chamber, either by circulating a pre-prepared aqueous solution containing ionic species, or, alternatively, by circulating pure water or an aqueous solution of, e.g.

Abstract: An electrocoagulation treatment device includes a plurality of spaced reaction plates disposed within a reaction chamber. A voltage is applied to selected reaction plates to create an electrical field within the electrocoagulation chamber. The plates are arranged vertically which induces a vertical flow of liquid through a device. The voltage and amperage of the electrical field chamber may be adjusted by placing selected reaction plates in electrical contact with the voltage source. One embodiment is adapted for treatment of fluid containing soluble or particulate organic compounds recalcitrant to biodegradation, including nitrogenous contaminants, such as ammonia or an ammonium compounds. The device and method of the invention include the use of an oxidizing agent such as sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide to aid in the removal of organic contaminants.

Abstract: A hand-held spray apparatus is provided, which includes a tank for holding a supply of liquid to be treated and a functional generator carried by the hand-held spray apparatus. The functional generator receives the liquid from the tank and has an anode chamber and a cathode chamber separated by an ion exchange membrane and electrochemically activates the liquid that is passed through the functional generator. A spray output is coupled to an output of the functional generator and dispenses the electrochemically activated liquid as an output spray.

Abstract: The present invention provides electrocoagulation devices and methods for using the same to treat water to remove at least a portion of suspended, dissolved solids, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: An electrolyser (100) comprising an electrolysis cell stack (101) inside a pressure vessel (115), wherein the first terminal end plate (107a) of the cell stack is integral with one a closed ends of the pressure vessel, thus forming a stationary head (107) of the cell stack equipped with the fluid and electric connections, and the second terminal end plate (108a) of the cell stack is inside the vessel and is free to move in a longitudinal direction in response to thermal expansion or contraction, thus forming a floating head (108) of the stack. The pressure vessel (115) is preferably pressurized using a gaseous product obtained in the process of electrolysis.

Abstract: An electrochemically activated fluid is provided, which has an anolyte and a catholyte. For example, a sparged anolyte and a sparged catholyte are provided. In another example, a combined anolyte and catholyte is provided.

Abstract: An automated self-propelled pool cleaner having a housing, a water pump for moving water through the housing, drive means for moving the pool cleaner over the surface of the salt water pool to be cleaned, and an integral electrochemical chlorine generator mounted in the housing, includes a processor/controller that is programmed to activate the chlorine generator, the pump and drive means in predetermined operational sequences that minimize wear and tear on the water pump and drive means, while at the same time distribute and maintain a safe level of sanitizing chlorine in the pool, to thereby obviate the need for an in-line chlorinator or other chemical additive treatments; an optional automated sensor device can be provided to activate a secondary maintenance program which enables the pool cleaner to operate over prolonged periods of time as the sole means for filtering and sanitizing the pool water.

Abstract: Flow-through capacitors are provided with one or more charge barrier layers. Ions trapped in the pore volume of flow-through capacitors cause inefficiencies as these ions are expelled during the charge cycle into the purification path. A charge barrier layer holds these pore volume ions to one side of a desired flow stream, thereby increasing the efficiency with which the flow-through capacitor purifies or concentrates ions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are developed for separating the seawater into the caustic soda and fresh water by using green energy. The apparatus includes a water reservoir, a watercourse connected to one side of the water reservoir to flow the seawater through, positive and negative electrodes provided at the opposite sides of water reservoir and watercourse to electrolyze. At one side of the watercourse, the power is supplied to the electrodes, a solar light and a running water power generation are arranged for generating and supplying the electric power to the power supply. An evaporation tower evaporates the soda-containing water to separate caustic soda and fresh water from the water by electricity of vapor turbine generator. Thus, the present apparatus is capable to reduce the product cost of the fresh water and caustic soda, while it is preventing emission of the carbon dioxide from burning the fossil fuels without supplying the external power.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical water treatment, the electrode including a nanodiamond and a conducting agent.

Abstract: A method of reducing naphthenic acids in a wastewater stream. The method begins by processing the wastewater stream to produce a treated wastewater stream with an electrocoagulation device to induce flocculation of the naphthenic acids. The reduction of the naphthenic acids in the wastewater stream occurs from separating flocculated naphthenic acids to produce the treated wastewater stream.

Abstract: An electrolytic bath includes a shell, an upper cover joined on an upper end of the shell, an outer supporting member held in the shell, a hollow cylindrical positive electrode plate held in the outer supporting member, a hollow cylindrical negative electrode plate held in the positive electrode plate, an inner supporting member held in the negative electrode plate, a lower cover joined on a lower end of the shell, and a base member on a bottom of the lower cover; a space exists between the positive and the negative electrode plates; the electrolytic bath has a waste water outlet and a water outlet hole for acid waste water and alkaline water to flow out therethrough respectively; because the electrode plates are hollow cylindrical and completely open, they can't change shape easily, and there is no need for a separating plate, and scale can't form on the electrode plates easily.

Abstract: A photoelectrocatalytic oxidizing device having a photoanode being constructed from a conducting metal such as Ti as the support electrode. Alternatively, the photoanode is a composite electrode comprising a conducting metal such as Ti as the support electrode coated with a thin film of sintered nanoporous TiO2. The device is useful in methods for treating an aqueous solution such as groundwater, wastewater, drinking water, ballast water, aquarium water, and aquaculture water to reduce amounts of a contaminant. The method being directed at reducing the amount and concentration of contaminants in an aqueous solution comprising providing an aqueous solution comprising at least one contaminant, and, photoelectrocatalytically oxidizing the contaminant, wherein the contaminant is oxidized by a free radical produced by a photoanode constructed from an anatase polymorph of Ti, a rutile polymorph of Ti, or a nanoporous film of TiO2.

Abstract: A method of improving electrocoagulation (“EC”) treatment processes for treating waste water and similar applications. The method includes providing a variable power supply that outputs an alternating current (“AC”) to one or more EC treatment cells. The alternating current from the variable power supply is rectified before delivery to the EC cell. As an intermediate step between the variable power supply and rectification, the method described and claimed here uses a variable step down transformer to modify the output delivered to the EC cell.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of a saline water including: treating the water to adjust the salinity thereof and produce treated water having a predetermined salinity level; and directing at least a portion of the treated water having said predetermined salinity level to a bioreactor housing a microalgae for generating biomass; wherein said predetermined salinity level of the treated water is predicated by the specie of microalgae housed in the bioreactor.

Abstract: Nickel is recovered from pickling acid solutions of crude ore using boric acid as catalyst by ultrasound assisted electrolysis.

Abstract: A hand-held spray apparatus is provided, which includes a tank for holding a supply of liquid to be treated and a functional generator carried by the hand-held spray apparatus. The functional generator receives the liquid from the tank and has an anode chamber and a cathode chamber separated by an ion exchange membrane and electrochemically activates the liquid that is passed through the functional generator. A spray output is coupled to an output of the functional generator and dispenses the electrochemically activated liquid as an output spray.

Abstract: A water electrolysis apparatus includes: a solid electrolyte film; an anode; a cathode; and a flow path. The solid electrolyte film includes a first surface and a second surface opposite side of the first surface. The anode is provided to contact with the first surface in a first surface side. The cathode is provided to be separated from the second surface in a second surface side. The flow path is provided between the second surface and the cathode. Water can flow through the anode. Electrolytic solution can flow through the flow path.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing purified water. Treated water may be provided for domestic use wherein the water may be treated by removing selected dissolved species while retaining properties that may improve the properties or aesthetics of the water.

Abstract: A water treatment system provides treated water to a point of use by removing at least a portion of any hardness-causing species contained in water from a water source, such as municipal water, well water, brackish water and water containing foulants. The water treatment system typically receives water from the water source or a point of entry and purifies the water containing at least some undesirable species before delivering the treated water to a point of use. The water treatment system has a pressurized reservoir system in line with an electrochemical device such as an electrodeionization device. The water treatment system can have a controller for adjusting or regulating at least one operating parameter of the treatment system or a component of the water treatment system. The electrochemical device can be operated at a low current and low flow rate to minimize water splitting or polarization, which minimizes scale formation.

Abstract: A grey-water utilisation system for an aircraft for treating grey water from the lavatory basins to become odourless clear water used for flushing the toilets. Freight compartment drainage can be by way of drainage valves embedded in the fuselage, or alternatively, by way of removal by suction into a waste-water collection tank.

Abstract: The disinfection method of the present invention includes steps (i) and (ii). In step (i), a voltage is applied, in an aqueous liquid (21), between a counter electrode (13) and a first ion-adsorbing electrode (11) containing a first electrically conductive material (11a) capable of adsorbing an ion reversibly, thereby changing a pH of the aqueous liquid (21) to a value less than 5 or to a value greater than 9. In step (ii), the pH of the aqueous liquid 21 is adjusted to a range of 5 to 9.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of producing and using aluminum slurry containing aluminum particles having an extremely small size. In particular, a particle size that is small enough to freely flow through water filtration filters. Once the aluminum particles react with phosphorus, phosphates, and other contaminants, the resulting particles are large enough to be trapped by filters such that the contaminants can be easily removed. The aluminum slurry is created by the use of a unique process which rapidly transforms electrically charged aluminum plates into slurry. The resulting slurry is then added to the body of water where it disperses throughout the water and flocculates with the contaminants. The resulting clumps produced by the reaction are large enough to be trapped by filters in the water treatment facility.

Abstract: Provided is an electrolytic disinfection system and method for purifying water. The electrolytic disinfection system includes; an electrolytic disinfection device which includes; a chamber, a first electrode disposed in the chamber, a second electrode disposed in the chamber and spaced apart from the first electrode, a water inlet part connected to the chamber, wherein the water inlet part allows influent water to be introduced to the chamber therethrough, and a water outlet part connected to the chamber, wherein the water outlet part allows the influent water to be discharged from the chamber therethrough, and an influent water heating device which is disposed upstream of the water inlet part and heats the influent water introduced to the chamber through the water inlet part.

Abstract: A cell for use in an electrolysis unit includes a back wall, a side wall extending upwardly from and around a periphery of the back wall to define an inner region of the cell, an electrode disposed on the back wall within the inner region to divide at least a portion of the inner region into first and second regions is disclosed.

Abstract: An electrolytic method for treatment of water to increase the dissolved oxygen content, the method including: (a) contacting the water with at least one first electrode device; (b) providing at least one second electrode device in non-physical, electrical contact with the water; (c) introducing an oxidant to the water, and (d) passing an electric current between the second electrode device and the first electrode device, so as to establish an electric field in the water of sufficient strength and duration to effect the electrolytic dissociation of the water to produce dissolved oxygen and/or hydrogen species.

Abstract: A two-in-one copper chloride/copper bromide disinfector and a method of controlling the same. In operation, when copper is released, the positive and negative electrodes of a copper billet are periodically reversed, while the positive and negative electrodes of a titanium plate/graphite polar plate are in an uncharged state. When chlorine/bromine is released, the positive and negative electrodes of a titanium plate/graphite polar plate are periodically reversed, while the positive and negative electrodes of the copper billet are short-connected, then connected to the negative electrode of the titanium plate/graphite polar plate, or applied thereon with an electric voltage that is lower than the electric voltage of the negative electrode of the titanium plate/graphite polar plate. With this method, the copper billet out of operation is shorted-connected to the negative electrode of the titanium plate/graphite polar plate or connected to an electric voltage that is lower than that of the negative electrode.

Abstract: A portable apparatus for treating polluted water by electrocoagulation. The apparatus comprising at least two electrodes (1,2). The apparatus also includes a housing (4), electrically isolated from the at least two electrodes (1,2), to which the at least two electrodes (1,2) are fixed spaced apart from one another. When the at least two second electrodes (1,2) are at least partly submerged in the polluted water and provided with an electrical potential, one of the at least two electrodes (2) is sacrificial so as to provide ions to the polluted water.

Abstract: The present invention deals with a device for quick estimation of biochemical oxygen demand of beverage waste water. This device consists of an immobilized microbial membrane attached to an electrode, multimeter and a laptop workstation installed with a developed software. BOD measurement of beverage waste water using this device is rapid, reproducible and effective as compared to conventional titration based methods. This device also excludes COD estimation as required for BOD estimation of waste water. This bio-electrochemical device may find wide commercial application in beverage industries emanating waste waters.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electric double layer capacitor electrochemical cylinder (11) made up of concentric layers of capacitors (16), current collectors (14a, 14b, 14c), ion specific membranes (18, 18a, 18b) and dielectric spacer (20) wrapped around an inner support tube (12) that can be used as a high capacitance capacitor and to remove dissolved solids from a liquid stream such as water, acid, aqueous or non-aqueous.

Abstract: A chlorine treatment apparatus includes a housing with a cavity containing a chlorine generator for chlorinating a liquid such as water and at least three openings to the cavity. The chlorine generator may be an electrolytic cell. Some embodiments may include one or more plugs for closing the openings. The plugs may be keyed to operate with only certain of the openings. Yet other embodiments may include sensors for monitoring various aspects of the liquid such as temperature, salinity, flow rate, and chlorine concentration.

Abstract: A mediated electrochemical oxidation process and apparatus are used to process biological and organic materials to provide hydrogen and oxygen for use as fuel in numerous types of equipment. Waste materials are introduced into an apparatus for contacting the waste with an electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one or more reversible redox couples, at least one of which is produced electrochemically by anodic oxidation at the anode of an electrochemical cell. The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the organic waste molecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they are reoxidized and the redox cycle continues until all oxidizable waste species have undergone the desired degree of oxidation. The entire process takes place at temperatures to avoid any possible formation of either dioxins or furans. The oxidation process may be enhanced by the addition of ultrasonic energy and/or ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract: An electrochemical device including: (a) a semiconductor layer, wherein the semiconductor is silicon or silicon carbide, and where the layer has a thickness from 1 to 1000 ?m; (b) a TiO2 layer on the semiconductor layer, where the layer may include an alkaline earth oxide MO up to an amount where the layer is MtiO3, and where the layer has a thickness from 5 nm to 1 mm; (c) a grid of inert metal on the TiO2 layer, arranged so as to be able to apply a electric field across the TiO2 layer; and (d) an ohmic contact on the semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A method of converting seawater, waste water, brackish water and polluted water to fresh water, referred to as “The Rosenbaum-Weisz Process”, is disclosed. This method utilizes high temperature electrolysis to decompose the seawater into hydrogen, oxygen and salts/minerals. The generated hydrogen and oxygen are then combusted in a high temperature combustor to generate superheated steam. The heat from the superheated steam is then removed by a high temperature heat exchanger system and recycled to the high temperature electrolysis unit. The superheated steam is then condensed, as a result of the heat extraction by the heat exchanger system, to produce fresh water. The recovered salts/minerals can be sold to generate additional revenue.