Abstract: A biosensor (102) for determining the presence or amount of a substance in a sample and methods of use of the biosensor (102) are provided. The biosensor (102) for receiving a user sample to be analyzed includes a mixture for electrochemical reaction with an analyte. The mixture includes an enzyme, a mediator and an oxidizable species as an internal reference.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrode useful in electrochemical nanobiosensors for determining the presence or concentration of analytes in aqueous samples. In particular, the electrode comprises a biocatalyst or other bioreceptor entrapped in a conducting polymeric film deposited on a conducting material and a non-conducting or conducting coating. In particular embodiments, the conducting polymeric layer also comprises metallic nanoparticles. Electrochemical nanobiosensors containing the electrode, methods of making the electrode or sensor and methods of detecting analytes are other aspects of the invention.

Abstract: An adhesive composition for use in devices and methods for measuring a presence or a concentration of a particular component, such as an antigen, in a sample, such as blood, are provided. In one exemplary embodiment of an adhesive composition, the composition includes an adhesive, water, a poloxamer, and an anticoagulant. The adhesive can include particular properties, such as being hydrophilic, pressure-sensitive, heat-activated, and/or water soluble. The adhesive is particularly useful because it can help improve the flow of sample a device. For example, when the device is an immunosensor, the adhesive can help prevent the blood from clotting in chambers of the immunosensor. This results in a more efficient and accurate determination of the concentration of the sample. Methods of making the composition and device in which the composition can be used are provided, as are methods of using the same.

Abstract: An electrochemical test strip is formed from a first insulating substrate layer, a second substrate layer, and an intervening insulating spacer layer. An opening in the insulating spacer layer defines a test cell which is in contact with the inner surface of the first substrate on one side and the inner surface of the second substrate on the other side. The size of the test cell is determined by the area of substrate exposed and the thickness of the spacer layer. Working and counter electrodes appropriate for the analyte to be detected are disposed on the first insulating substrate in a location within the test cell. The working and counter electrodes are associated with conductive leads that allow The second substrate is conductive at least in a region facing the working and counter electrodes. No functional connection of this conductive surface of the second substrate to the meter is required.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of measuring a component in blood, by which an amount of the component can be corrected accurately by measuring a hematocrit (Hct) value of the blood with high accuracy and high reliability and also provides a sensor used in the method. The method of measuring a component in blood using a biosensor comprising a first electrode system including a first working electrode on which at least an oxidoreductase that acts upon the component and a mediator are provided and a first counter electrode and a second working electrode on which the mediator is not provided. The first working electrode and the first counter electrode are used for obtaining the amount of the component and the second working electrode and the first working electrode are used for obtaining the amount of the blood cells.

Abstract: Sensors, processes for manufacturing the sensors, and processes of detecting a target molecule with the sensor generally includes a substrate including a channel and first and second electrodes electrically connected to the channel, wherein the channel includes a monolayer of surface functionalized graphene or surface functionalized carbon nanotubes, wherein the surface functionalized graphene or surface functionalized carbon nanotubes include an imidazolidone compound.

Abstract: This invention relates to a sensor for detecting a stem cell differentiation, including (a) an electrode; and (b) a substrate of an alkaline phosphatase. The phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of the substrate for an alkaline phosphatase as a stem cell undifferentiation marker which dephosphorylates its substrate may be measured using an electrical signal in the present sensor. Therefore, the sensor of the present invention enables to electrically detect a stem cell status in a high-throughput manner and to determine the stem cell differentiation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of measuring a component in blood, by which the amounts of blood cells and an interfering substance can be measured with high accuracy and high reliability and the amount of the component can be corrected accurately based on the amounts of the blood cells and the interfering substance. In a sensor for measuring a blood component, a first working electrode 13 measures a current that flows during a redox reaction of a blood component, a second working electrode 17 measures the amount of blood cells, and a third working electrode 12 measures the amount of an interfering substance. Next, based on the measurement results, the amount of the blood component to be measured is corrected. Thus, more accurate and precise measurement of the amount of the blood component can be realized.

Abstract: A biosensor is disclosed comprising a support; a conductive layer composed of an electrical conductive material such as a noble metal, for example gold or palladium, and carbon; slits parallel to and perpendicular to the side of the support; working, counter, and detecting electrodes; a spacer which covers the working, counter, and detecting electrodes on the support; a rectangular cutout in the spacer forming a specimen supply path; an inlet to the specimen supply path; a reagent layer formed by applying a reagent containing an enzyme to the working, counter, and detecting electrodes, which are exposed through the cutout in the spacer; and a cover over the spacer. The biosensor can be formed by a simple method, and provides a uniform reagent layer on the electrodes regardless of the reagent composition.

Abstract: Electrochemical sensors for measurement of an analyte comprising an analyte sensing membrane comprising at least one salt of acetate ion, carbonate ion, bicarbonate ion, or mixtures thereof. Sensor testing methods comprising contacting an electrochemical sensor with an aqueous solution comprising at least one salt of acetate ion, carbonate ion, bicarbonate ion, or mixtures thereof and contacting the electrochemical sensor with one or more concentrations of analyte, the one or more concentrations of analyte being in the clinical concentration range of the analyte.

Abstract: A biosensor for detecting an analyte in a sample of body fluid and methods for manufacturing the biosensor are disclosed. In one embodiment, a biosensor includes at least two electrical conductors embedded within an electrically insulating test element body. The electrical conductors are exposed at two ends of the test element body and a reagent, for example a reagent adapted to test for blood glucose, is applied to one end. In one form, the test element body is cylindrical with a circular or non-circular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, the test elements are manufactured by a resin pultrusion process in which resin embedded with electrical conductors is dried or cured, shaped and cut into segments, and reagent applied to one end of each segment.

Abstract: An electrochemical test sensor for detecting the analyte concentration of a fluid test sample includes a base, a dielectric layer, a reagent layer and a lid. The base provides a flow path for the test sample having on its surface a counter electrode and a working electrode adapted to electrically communicate with a detector of electrical current. The dielectric layer forms a dielectric window therethrough. The reagent layer includes an enzyme that is adapted to react with the analyte. The lid is adapted to mate with the base and to assist in forming a capillary space with an opening for the introduction of the test sample thereto. At least a portion of the width of the counter electrode is greater than the width of the working electrode.

Abstract: Methods of determining a corrected analyte concentration in view of some error source are provided herein. The methods can be utilized for the determination of various analytes and/or various sources of error. In one example, the method can be configured to determine a corrected glucose concentration in view of an extreme level of hematocrit found within the sample. In other embodiments, methods are provided for identifying various system errors and/or defects. For example, such errors can include partial-fill or double-fill situations, high track resistance, and/or sample leakage. Systems are also provided for determining a corrected analyte concentration and/or detecting some system error.

Abstract: The invention relates to electrodes for electrochemical analysis comprising: —an insulating surface; —carbon nanotubes situated on the insulating surface at a density of at least 0.1 ?mCNT Um?2; and —an electrically conducting material in electrical contact with the carbon nanotubes; wherein the carbon nanotubes cover an area of no more than about 5.0% of the insulating surface. Methods of making such electrodes and assay devices or kits with such electrodes, are also provided.

Abstract: Described are methods and systems to apply a plurality of test voltages to the test strip and measure a current transient output resulting from an electrochemical reaction in a test chamber of the test strip so that highly accurate glucose concentration can be determined.

Abstract: Testing of the performance of an electrochemical meter used to measure the presence of an analyte in a biological sample, particularly glucose in whole blood, includes introducing a control solution containing a predetermined amount of the analyte and a predetermined amount of an internal reference compound. The internal reference compound is selected such that it is oxidized at a potential greater than that used to oxidize the analyte, thereby making it possible to distinguish the control solution from a biological sample.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of measuring sample reaction results on a biosensor having a working electrode and other electrodes, including: applying voltage between the working electrode and each of the other electrodes and detecting the amount of current flowing through the working electrode to determine whether or not a sample is injected; applying voltage between the working electrode and one of the other electrodes and re-detecting the amount of current flowing through the working electrode; and acquiring and displaying a concentration value as a sample reaction result corresponding to the amount of detected current.

Abstract: A method for wetting a nanopore device includes filling a first cavity of the nanopore device with a first buffer solution having a first potential hydrogen (pH) value, filling a second cavity of the nanopore device with a second buffer solution having a second pH value, wherein the nanopore device includes a transistor portion having a first surface, an opposing second surface, and an orifice communicative with the first surface and the second surface, the first surface partially defining the first cavity, the second surface partially defining the second cavity, applying a voltage in the nanopore device, and measuring a current in the nanopore device, the current having a current path partially defined by the first cavity, the second cavity, and the orifice.

Abstract: The present invention provides a biosensor having a code electrode, a method for manufacturing the same, and a method for obtaining sensor information on the same, in which a code electrode for providing sensor information such as correction information, the type of biosensor, etc. is provided in each biosensor such that a measuring device can obtain necessary information on each biosensor from the code electrode, thus solving a variety of conventional problems.

Abstract: A method for operating a measurement for a sample on an electrochemical test strip including at least two electrodes is provided. The method includes steps of applying a first voltage between the two electrodes during an interference-removal period after an incubation period succeeding a moment when the sample is detected, and applying a second voltage between the two electrodes during a test period, wherein the first voltage is larger than the second voltage, the first voltage includes one of a first fixed voltage and a first set of plural pulse voltages, and the second voltage includes a second fixed voltage.

Abstract: A system for analyzing a liquid is provided. The system comprises: an electrochemical unit having an electrochemical microchamber for receiving a sample of the liquid and electrochemically analyzing the sample; and a microfluidic unit being attached to the electrochemical unit and having microchannels constituted for sampling the sample in situ and feeding the sample to the electrochemical microchamber. Also provided are nucleic acid constructs and cells comprising same for analyte detection.

Abstract: The cell observation using a conventional well plate takes much costs. Each well 3 being opened at a top plate 2a of the well plate 1 has a diameter reduced portion 32 which inner circumferential surface 32a is conically hollowed. At a lower portion of the diameter reduced portion 32 is formed an inserting hole 33. In a detecting portion 4, an outer circumferential surface of a round-bar reference electrode 41 is covered by an insulating portion 42. The detecting portion 4 has an upper end portion 4a and a lower end portion 4b which outer circumferential surface is exposed to an outside without being covered by an insulating portion 42. On an upper side above the lower end portion 4b is formed a diameter expanded portion 4c in which an outer circumferential surface of the insulating portion 42 is covered with a measuring electrode 43. The detecting portion 4 is fixed to a well 3 whose diameter expanded portion 4c is inserted into an inserting hole 33 and its upper end portion 4a is contained in the well 3.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the present invention, an electrochemical sensor (10) for detecting the concentration of analyte in a fluid test sample is disclosed. The sensor (10) includes a counter electrode having a high-resistance portion for use in detecting whether a predetermined amount of sample has been received by the test sensor.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes an electrochemical proximity assay (ECPA) which leverages two aptamer or antibody-oligonucleotide probes and proximity-dependent DNA hybridization to move a redox active molecule near an electrically conductive base. The ECPA of the present disclosure produces rapid, quantitative results, enabling point-of-care use in the detection of biomarkers of disease.

Abstract: The claimed subject matter relates to the stabilization of 1,2-quinone mediators, especially those containing 1,10-phenanthroline quinone (PQ) and more especially transition metal complexes of PQ, in the presence of enzymes when contained in dry reagent layers for biosensor electrodes, through the use of various metal salts, particularly those of lithium.

Abstract: A biosensor (102) for determining the presence or amount of a substance in a sample and methods of use of the biosensor (102) are provided. The biosensor (102) for receiving a user sample to be analyzed includes a mixture for electrochemical reaction with an analyte. The mixture includes an enzyme, a mediator and an oxidizable species as an internal reference.

Abstract: Voltage is applied across a counter electrode and a working electrode, with which a blood sample is in contact, in such a state that an oxidant in a redox substance is not substantially in contact with a working electrode but is in contact with a counter electrode and a reductant is not substantially in contact with the counter electrode but is in contact with the working electrode, whereby the reductant and the oxidant are respectively oxidized and reduced to measure current produced upon the oxidation and reduction. According to the above constitution, while lowering the voltage applied across the working electrode and the counter electrode, the Hct value of the blood sample can be measured stably with a satisfactory detection sensitivity. This measurement can be carried out with a sensor chip comprising a working electrode (11), a counter electrode (12), and a blood sample holding part (14) having branch parts (18a, 18b).

Abstract: A method of measuring an analyte in a biological fluid comprises applying an excitation signal having a DC component and an AC component. The AC and DC responses are measured; a corrected DC response is determined using the AC response; and a concentration of the analyte is determined based upon the corrected DC response. Other methods and devices are disclosed.

Abstract: The blood glucose analysis technique and system described herein address the issue of hematocrit interference when rapidly detecting glucose concentrations. It addresses this issue by using a differential pulse voltammetry technique in which short high, frequency voltage pulses are applied to keep the diffusion layer within the reagent of the working electrode, and the pulses are applied in a limited voltage window (or range) that is below the peak, diffusion-limited current. The readings below the peak are then used to determine glucose concentrations. With this technique, glucose concentrations can be determined relatively fast (e.g., within 5 seconds) and independently of the hematocrit levels of the fluid being analyzed.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor strip has a base and a first electrode and a second electrode on the base. An oxidoreductase enzyme and a mediator are on the first electrode, and a soluble redox species is on the second electrode. The soluble redox species may be an organotransition metal complex, a transition metal coordination complex, an electroactive organic molecule, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides aromatic-cationic peptide compositions and methods of using the same. The methods comprise use of the peptides in electron transport and electrical conductance.

Abstract: Described are methods and systems to apply a plurality of test voltages to the test strip and measure at least a current transient output resulting from an electrochemical reaction in a test chamber of the test strip so that a glucose concentration can be determined that are generally insensitive to other substances in the body fluid sample that could affect the precision and accuracy of the glucose concentration.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system of biosensors whose dose-response curves are maintained within a predetermined and desired range or tolerance during production by selecting a feature of the biosensors that can be varied during production. For example, in one exemplary embodiment the effective area of the working electrode of an electrochemical biosensor can be varied during production as needed to offset variations that occur, e.g., in the reagent of the biosensors as production proceeds. In another exemplary embodiment, the dose-response curve of biosensors not yet produced can be predicted and one or more features of these biosensors can be selected to maintain the dose-response curve within a predetermined range or tolerance.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for performing a discrete glucose testing and bolus dosage determination including a glucose meter with bolus calculation function are provided.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a sensor membrane. The sensor membrane comprises one or more conversion layers wherein the one or more conversion layers are capable of converting a non-charged analyte into a charged species, one or more polymeric layers wherein the one or more polymeric layers act as matrices to host the one or more conversion layers and wherein the one or more conversion layers and one or more polymeric layers create oppositely charged regions within the membrane.

Abstract: A method of measuring a quantity of a substrate contained in sample liquid is provided. This method can reduce measurement errors caused by a biosensor. The biosensor includes at least a pair of electrodes on an insulating board and is inserted into a measuring device which includes a supporting section for supporting detachably the biosensor, plural connecting terminals to be coupled to the respective electrodes, and a driving power supply which applies a voltage to the respective electrodes via the connecting terminals. One of the electrodes of the biosensor is connected to the first and second connecting terminals of the measuring device only when the biosensor is inserted into the measuring device in a given direction, and has a structure such that the electrode becomes conductive between the first and second connecting terminals due to a voltage application by the driving power supply.

Abstract: A biosensor with an underfill recognition system assesses whether to analyze a sample for one or more analytes in response to the volume of the sample. The underfill recognition system applies polling and test excitation signals to the sample. The polling signals generate one or more polling output signals, which maybe used to detect when a sample is present and to determine whether the sample has sufficient volume for analysis. The test excitation signal generates one or more test output signals, which may be used to determine one or more analyte concentrations in the sample.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrochemical sensor strips and methods of determining the concentration of an analyte in a sample or improving the performance of a concentration determination. The electrochemical sensor strips may include at most 8 ?g/mm2 of a mediator. The strips, the strip reagent layer, or the methods may provide for the determination of a concentration value having at least one of a stability bias of less than ±10% after storage at 50° C. for 4 weeks when compared to a comparison strip stored at ?20° C. for 4 weeks, a hematocrit bias of less than ±10% for whole blood samples including from 20 to 60% hematocrit, and an intercept to slope ratio of at most 20 mg/dL. A method of increasing the performance of a quantitative analyte determination also is provided.

Abstract: A bio material receiving device includes a thin film transistor (“TFT”) including a drain electrode, and a nano well accommodating a bio material. The drain electrode includes the nano well. The TFT may be a bottom gate TFT or a top gate TFT. A nano well array may include a plurality of bio material receiving devices. In a method of operating the bio material receiving device, each of the bio material receiving devices may be individually selected in the nano well array. When the bio material is accommodated in the selected bio material receiving device, a voltage is applied so that another bio material is not accommodated.

Abstract: The present invention provides a linker for joining an electrode and a capture probe on a biochip, and a biochip comprising the linker. The impedance baseline of the linker of the present invention is three orders lower than the conventional long chain thiol linker when adopting in a fadaraic impedance biochip construction. With lower impedance baseline, the device designed to measure the signal of the biochip of the present invention could be further simplied on the electrical circuit design and be made in lower cost, compacter size and get the potential to be used in point-of-care applications. The present invention also provides a method of quantitatively detecting a concentration of a target analyte in a fluid sample by adopting the biochip and the linker of present invention.

Abstract: The presence of a select analyte in the sample is evaluated in an an electrochemical system using a conduction cell-type apparatus. A potential or current is generated between the two electrodes of the cell sufficient to bring about oxidation or reduction of the analyte or of a mediator in an analyte-detection redox system, thereby forming a chemical potential gradient of the analyte or mediator between the two electrodes After the gradient is established, the applied potential or current is discontinued and an analyte-independent signal is obtained from the relaxation of the chemical potential gradient. The analyte-independent signal is used to correct the analyte-dependent signal obtained during application of the potential or current.

Abstract: A biosensor strip having a low profile for reducing the volume of liquid sample needed to perform an assay. In one embodiment, the biosensor strip includes an electrode support; an electrode arrangement on the electrode support; a cover; a sample chamber; and an incompressible element placed between the cover and the electrode support, the incompressible element providing an opening in at least one side or in the distal end of the sample chamber to provide at least one vent in the sample chamber. In another embodiment, the biosensor strip has an electrode support; an electrode arrangement on the electrode support; a cover; and a sample chamber, the cover having a plurality of openings formed therein, at least one of the openings in register with the sample chamber. The invention further includes methods for preparing such a biosensor strips in a continuous manner.

Abstract: Fluid analyte sensors include a photoelectrocatalytic element that is configured to be exposed to the fluid, if present, and to respond to photoelectrocatalysis of at least one analyte in the fluid that occurs in response to impingement of optical radiation upon the photoelectrocatalytic element. A semiconductor light emitting source is also provided that is configured to impinge the optical radiation upon the photoelectrocatalytic element. Related solid state devices and sensing methods are also described.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrochemical devices and methods for detecting, measuring or monitoring gene expression by detecting hybridization of nucleic acids to arrays. A support wafer with at least one immobilized detection spot is joined with a well-generating wafer to form a sample well above each detection spot. Electrodes transmit electrical impulses upon sample detection from the sample well to an output connector, which are then read by an automated measurement device. The electrode is disposed on either the support wafer, well generating wafer, or on an electrode support wafer. An enzyme-associated probe detects hybridization of molecules to the array, through generation of electrical impulses. Optionally, electron transport mediators and dyes are used in conjunction with the enzyme to aid in detection.

Abstract: A sensor system, device, and methods for determining the concentration of an analyte in a sample is described. Gated voltammetric pulse sequences including multiple duty cycles of sequential excitations and relaxations may provide a shorter analysis time and/or improve the accuracy and/or precision of the analysis. The disclosed pulse sequences may reduce analysis errors arising from the hematocrit effect, variance in cap-gap volumes, non-steady-state conditions, mediator background, a single set of calibration constants, under-fill, and changes in the active ionizing agent content of the sensor strip.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting dried test strips are provided, where a dried test strip may be one that has been re-inoculated with a biological sample after having already been previously inoculated with another sample at an earlier time (e.g., hours or days before). In various aspects, a biosensor such as an amperometric glucose biosensor (“meter”) may apply one or more input electrical signals to an inoculated test strip having at least a pair of electrodes in contact with the biological sample. The meter may measure output current value(s) resulting in response to the input electrical signals applied to the test strip. The meter may determine whether the test strip is a dried test strip by comparing a ratio of the measured output current value(s) with a boundary ratio value.

Abstract: This invention describes methods for detecting target analytes by utilizing an electroactive moiety (EAM) that functions as a substrate for a specific enzyme. If target analyte is present, a functional group is enzymatically removed from a transition metal complex resulting in quantifiable electrochemical signal at two unique potentials, Eo1 and Eo2 that is detected through a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on an electrode.

Abstract: A sensor apparatus is disclosed herein. The sensor apparatus includes a flexible carrier that is elongated along a length of the carrier. The sensor apparatus also includes a plurality of analysis zones carried by the carrier. The analysis zones are spaced-apart from one another along the length of the carrier. The sensor apparatus further includes first and second spaced-apart electrodes carried by the flexible carrier. The first and second electrodes have lengths that extend along the length of the carrier. At least one of the first and second electrodes includes analyte sensing chemistry. The first and second electrodes extending across and contact the plurality of analysis zones.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to novel methods for performing a solution based assay reaction with an electroactive active moiety (EAM) that subsequently forms a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) utilizing the advantages of faster solution reaction kinetics, SAM protected electrode and surface based electrochemistry for electronic measurement.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide and optionally other biomarkers in a gaseous mixture, and in particular to a microfabricated device. The device comprises hydrogen peroxide capturing means and an electromechanical sensor comprising a sensing element in direct contact with the capturing means. The device further comprises means to measure the potential of the sensing element and/or the current through it as a result of a changing hydrogen peroxide concentration in the gaseous mixture. The device also comprises cooling/heating means for cooling and/or heating the capturing means. The device is preferably applied for online measurement of the hydrogen peroxide content in exhaled air.