Abstract: A process for demetallation and desulfurization of resids by visbreaking an admixture of resids, particulate solids, and steam and/or hydrogen, and then subjecting the visbroken mixture to high temperature settling and separating to provide a first vapor product, a liquid product, and a recycled underflow solids stream. The process further comprises coking the liquid product to produce a second vapor product and coke and then distilling the combined first and second vapor products to yield a plurality of demetallized and desulfurized liquid hydrocarbon products. A fraction of the recycled underflow from the settler/separator is removed as a purge stream and burned for recovery of heat and metals. If hydrogen is used in the visbreaking step, the first vapor product is condensed to separate the hydrogen for recycling.

Abstract: A process for deashing primary coal liquids with a selective hydrocarbon solvent separation wherein the coal liquids and selective hydrocarbon solvent are contacted initially at a temperature greater than the temperature at which the deashing separation occurs. More particularly, a process for the production of deashed coal liquid which comprises the sequential steps of: (a) admixing a primary coal liquid containing ash and a hydrocarbon deashing solvent having no hydrogen-transferring ability at a selected admixing temperature from about 250.degree. F. to about 575.degree. F.; (b) reducing the temperature of the entire resulting admixture of the primary coal liquid and hydrocarbon deashing solvent to a deashing temperature about 50.degree. F. to about 125.degree. F. less than the admixing temperature of step (a); and deashing the primary coal liquid with the deashing solvent at the deashing temperature of step (b).

Abstract: A centrifugal drying and dedusting process is provided to dedust heavy oil derived from solid hydrocarbon-containing material such as oil shale, coal or tar sand. In the process, heavy oil laden with particulates derived from the solid hydrocarbon-containing material is centrifuged into a dedusted stream of heavy oil and a dust laden centrifuge sludge. The dedusted stream of oil can be further dedusted in a desalter, after being first mixed with fresh water, to form a purified, highly dedusted, effluent stream of heavy oil. Dust laden water from the desalter is centrifuged into a dedusted stream of water and a dewatered centrifuge sludge. The dedusted stream of water is recycled upstream of the desalter and mixed with the influent oil stream. Desirably, the centrifuges sludges are mixed, heated, dried and separated into another dedusted stream of oil and a powdery, dust-enriched residual stream which can be combusted in a lift pipe for use as heat carrier material in the dryer and retort.

Abstract: A high pore volume solid sorbent material of low cracking activity and comprising a select group of metal additives to immobilize accumulated vanadium compounds deposited on the sorbent material in a heavy oil feed visbreaking zone is described and the conditions employed to effect demetallization and decarbonization of the heavy oil feed to produce vaporous products boiling up to about 1000.degree. F. Deposition of metal contaminants within the pores of the high pore volume material is encouraged by restricting the volume of the sorbent pores filled with oil feed to within the range of 1/4 to 2/3.

Abstract: Metals, nitrogen and/or sulfur, particularly vanadium, nickel and nitrogen, are removed from organic compositions, particularly heavy hydrocarbon oils, by contacting the organic composition with a methylating agent, preferably dimethyl sulfate, under conditions sufficient to form a precipitate, including the contaminants, and separating the precipitate from the organic composition as by filtration, decantation, and the like. In another embodiment of the present invention, the treatment with the methylating agent is carried out in conjunction with treatment with an acid gas and water or a solvent, such as a combination of carbon dioxide and water.

Abstract: A process wherein a regenerated, spent sulfided vanadium-containing Group VIII metal, Group VI-B metal, or Group VI-B/Group VIII metals containing catalyst is contacted with a stream of an oxygen-containing gas and the coke burned therefrom to regenerate the catalyst. The regenerated catalyst as such, or after reduction of the catalytic metals by contact with hydrogen, can be used as an adsorbent to remove essentially all of the sulfur from a naphtha feed which contains as much as 50 weight ppm sulfur, and greater.

Abstract: Metals, nitrogen and/or sulfur, particularly vanadium, nickel and nitrogen, are removed from organic compositions, particularly heavy hydrocarbon oils, by contacting the organic compositions with a halogenating agent, preferably phosphorus oxychloride, under conditions sufficient to form a distinct phase including the contaminants, which is separable from the organic composition and separating the distinct phase from the organic composition as by filtration, decantation, and the like. In another embodiment of the present invention, the treatment with the halogenating agent is carried out in conjunction with treatment with an acid gas and water, as a combination of carbon dioxide and water, or a solvent.

Abstract: Method of removing arsenic in hydrocarbons such as LPG, wherein arsenic compounds in the gaseous hydrocarbon are reacted with a metal oxide catalyst and adsorbed on the catalyst and partially oxidized by the catalyst.

Abstract: Petroleum and petroleum fractions are demetalized by contacting them with a solid phase Bronsted acid, preferably a perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin or polymer. The petroleum or petroleum fraction can be dissolved in a solvent.

Abstract: A two-stage catalytic hydroconversion process for heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks usually containing fine particulate solids to produce lower boiling hydrocarbon liquid and gas products. The feedstock is fed into a first stage ebullated bed reactor containing fine sized catalyst and operated at moderate reaction conditions for hydroconversion to produce hydrocarbon gas and liquid fractions, from which a low boiling liquid fraction is separated and withdrawn as a product. The remaining gas and heavier liquid fractions are recombined and fed to a second stage ebullated bed reactor containing larger size catalyst for further hydroconversion reactions at less severe conditions to produce lower boiling hydrocarbon liquid fractions. Following product distillation steps, liquid product fractions are withdrawn and a portion of vacuum bottoms material is recycled to the second stage reactor to provide increased hydroconversion and improved yields of the light hydrocarbon liquid product.

Abstract: A process for upgrading heavy hydrocarbonaceous materials for making coke suitable for metallurgical purposes comprises mixing the heavy hydrocarbonaceous materials with a diluent having a closely controlled boiling range so as to facilitate transport, dehydration and desalting of the crude oil. In addition, the diluent aids in controlling temperature and residence time of the crude thereby avoiding premature decomposition.

Abstract: An improvement is disclosed on selective vaporization for decarbonizing and demetallizing heavy petroleum stocks by short time riser contact with hot inert solid contact material. Flexibility is imparted to that process by suspending the contact material in steam generated by injection of liquid water and adding the heavy petroleum stock at variable levels in the riser.

Abstract: Elemental sulfur or aqueous sodium hydrogen phosphate is added to an arsenic-containing hydrocarbon, yielding a product hydrocarbon of reduced arsenic content. The process of the invention is particularly useful in the treatment of shale oils and other syncrudes containing relatively large concentrations of arsenic.

Abstract: Used lubricating oil is rerefined utilizing hydride reducing agents. The hydride reducing agent contacts the used oil in an aqueous solution, for example. Contact with the hydride reducing agent may occur before, during or after distillation or evaporation of the used lubricating oil. The disclosed method reduces the concentration of carbonyl compounds and metals and reduces the corrosion characteristics of used lubricating oil.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with substantially eliminating the deactivating effects of alkaline materials and metal contaminants and compounds thereof existing in crude oils by first desalting the crude oil and thereafter adding a select neutralizing and immobilizing metal component or compound thereof to said desalted crude oil prior to and/or during distillation thereof to obtain select fractions subsequently catalytically processed as by catalytic cracking with a crystalline zeolite containing catalyst.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a petroleum charge of crude oil or residual fractions thereof, in which the charge is dispersed into a descending curtain of heated, substantially inert contact material. This contact material preferably has a conversion rate not substantially greater than 10% in the CAT D test. The vapors generated on contact of the charge with the curtain are collected on the side of the curtain opposite from where the charge is dispersed. The recovered product has a substantially reduced metals content and Conradson Carbon number and is suitable for catalytic cracking or use as heavy fuel or a heavy fuel precursor.

Abstract: Metallic contaminants, such as selenium, arsenic, iron and sodium are removed from a hydrocarbonaceous fluid feed stream by contacting the feed stream with a gas comprising substantially pure hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2 S) or a mixture of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen (H.sub.2).

Abstract: Metals contained in a hydrocarbon containing feed stream are removed by contacting the hydrocarbon containing feed stream under suitable demetallization conditions with hydrogen and a catalyst composition comprising zirconium phosphate and chromium phosphate. The life and activity of the catalyst composition may be increased by introducing a decomposable metal compound selected from the group consisting of the metals of Group V-B, Group VI-B, Group VII-B and Group VIII of the Periodic Table into the hydrocarbon containing feed stream prior to contacting the hydrocarbon containing feed stream with the catalyst composition.

Abstract: A process for upgrading oils is disclosed, in which the oil to be upgraded is contacted with liquid phase water and free oxygen at an elevated temperature and at a pressure sufficient to maintain at least part of the water in the liquid phase.

Abstract: An improvement is disclosed on selective vaporization for decarbonizing and demetallizing heavy petroleum stocks by short time contact with hot inert solid contact material. Flexibility is imparted to that process by suspending the contact material in steam or other carrier gas and adding the heavy petroleum stock at variable levels in the selective vaporization contactor.

Abstract: A method for reducing the metal contaminant concentration in a petroleum fraction containing an asphaltene component and a metal contaminant is disclosed. The petroleum feedstock is contacted with vapor phase SO.sub.2 or a vapor phase SO.sub.2 precursor at an elevated temperature after which the petroleum fraction is deasphalted. The petroleum fraction is separated into a first fraction relatively lean in the asphaltene component and the metal contaminant and a second phase relatively rich in the asphaltene component and the metal contaminant.

Abstract: Lead impurities are removed from liquid hydrocarbons by contacting them with a solid sorbent having anhydrous HCl adsorbed therein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for removing contaminants such as arsenic from a hydrocarbonaceous fluid which consists essentially of the crude, or a fraction thereof, obtained from oil shale, solid coal, or tar sands by non-catalytically heat treating the hydrocarbonaceous fluid at a temperature of from about 20.degree. F. to about 600.degree. F. in the presence of an aqueous solution containing an agent that would convert such contaminants into components soluble in the aqueous solution. Particularly suitable agents to be utilized in the above aqueous solution to remove contaminants such as arsenic are ammonium sulfide type compounds. The purified hydrocarbonaceous fluid may be subjected to a catalytic hydrotreating process.

Abstract: An improved process for removing metals from heavy oils and other hydrocarbon feed streams is disclosed. The process includes adding phosphorus sulfide to the hydrocarbon feed stream under suitable demetallizing conditions. It is believed that phosphorus sulfide reacts with the metals contained in the hydrocarbon containing feed stream to form oil insoluble compounds that can be removed from the hydrocarbon containing feed stream by any conventional method, such as filtration, centrifugation, or decantation.

Abstract: In a process for producing an essentially ash-free oil stock from a lubricating oil containing ash forming components comprising reacting the oil with an aqueous ammonium salt capable of reacting with the ash-containing components and heating the thus treated oil at a temperature in the range of about 300.degree. C. to about 420.degree. C. to increase the amount of the ash-forming components removed, the improvement comprising not exposing the oil to a temperature greater than 200.degree. C. before the oil is passed into a large volume of the oil already at a temperature in the range of about 300.degree. C. to about 400.degree. C.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for cracking a carbo-metallic oil feed containing high amounts of coke forming carbonaceous materials as characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and by a level of heavy metal(s) of at least about 5.5 ppm by weight of Nickel Equivalents. The method includes contacting the feed with cracking catalyst bearing an accumulation of at least about 3,000 ppm by weight of Nickel Equivalents of heavy metal(s) and with additional material including water. The resultant stream flows through a progressive flow type reactor for a vapor residence time of about 0.5 to about 6 seconds at conditions sufficient for causing a conversion per pass of about 60% to about 90%. The additional material is added in a weight ratio relative to feed of up to about 0.4 and includes water in a weight ratio relative to feed of at least about 0.04. The water may be introduced as steam and/or liquid water.

Abstract: An improved process for removing metals from heavy oils and other hydrocarbon feed streams is disclosed. The process includes adding elemental phosphorus to the hydrocarbon feed stream under suitable demetallizing conditions. It is believed that elemental phosphorus reacts with the metals contained in the hydrocarbon containing feed stream to form oil insoluble compounds that can be removed from the hydrocarbon containing feed stream by any conventional method, such as filtration, centrifugation, or decantation.

Abstract: A process is provided to dedust oil derived from solid hydrocarbon-containing material, such as oil shale, coal or tar sand in multi-stage desalters. In the process, water is dispersed into the oil before entering each desalter to form an emulsion. The desalter separates the emulsion into a stream of oil having a substantially lower concentration of dust and a dusty stream of water containing most of the dust. In one embodiment, the sludge-like dusty stream from the first desalter is combusted in a lift pipe and used as heat carrier material in the retort. In other embodiments, the dusty stream from the first desalter is centrifuged or filtered and thereafter heated in a dryer to remove residual oil and water from the stream before the stream is combusted in the lift pipe and used as heat carrier material in the retort and dryer. Effluent water from the second and third desalters as well as from the centrifuge or filter are recycled upstream and dispersed in the oil.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for upgrading a hydrocarbon oil feed having a significant content of metals, especially vanadium, to provide a higher grade of oil products by contacting the feed under sorbing conditions in an upgrading zone with a high surface area, high pore volume sorbent material containing an added alkaline metal to neutralize acidic cracking sites. Upgrading conditions are such that coke and metals are deposited on the sorbent in the upgrading zone. Coked sorbent is regenerated by contact with an oxygen containing gas under regeneration conditions to remove the coke, and regenerated sorbent is recycled to the upgrading zone for contact with fresh feed. The added alkaline metal is present on the sorbent in an amount sufficient to neutralize substantially all of the acidic cracking sites and provide a sorbent material having a MAT relative activity in the range of about 0 to about 1 percent.

Abstract: A thiocyanate compound is added to metals-containing hydrocarbon oils under reaction conditions, and a product hydrocarbon of reduced metals content is separated from a metals-containing solid.

Abstract: A process for economically converting carbo-metallic oils to lighter products. The carbo-metallic oils contain 650.degree. F..sup.+ material, at least a portion of said 650.degree. F..sup.+ material containing components which will not boil before about 1025.degree. F., said 650.degree. F..sup.+ material further being characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and a Nickel Equivalents of heavy metals content of at least about 4 parts per million. This process comprises providing a cracking catalyst having an average pore volume of at least about 0.2 cc per gram and an average particle diameter in the range of about 20 microns to about 150 microns, flowing the carbo-metallic oil together with the cranking catalyst through a progressive flow type reactor having an elongated reaction chamber, which is at least in part vertical or inclined, for a predetermined vapor riser residence time in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 seconds, at a temperature of about 900.degree. to about 1400.

Abstract: A method for the removal of metal from a hydrocarbon solution containing metal alkaryl sulfonate. Briefly, the method comprises contacting the hydrocarbon solution containing metal alkaryl sulfonate with an aqueous ammonia or an aqueous ammonium salt solution and recovering a hydrocarbon having a reduced metal concentration.

Abstract: Arsenic and Nitrogen Removal from shale oil by delayed coking in the presence of carbonaceous materials.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of high octane gasoline and/or other valuable lower molecular weight products from carbo-metallic oils. Examples include crude oil, topped crude, reduced crude, residua, the extract from solvent de-asphalting and other heavy hydrocarbon fractions. These carbo-metallic oils contain quantities of coke precursors and heavy metal catalyst poisons substantially in excess of what is normally considered acceptable for FCC processing (fluid catalytic cracking) and substantial amounts of sulfur, nitrogen and other troublesome components may also be present. Such carbo-metallic oils are converted to the desired products in a catalytic conversion process. Named "RCC" (Reduced Crude Conversion) after a particularly common or useful carbo-metallic feed, the present process is by no means restricted to reduced crude or to oils of petroleum origin, having utility in the processing of oils from coal, shale and other sources.

Abstract: Coal and metals-containing residual oil are coprocessed under conditions whereby the coal is volatilized and solubilized, the residual oil is demetallized and substantially no coking of the residual oil occurs. The products obtained include metals-free distillates and metals-containing solid fuel.

Abstract: Oil shale mineral solids are separated from a fluid in a process comprising heating the mineral solids to at least the magnetic transformation temperature of a portion of the solids and thereafter magnetically separating mineral solids from the feed. High gradient magnetic separation techniques are preferred.

Abstract: Whole crude and residual fractions from distillation of petroleum and like feed stocks are subjected to selective vaporization to prepare heavy fractions of reduced Conradson Carbon and/or metals content by short-term, high temperature riser contact with a substantially inert solid contact material of low surface area in a selective vaporization zone. High boiling point components of the charge which are of high Conradson Carbon number and/or high metal content remain on the contact material as a combustible deposit which is then burned off in a combustion zone whereby the contact material is heated to a high temperature for return to the selective vaporization zone to supply the heat required therein. Equilibrium FCC catalyst, previously treated to reduce catalytic cracking activity and surface area, is used as the substantially inert solid.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for coprocessing of heavy hydrocarbon oil and coal to achieve demetalation of the oil and liquefaction of the coal.An essential aspect of the process is a two-stage visbreaking system in which the oil and coal are heat-treated respectively at the optimum severity for each, with little formation of coke byproduct.

Abstract: Arsenic is removed from green shale oil coke of high arsenic content by calcining the coke at 1500.degree. F. to 3000.degree. F. for 0.1 hr to 4 hr. The arsenic content is reduced from above about 150 to 300 ppm to below about 100 ppm, thereby making the coke suitable for use as a fuel, in electrodes for producing aluminum, or in steel making.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for decarbonizing, demetallizing and/or desalting a hydrocarbon feed stock by: contacting, in a selective vaporization step, for a short hydrocarbon residence time at an elevated contact temperature, the feed stock with an inert solid contact material in a confined rising vertical column to vaporize a major portion of the feed stock and to provide, as combustible deposits on the contact material, an unvaporized minor portion of the feed stock which includes high Conradson Carbon components and/or metal-containing components of the feed stock; separating the vaporized major portion of the feed stock from the contact material bearing the combustible deposits; contacting in a combustion step the contact material, bearing the combustible deposits, with an oxidizing gas to oxidize the combustible deposits and generate heat, whereby the contact material is heated by combustion of the combustible deposits; and recycling the so-heated contact material to contact further feed stock in t

Abstract: This invention provides a process for upgrading a heavy hydrocarbon oil to motor fuel products.The heavy hydrocarbon oil is admixed with a metal halide catalyst and a solvent component under supercritical conditions to form (1) a dense-gas solvent phase which contains refined hydrocarbon crackate, and which is substantially free of metal halide catalyst content; and (2) a residual asphaltic phase.

Abstract: In a process in which a feedstock is provided through a desalting unit prior to introduction into a fractional distillation column, the feed stream flowing to the desalting unit is split and passed through multiple heat exchangers. Method and apparatus is provided for maintaining a desired effluent flow rate out of the desalting unit and for maintaining the temperatures of the split feed streams substantially equal. After passing through the desalting unit the feed stream may again be split and passed through multiple heat exchangers prior to introduction of the feed stream into the fractional distillation column. Method and apparatus is also provided for maintaining the temperature of the split feed streams provided from the desalting unit substantially equal.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of high octane gasoline and/or other valuable lower molecular weight products from carbo-metallic oils. Examples include crude oil, topped crude, reduced crude, residua, the extract from solvent de-asphalting and other heavy hydrocarbon fractions. These carbo-metallic oils contain quantities of coke precursors and heavy metal catalyst poisons substantially in excess of what is normally considered acceptable for FCC processing (fluid catalytic cracking) and substantial amounts of sulfur, nitrogen and other troublesome components may also be present. Such carbo-metallic oils are converted to the desired products in a catalytic conversion process. Named "RCC" (Reduced Crude Conversion) after a particularly common or useful carbo-metallic feed, the present process is by no means restricted to reduced crude or to oils of petroleum origin, having utility in the processing of oils from coal, shale and other sources.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of high octane gasoline and/or other valuable lower molecular weight products from carbo-metallic oils. Examples include crude oil, topped crude, reduced crude, residua, the extract from solvent de-asphalting and other heavy hydrocarbon fractions. These carbo-metallic oils contain quantities of coke precursors and heavy metal catalyst poisons substantially in excess of what is normally considered acceptable for FCC processing (fluid catalytic cracking) and substantial amounts of sulfur, nitrogen and other troublesome components may also be present. Such carbo-metallic oils are converted to the desired products in a catalytic conversion process. Named "RCC" (Reduced Crude Conversion) after a particularly common or useful carbo-metallic feed, the present process is by no means restricted to reduced crude or to oils of petroleum origin, having utility in the processing of oils from coal, shale and other sources.

Abstract: Oil shale mineral solids are separated from a fluid such as retorted shale oil by heating the mineral solids to a temperature above about 480.degree. C. and above the magnetic transformation temperature of at least a portion of the solids. The temperature of the solids is maintained above 480.degree. C. for no longer than about one minute, and the solids are magnetically separated. High gradient magnetic separation techniques are preferred.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the desalting of fuel oil by mixing the fuel oil and clean water, thereby separating and eliminating sodium salts and potassium salts contained in the fuel oil, and the method comprises separating a heavy portion including salt-containing water from the fuel oil which is a light portion, this heavy portion separated from the fuel oil being separated into water and a residue by an evaporator, the water being reused as a washing water and the residue being burnt to use the generated heat as a heat source for the evaporator, whereby the residue is decreased in volume and solidified to be made easy in the handling.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of high octane gasoline and/or other valuable lower molecular weight products from carbo-metallic oils. Examples include crude oil, topped crude, reduced crude, residua, the extract from solvent de-asphalting and other heavy hydrocarbon fractions. These carbo-metallic oils containing quantities of coke precursors and heavy metal catalyst poisons substantially in excess of what is normally considered acceptable for FCC processing (fluid catalytic cracking) and substantial amounts of sulfur, nitrogen and other troublesome components may also be present. Such carbo-metallic oils are converted to the desired products in a catalytic conversion process. Named "RCC" (Reduced Crude Conversion) after a particularyly common or useful carbo-metallic feed, the present process is by no means restricted to reduced crude or to oils of petroleum origin, having utility in the processing of oils from coal, shale and other sources.

Abstract: An improvement is disclosed on selective vaporization for decarbonizing and demetallizing heavy petroleum stocks by short time riser contact with hot inert solid contact material. Flexibility is imparted to that process by suspending the contact material in steam or other carrier gas and adding the heavy petroleum stock at variable levels in the riser.

Abstract: Whole crude and residual fractions from distillation of petroleum and like feed stocks are subjected to selective vaporization to prepare heavy fractions of reduced Conradson Carbon and/or metals content by short-term, high temperature riser contact with a substantially inert solid contact material of low surface area in a selective vaporization zone. High boiling point components of the charge which are of high Conradson Carbon number and/or high metal content remain on the contact material as a combustible deposit which is then burned off in a combustion zone whereby the contact material is heated to a high temperature for return to the selective vaporization zone to supply the heat required therein. The system is dynamically controlled for fuel supply in the combustion zone by the lower hydrogen content, least valuable components of the feed.

Abstract: Gasoline and a heavier fraction from selective vaporization of crude or residual petroleum stocks are separately supplied to a riser reactor of the FCC type. The crude or resid is contacted at low cracking severity with hot inert solids in a riser. The vaporized product is fractionated to provide a gasoline injected to the bottom of an FCC riser and a bottoms fraction introduced at a higher point in the FCC riser.