Abstract: There is provided a catalyst comprising at least one hydrogenation metal, such as Ni and Mo, supported on a delaminated layered silicate, such as kenyaite, which has been swollen and calcined. There is also provided a method for making this catalyst. There is further provided a process for using this catalyst to demetalize a petroleum feedstock, such as a gas oil.

Abstract: A method of extracting iron species from a liquid hydrocarbon medium comprising adding to the medium a composition comprised of an aminocarboxylic acid, methoxypropylamine and a solvent selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylhexanol, cresylic acid, ethylene glycol and hexylene glycol.

Abstract: Heavy metal compounds, particularly vanadium pentoxide, are recovered from petroleum coke by combusting the coke under conditions constraining the temperatures to within the range 680.degree. C. to 1400.degree. C., collecting the ash which is then subjected to a known process for the extraction of the metallic compounds.Whilst the combustion process may be achieved in a fluidised bed furnace, higher recovery rates are likely to be achieved utilising a tubular furnace chamber inclined at 10.degree. to horizontal. dried petroleum coke, ground to fine powder (ASTM 75 micron, or less) is entrained into a primary air flow injected tangentially into the chamber through ports together with secondary air sufficient to maintain an oxidising atmosphere. Molten slag is deposted on the chamber wall by centrifugal action and drained from the chamber to fall on a rotating steel drum immersed in a water trough. A scraper removes the slag from the drug as flakes which are removed from the water trough using a screw conveyor.

Abstract: Methods of diminishing the benzene content of the effluent wash water in a two stage crude oil desalting system are disclosed. The first stage desalter is operated at "low", near ambient temperatures with decreased mixing of crude oil and wash water and increased addition of demulsifier. The second stage is operated at "hot" temperatures of prior processes with increased mixing of the crude oil and wash water. The effluent wash water has a substantially diminished benzene content compared to prior two-stage desalting systems.

Abstract: A method for removing arsenic and/or phosphorus from a petroleum charge with a retaining material comprising:(a) from 60 to 97% of a carrier containing, by weight, from 1.5 to 60% of oxide of at least one metal A selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, dissolved in alumina in the form of aluminate, and from 40 to 98.5% of at least one alumina,(b) from 3 to 40% of nickel oxide, with which the carrier is impregnated by exchange or depositing, and(c) possibly from 0 to 1% of platinum and/or palladium oxide with which the carrier is impregnated.

Abstract: Method of breaking the desalter emulsion in a crude oil desalting system in which oil based demulsifiers are added to the wash water stream and mixed prior to contacting the crude oil. The method is effective for crude oils which form reverse (oil-in-water) emulsions when mixed with the wash water at the process temperature.

Abstract: A process for the production of distillate hydrocarbon from atmospheric fractionation residue and waste lubricants by means of contacting the waste lubricant with a hot hydrogen-rich gaseous stream to increase the temperature of this feed stream to vaporize at least a portion of the distillable hydrocarbonaceous compounds thereby producing a distillable hydrocarbonaceous stream which is immediately hydrogenated in an integrated hydrogenation zone. The vaporization of the waste oil is also conducted in the presence of a vacuum fractionation residue which is produced in the integrated process. The resulting effluent from the integrated hydrogenation zone and a distillable hydrocarbon stream recovered from the atmospheric fraction residue is catalytically converted to produce lower molecular weight hydrocarbon compounds.

Abstract: A process for hydrotreating a hydrocarbon oil contaminated with suspended solid particles and dissolved metallic compounds, comprising the contacting of the oil at an elevated temperature in the presence of hydrogen with porous inorganic oxide particles having a surface area of 1 m.sup.2 /g or less and a pore volume of at least 0.1 ml/g in pores having a diameter of at least 10 microns.

Abstract: Impregnated carbon adsorbents for the removal of mercury from liquid hydrocarbons are used in a variety of applications. The activated carbon impregnated adsorbents in the present invention remain effective in removing mercury. Generally, these activated carbons are comprised of an activated carbon adsorbent impregnated with a composition containing metal halide or other reducing halide, supplemented according to the desired characteristics with other elements. The formulation of the impregnants in the present invention can be varied to adjust the performance characteristics so as to meet the desired mercury removal performance criteria, to achieve enhanced removal of organic bound mercury from liquid hydrocarbon, and to have other advantages useful in a variety of applications. These impregnated carbon adsorbents possess desirable qualities regarding their ability to remove even trace levels of mercury from liquid hydrocarbon without a leaching effect of the impregnants used.

Abstract: There is provided a process for demetallizing hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as resids or shale oil. The process uses a catalyst comprising at least one hydrogenation metal, such as nickel and molybdenum, and an ultra-large pore oxide material. This ultra-large pore oxide material may have uniformly large pores, e.g., having a size of about 40 Angstroms in diameter.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved catalytic process for carrying out heavy hydrocarbon conversion, usually, but not necessarily, in the presence of nickel and vanadium on the catalyst and in the feedstock, by catalytic cracking gas oils and heavy carbometallic oils to lighter molecular weight fractions. The process is facilitated by the continuous addition of one or more heavy rare earth additives, including gadolinum, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, and thulium, all having exceptionally high paramagnetic properties, which as they accumulate on aged catalyst, are used to achieve enhanced magnetic separation of aged catalyst. These additives are unusual in that they not only act dramatically as magnetic hooks to assist in removing old, nickel and vanadium poisoned catalyst, but also act to achieve increased activity and improve selectivity of the remaining catalyst, and of equal importance, tend to resist catalyst deactivation.

Abstract: A process for removal of arsenic from a hydrocarbon stream containing arsenic together with mercaptan and non-mercaptan sulfur compounds. The hydrocarbon stream is passed through at least two mercaptan oxidizing reactors in series wherein the mercaptans are oxidized to disulfides to produce a low mercaptan liquid containing no more than 1.5 ppm sulfur as mercaptans. The low mercaptan liquid is passed over an arsenic sorbent catalyst containing less than 20 weight percent gamma alumina to selectively sorb arsenic substantially without sorbing non-mercaptan sulfur compounds.

Abstract: Process for the treatment of a hydrocarbon fraction containing metals and comprising the following stages: (a) the said hydrocarbon fraction is treated in the presence of mean density particles (d.sub.o) under conditions for eliminating at least partly the metals contained therein and deposits of said metals on at least one fraction of said solid particles; (b) at least part of the solid particles from stage (a), whose mean density is (d.sub.i) is drawn off; (c) said solid particles from stage (b) are magnetohydrostatically separated by introducing said solid particles into a ferrofluid placed in a non-uniform magnetic field and creating a vertical magnetic field, whose intensity is adjusted in such a way that the apparent mean density (d.sub.af) of the ferrofluid permits the separation of said solid particles into at least one mean density fraction (d.sub.i) below said apparent mean density (d.sub.af) of the ferrofluid and into at least one mean density fraction (d.sub.s) above said mean apparent density (d.

Abstract: We disclose a process for removing calcium from a hydrocarbon feed having at least 1 ppm oil-soluble calcium. It comprises employing a catalyst layer characterized as a fixed bed of catalyst particles, a high volume percent of their pore volume in the form of macropores above 1000 Angstrom in diameter, or an average mesopore diameter of 100-800 .ANG., low surface area, and low hydrogenation activity, and the inclusion of Group I metals, in particular potassium, on the catalyst base.

Abstract: A process for removing calcium from a hydrocarbon feed having at least 1 ppm oil-soluble calcium. The process employs a catalyst system, comprising catalyst particles, wherein a high volume percent of the catalyst particles are in the form of mesopores (less than 1000 Angstrom in diameter), low surface area, low hydrogenation activity, and th inclusion of Group VIII metals, in particular nickel, on a silica catalyst base.

Abstract: Process for reducing the metal content of a hydrocarbon feed mixture by reverse osmosis, comprising contacting the feed mixture substantially boiling in the range between about 100.degree. and about 350.degree. C. and containing at most about 1000 parts per billion by weight (ppbw) of metal(s) with a metal-selective membrane to give a hydrocarbon permeate stream having a metal content which is less.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing oil, bitumen, precious metals, and hydrocarbon gases from mined oil-bearing rock material, such as tar sands and soil shale. The rock is ground, preconditioned in a heated and pressurized atmosphere devoid of oxygen, and subsequently centrifuged in the presence of an oil-replacement gas to produce oil, and also any precious metal particles that are present in the oil-bearing rock material. The produced oil and precious metals are subsequently separated from each other by centrifuging.

Abstract: A catalytic hydrotreating process wherein silicon-containing contaminants contained in a hydrocarbon feedstream are deposited onto a hydrotreating catalyst bed during hydrotreating in a manner providing improved catalyst stability. Hydrotreating catalysts having relatively high activities and low surface areas are located downstream of upstream hydrotreating catalysts having relatively low activities and high surface areas.

Abstract: A method is provided for high temperature conversion of mercutry-containing hydrocarbon feedstocks to produce a product stream with a negligible mercury level and to protect cryogenic heat exchangers from mercury damage. The feed is treated with adsorbent at high temperatures to remove up to 99% of the mercury. After high temperature conversion, the product stream is treated over a second adsorbent composition to remove any residual mercury and water before the product is cooled and collected.

Abstract: 2'-hydroxy-4' or 5'-alkylacetophenone oximes and 2-hydroxy-4 or 5-alkylbenzaldehyde oximes are used to deactivate iron species contained in hydrocarbon fluids. Left untreated, iron leads to decomposition of the hydrocarbon, resulting in the formation of gummy, polymer masses in the hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing RCS from off-spec white mineral oil prepared by catalytic hydrogenation by filtering the off-spec white mineral oil through a bleaching clay, such as a smectite clay, particularly an acid treated montmorillonite clay, such as bentonite or attapulgite.

Abstract: The metal concentration in a liquid hydrocarbon stream can be reduced to no more than 0.1 parts per billion by contacting the stream sequentially with a cation exchange resin and a silver-impregnated zeolitic molecular sieve, preferably in that order. The method is particularly useful for removal of mercury and antimony from liquified petroleum gas.

Abstract: Methods of diminishing the content of soluble and insoluble forms of iron from crude are disclosed. Crude and water soluble chelant are mixed prior to addition of wash water. After wash water addition, an emulsion is formed. After resolution of the emulsion, iron laden water phase is separated resulting in decreased iron content in the crude. In a two-step desalting process, water soluble chelant is mixed with crude separated from the resolved emulsion emanating from the first, upstream, desalter. After such mixing, fresh wash water is added, with the so-formed crude/chelant/wash water mixture being fed to the second, downstream, desalter, for resolution. Crude separated from the second desalter has substantially diminished iron content compared to crude fed to the first desalter.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for removing mercury from a liquid hydrocarbon feed material by (a) removing those components having a higher molecular weight than the desired hydrocarbon from the feed material, (b) removing water from the feed material, and thereafter (c) removing mercury from the feed material. Mercury can be removed to an extremely low concentration of 0.001 ppm or lower from a wide variety of liquid hydrocarbon feed materials containing either a relatively large amount or a trace amount of mercury.

Abstract: At least one decomposable molybdenum compound selected from the group consisting of molybdenum dithiophosphates and molybdenum dithiocarbamates is mixed with a hydrocarbon-containing feed stream. The hydrocarbon-containing feed stream containing such decomposable molybdenum compound is then contacted in a hydrovisbreaking process with hydrogen under suitable hydrovisbreaking conditions.

Abstract: Heavy crude oils are upgraded thermally in the presence of water and a polyhydroxy metal bentonite in an autoclave, particularly at a temperature of about 200.degree. to about 300.degree. C.

Abstract: A process is provided for removing heavy metal compounds from heavy crude oil by mixing the heavy crude oil with tar sand; preheating the mixture to a temperature of about 650.degree. F.; heating said mixture to up to 800.degree. F.; and separating tar sand from the light oils formed during said heating. The heavy metals removed from the heavy oils can be recovered from the spent sand for other uses.

Abstract: A process for deasphalting a heavy hydrocarbon feed and catalytically cracking same is disclosed. Relatively low efficiency deasphalting is used to remove at least a majority of the metals in the feed, but to leave at least 10% of the asphaltenes and at least 10% of the solvent. This demetallized material is catalytically cracked. Preferably, the solvent used in deasphalting is derived from, and recycled from the catalytic cracking unit fractionator. Preferably a majority of the solvent recovery from the deasphalting step occurs in the catalytic cracking fractionator.

Abstract: A method of reducing the concentration of metal contaminants, such as vanadium and nickel, in distillates of a fossil fuel feedstock is disclosed. The method comprises producing a selected distillate fraction and demetallizing this distillate by suitable means, thereby upgrading and making it suitable for use as feed to a catalytic cracker.

Abstract: A method of reducing the concentration of metal contaminants, such as vanadium and nickel, in a petroleum distillate or other hydrocarbonaceous liquid is disclosed. The method comprises demetallizing the distillate over an activated-carbon supported vanadium catalyst.

Abstract: Monobasic carboxylic acids or salts thereof are used to remove metals, particularly calcium and iron, from hydrocarbonaceous feedstocks. An aqueous solution of the acid is used to extract the metals from the feedstock prior to processing. Acetic acid is the preferred carboxylic acid.

Abstract: Trace amounts of mercury and its compounds present in hydrocarbon oil can be removed selectively and efficiently by bringing the hydrocarbon oils containing mercury and its compounds into contact with a certain treating agent after having heated such oils. Since the hydrocarbon oil from which mercury and its compounds have been removed does not contain catalyst poisons, such a hydrocarbon oil can be used extensively for catalytic reaction processes such as hydrogenation.

Abstract: A process for the removal of mercury from natural gas condensate wherein hydrogen sulfide is mixed into the natural gas condensate and the mixture is fed along with a stripping gas through a reactor containing a catalyst, e.g. a cobalt/molybdenum catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for removing contaminating mercury from hydrocarbon streams, gas or liquid, wherein the stream is contacted with a molecular sieve pretreated with an alkali polysulfide. The pretreatment consists of saturating the sieve with an aqueous solution of the polysulfide and subsequently drying the saturated sieve under conditions calculated to dry but not decompose the polysulfide present.

Abstract: A process for producing a natural gas condensate having a reduced amount of mercury from a mercury-containing natural gas wellstream, wherein the wellstream is separated into gaseous and liquid fractions. A portion of the gaseous fraction is mixed with the liquid fraction, the mixture is then filtered, passed over a substance capable of adsorbing hydrogen sulfide, and separated into a stream comprising a natural gas condensate and at least one other stream comprising lower molecular weight hydrocarbons and/or other gases.

Abstract: A process for producing a natural gas condensate having a reduced amount of mercury from a mercury-containing natural gas wellstream, wherein the wellstream is separated into gaseous and liquid fractions. A portion of the gaseous fraction is mixed with the liquid fraction, the mixture is then separated into a stream comprising a natural gas condensate and at least one other stream comprising lower hydrocarbons and/or other gases. The natural gas condensate stream is then filtered.

Abstract: A catalytic cracking process for converting heavy, metals laden feed to lighter products is disclosed. The catalyst regenerator is operated under relatively reducing conditions, to produce a flue gas containing at least 1 mole % carbon monoxide. An additive, preferably alumina, is added to the circulating catalyst inventory to selectively sorb metal contaminants in the feed. The reducing conditions in the catalyst regenerator minimize formation of highly oxidized forms of vanadium, permitting higher vanadium levels to be tolerated on the cracking catalyst. The additive material has a greater affinity for vanadium than the cracking catalyst, and absorbs a disproportionate amount of metals in the feed. Preferably a soft, friable, alumina additive is used which results in the production of alumina fines rich in vanadium, which are discharged from the unit with catalyst fines.

Abstract: A catalytic cracking process operates with a getter additive present where hot catalyst meets heavy metals laden crude. The getter additive is a material which is selective for metals, and has a particle size/density such that the getter additive remains in the FCC unit for no more than 24 hours, and preferably is removed within one hour or less. Addition of 1-5 weight percent alumina having an average particle size of 10-40 microns will remove much of the metal content from the feed, and the metals laden additive will itself be rapidly removed from the FCC unit preventing migration of metal or degradation of the cracking operation due to the presence of metal. Preferably the additive is fine particles which are mixed with the hydrocarbon feed to the unit.

Abstract: For a heavy hydrocarbonaceous feed, especially good hydrodemetalation and hydrodesulfurization are achieved, as well as MCR reduction, using a catalyst having 5 to 11 percent of its pore volume in the form of macropores, and a surface area greater than 75 m.sup.2 /g. Preferably the catalyst has a peak mesopore diameter greater than 165 .ANG., as determined by mercury porosimetry, and an average mesopore diameter greater than 160 .ANG..

Abstract: A catalyst useful for hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon-containing oil contains at least one hydrogenation component on an amorphous, porous refractory oxide. The catalyst is prepared by impregnating support particles having a narrow pore size distribution and a mode pore diameter from abpit 70 to 80 angstroms with a solution containing a precursor of the hydrogenation components, followed by drying and calcining. The catalyst is useful for promoting a number of hydrocarbon hydroprocessing reactions, particularly hydrogenative desulfurization, dedemetallization and denitrogenation, and most particularly, hydrodesulfurization of residuum-containing oils.

Abstract: A process for the removal of mercury from natural gas condensate wherein the natural gas condensate is passed over a catalyst, while also passing a stream of methane containing hydrogen sulfide over the catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the removal of mercury from natural gas condensate wherein elemental sulfur is mixed into the natural gas condensate and the mixture, along with a stream of hydrogen, is fed through a reactor containing a hydrodesulfurization catalyst.

Abstract: Contaminant metals in hydrocarbon oils such as nickel, vanadium and iron deposit on inert sorbents during pretreatment of the oils in a fluidized reactor-regenerator system, and catalyze dehydrogenation reactions contributing to excessive coke and gas make. The dehydrogenation activity of the said contaminant metals is suppressed by depositing minor amounts of a bismuth-containing passivating agent on the inert solids, desirably, at a weight ratio of bismuth to nickel equivalents (nickel+0.2 vanadium+0.1 iron) of about 0.01:1 to about 1:1. The passivating agent can consist of mixtures of compounds of bismuth and antimony, and bismuth and tin, with the weight ratio of bismuth to antimony in the range of about 0.01:1 to about 100:1, and weight ratio of bismuth to tin in the range of about 0.01:1 to about 100:1.

Abstract: A method for removing mercury from water or hydrocarbon condensate is provided. The mercury-containing liquid is sprayed into a stripper having a packing therein to facilitate its contact with a stripping gas such as air or natrual gas. The stripped product is drawn from the bottom of the stripper. The stripping gas which carries the mercury from the stripper is passed over an active adsorbent to remove the mercury. The cleaned gas may be used or recycled.

Abstract: A process for the removal of contaminating residues of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a hydrocarbon soluble compound of a transition metal from Group VIII of the Periodic Table and a metal alkyl or alkyl halide cocatalyst from a liquid hydrocarbon reaction product comprises treating the contaminated product with an aqueous solution of a silicate, borate or carbonate and separating and recovering the hydrocarbon phase.Residues of oligomerization catalysts, polymerization catalysts and hydrogenation catalysts are removable by this process, especially nickel, cobalt, iron, aluminium and halogen residues.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a process for removing mercury from a non-polar organic medium like a liquid hydrocarbon mixture, most preferably a natural gas condensate, by contacting the medium to be treated with a solid adsorbent, preferably an ion-exchange resin, containing active thiol-groups. By this method it is possible to remove mercury from the treated medium in an amount of more than 97%.

Abstract: A method of selective and efficient removal of mercury from a hydrocarbon oil comprising contacting said oil with a cupric and/or stannous compound forming a reaction system. The purified hydrocarbon oil can be readily separated from the reaction system. The purified hydrocarbon oil does not contain mercury or any other catalyst poisoning component and can, therefore, be used extensively in catalytic reactions typified by hydrogenation reaction.

Abstract: Precipitation (conversion) of dissolved heavy metals in waste effluents is achieved with the addition and mixing of a solution of sodium polythiocarbonate with a solution containing dissolved heavy metals. The solution of sodium polythiocarbonate has been pH buffered to a pH of 12.5 or less in the manufacturing process. Precipitation of the dissolved heavy metals with the buffered sodium polythiocarbonate is complete by the formation of a stable, unleachable [as defined in 40 CFR 190.01, Part 261 Appendix II (Code of Federal Regulations)], extremely insoluble metallic polythiocarbonate particle.

Abstract: A process for the hydrotreatment of a sulfur and metal-containing hydrocarbon feed comprises contacting said feed with hydrogen and a catalyst in a manner such that the catalyst is maintained at isothermal conditions and is exposed to a uniform quality of feed, where said catalyst has a composition comprising 3.0-5.0 wt. % of an oxide of a Group VIII metal, 14.5-24.0 wt. % of an oxide of a Group VIB metal and 0-2.0 wt. % of an oxide of phosphorus supported on a porous alumina support, and said catalyst is further characterized by having a total surface area of 150-210 m.sup.2 /g and a total pore volume of 0.50-0.75 cc/g with a pore diameter distribution such that micropores having diameters of 100-160A constitute 70-85% of the total pore volume of said catalyst and macropores having diameters of greater than 250A constitute 5.5-22.0% of the total pore volume of said catalyst.

Abstract: A catalytic cracking catalyst and process which tolerates high levels of vanadium and coke precursors in the feed is disclosed. A zeolite in an alumina free binder or coating, preferably silica, is used as the cracking catalyst. RE-USY in silica is especially preferred as it has a low affinity for vanadium, low coking characteristics and high stability. Preferably a vanadium getter additive is present as separate particles to act as a vanadium sink. The catalyst and process may be used in fluidized bed catalytic cracking (FCC) or in moving bed catalytic cracking units. A method of making a coated catalyst, by adding a layer of an alumina free material to a core of alumina containing cracking catalyst is also disclosed.