Abstract: The quantity and quality of liquids produced from solid coal can be enhanced by a process comprising a liquefaction zone and a pyrolysis reactor, preferably a fluid coking zone, wherein the heavy liquids obtained in the pyrolysis reactor, e.g., 1000.degree. F.+ materials having a Conradson Carbon content of at least 15 wt. % are recycled to the liquefaction zone, rather than to the pyrolysis reactor, for further treatment under hydrogenation conditions and, consequently, conversion of the heavy liquids to lower boiling liquids which may be removed from the pyrolysis reactor feed by distillation is achieved.

Abstract: Continuous production of coke by pyrolysis of a hydrocarbon mixture containing petroleum tar, coal tar pitch or pyrolysis tars in which the hyrocarbon mixture and recycled condensate is heated in a preheater at a rate to increase the mesophase content of the mixture up to 30 to 60%; the preheated mixture is then heated in a coking zone at a rate to form a raw coke having a mesophase content of 70 to 100%; continuously removing the raw coke from the coking zone and heating it in a calciner. The coke produced is more uniform and the process more efficient.

Abstract: A delayed coking process in which the overhead vapors from a delayed coking drum are separated into light hydrocarbon products and a gas oil, and in which the gas oil is hydrotreated after being separated from the light hydrocarbon products. The hydrotreated gas oil is then combined with coker feedstock and fed to the coking drum. The process produces a coke capable of producing a graphitized product having a lower longitudinal coefficient of thermal expansion than that of the coke product produced from the same feedstock by the same process but without the hydrotreating step.

Abstract: A combination slurry hydroconversion, coking and coke gasification process is provided wherein carbonaceous solids having an average particle size of less than 10 microns in diameter or the ashes thereof are used as a catalyst in the hydroconversion stage.

Abstract: A pyrolysis fuel oil is treated by soaking in the presence of sulfur for a period of time sufficient to react the highly unsaturated compounds present in the oil, followed by heating the soaked fuel oil at a temperature of from 850.degree. F. to 1100.degree. F. and an outlet pressure of from 300 to 600 psig to provide a treated feed having an API gravity of -3.degree. or less. The feed may be employed for the production of needle coke and/or carbon black and/or electrode binder pitch.

Abstract: A combination slurry hydroconversion, coking and coke gasification process is provided wherein solid fines having an average particle size of less than 10 microns in diameter or the ashes thereof recovered from a gaseous product derived from the coke gasification are used as a catalyst in the hydroconversion stage in combination with a catalyst produced from an oil soluble metal compound in situ in the chargestock of the hydroconversion zone.

Abstract: Low value heavy hydrocarbonaceous material such as a petroleum refinery vacuum residuum is converted to distillate products and pitch in a hydrogen donor diluent cracking process, and the pitch is utilized as feedstock to a delayed premium coker.

Abstract: A petroleum refinery vacuum residuum stream is subjected to hydrogen donor diluent cracking, the liquid cracking effluent is hydrodesulfurized, the hydrodesulfurizer effluent is fractionated, and the fractionator bottoms stream is fed to a delayed coker where premium type delayed coke is produced. The gas oil boiling range fraction from the fractionator is utilized as the donor diluent in the cracking step.

Abstract: A combination slurry hydroconversion, coking and coke gasification process is provided wherein solid fines having an average particle size of less than 10 microns in diameter or the ashes thereof recovered from a gaseous product derived from the coke gasification are used as a catalyst in the hydroconversion stage.

Abstract: An arsenic-contaminated shale oil is thermally treated to precipitate the arsenic and to lower the pour point. Treated oil is then transported and thereafter heated to produce coke and a liquid hydrocarbon distillate. At least a portion of the distillate is catalytically processed in the presence of hydrogen, forming a treated shale oil product.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of gas oil to a naphtha pyrolysis feedstock and needle coke comprising thermally cracking the gas oil to produce a product comprising cracked naphtha and aromatic tar oil, delay coking said aromatic tar oil to produce needle coke and coker naphtha, and hydrotreating said cracked naphtha and said coker naphtha at a temperature at least 50.degree. F. (28.degree. C.) lower than the temperature in the thermal cracking and coking zones to avoid hydrocarcking reactions and to produce a hydrogenated naphtha containing at least 10 volume percent of cycloparaffins. Said hydrogenated naphtha is thereupon passed through a pyrolysis zone without added molecular hydrogen and without a catalyst operated at a temperature between 1,300 and 2,300.degree. F. (704 and 1,260.degree. C.) and a residence between 0.05 and 2 seconds to produce a product containing ethylene. The ethylene yield can be increased by adding a sulfur compound to the hydrogenated naphtha stream flowing to the pyrolysis zone.

Abstract: A high crystalline coke can be prepared by heat-soaking a petroleum feedstock in the presence of added dissolved sulfur, heating to effect controlled thermal cracking thereof, separating non-crystalline substances as pitch, recovering a heavy cokable residue from the pitch free feed, and subjecting the residue to delayed coking.

Abstract: A hydrogen donor diluent cracking process for converting hydrogen deficient residual petroleum oils to more valuable distillates. A premium coker gas-oil is utilized as the hydrogen donor diluent.

Abstract: High grade, low-sulfur needle coke is produced from heavy high-sulfur aromatic mineral oil feedstocks by a sequence of (1) fractionating the feedstock into a minor heavy fraction, and a major lighter fraction, (2) subjecting the lighter fraction to mild hydrofining, (3) blending the heavy fraction separated in step (1) with the heavy fraction of hydrofined oil from step (2), (4) subjecting the resulting blend to delayed thermal coking, and preferably (5) recycling to the coking step heavy coker gas oil recovered from the coker effluent. If desired, the aromaticity of the heavy hydrofined oil from step (2) can be increased by subjecting the same to thermal cracking prior to step (3).

Abstract: The present invention refers to an integrated process for the delayed coking of mixtures of cracking unit residues and coal tar so as to obtain premium coke and a raw material suitable for the manufacture of carbon black. In view of the composition of the initial feed charge for coking, it is possible to use cracking unit residues which have a sulphur content greater than 3% by weight as well as low aromaticity without said compound charge failing to meet the specifications laid down for the obtention of premium coke and carbon black feedstock.

Abstract: A high-crystalline petroleum coke is produced from low-sulfur petroleum feedstock such as virgin crude oil, distillation residuum and cracked residium by subjecting the feedstock to preheat treatment under specific conditions to effect cracking and soaking thereof, subjecting the preheat-treated feedstock to flash distillation to remove non-crystalline substances contained therein as pitch and to recover distillate, fractionating the distillate to provide a heavy residue and subjecting the heavy residue to a delayed coking under specific conditions to produce the desired coke which has a coefficient of thermal expansion of less than 1.0 .times. 10.sup.-6 /.degree. C over 100.degree.-400.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for producing and upgrading carbonaceous tars including adding the carbonaceous material into a first reaction zone of a reactor having at least two reaction zones; adding hot hydrogen to the stream of carbonaceous material to effect a reaction with same to produce reaction products; quenching the mixture while insuring that the total residence time varies from about 2 milliseconds to about 2 seconds; removing at least a portion of the reaction products from the quenched mixture; introducing the residual carbonaceous material into a subsequent reaction zone and repeating the steps for the subsequent reaction zone; and introducing carbonaceous tars produced directly into a fluid coking zone to obtain gas, upgraded coal tars, and hot coke.

Abstract: Characteristics of the feedstock for a delayed coking operation are determined prior to carrying out the coking operation, and the feedstock is adjusted by blending, thermal cracking, or other processing to provide certain predetermined characteristics to the feedstock prior to conducting the coking operation. Feedstocks having desired predetermined characteristics produce a premium grade coke having very low coefficient of thermal expansion.

Abstract: Residual hydrocarbons stocks obtained after atmospheric distillation are converted into light distillates by certain sequences of processing steps including catalytic cracking, high and low pressure catalytic hydrotreatment, deasphalting, gasification and thermal cracking or coking.

Abstract: Process for producing fluid fuel from coal using a hydrogen-donor solvent as an extractant. Moisture-free, preheated coal in particulate form is contacted in a drum with hot solvent to extract the hydrocarbons therefrom. Subsequently, the pressure is released to vaporize the solvent and at least a portion of the hydrocarbons extracted. The temperature of the mass in the drum is then raised under conditions required to crack the hydrocarbons in the drum and to produce, after subsequent stripping, a solid coke residue. The hydrocarbon products are removed and fractionated into several cuts, one of which is hydrotreated to form the required hydrogen-donor solvent while other fractions can be hydrotreated or hydrocracked to produce a synthetic crude product. The heaviest fraction can be used to produce ash-free coke especially adapted for hydrogen manufacture. The process can be made self-sufficient in hydrogen and furnishes as a by-product a solid carbonaceous material with a useful heating value.

Abstract: Process for producing fluid fuel from coal. Moisture-free coal in particulate form is slurried with a hydrogen-donor solvent and the heated slurry is charged into a drum wherein the pressure is so regulated as to maintain a portion of the solvent in liquid form. During extraction of the hydrocarbons from the coal, additional solvent is added to agitate the drum mass and keep it up to temperature. Subsequently, the pressure is released to vaporize the solvent and at least a portion of the hydrocarbons extracted. The temperature of the mass in the drum is then raised under conditions required to crack the hydrocarbons in the drum and to produce, after subsequent stripping, a solid coke residue. The hydrocarbon products are removed and fractionated into several cuts, one of which is hydrotreated to form the required hydrogen-donor solvent while other fractions can be hydrotreated or hydrocracked to produce a synthetic crude product.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for manufacturing needle coke, which process involves the steps of comminuting a coal, dispersing it in a suitable solvent, subjecting the dispersion to hydrogenolysis liquefaction at 360.degree.-480.degree. C and 1-150 Kg/Cm.sup.2 H.sub.2 pressure, distilling the resultant ashless coal solution at 250.degree.-600.degree. C to remove impurities, and unreacted coal, and coking selected distillate fractions in a conventional coker.

Abstract: Crushed carbonaceous fuel is rapidly mixed with hot hydrogen, at 500.degree. to 1,500.degree. C. and 0 to 250 psig., in a reactor, and then, after a short reaction time, rapidly quenched. The total heat-up, reaction, and quench time is less than 2 seconds. This short residence time and rapid heat-up results in a high yield of carbonaceous tars. The carbonaceous tars are subsequently and directly introduced into a fluid coker to obtain gas, upgraded carbonaceous tars, and hot coke.

Abstract: Deashed solid coal effluent from a coal solvent deashing process in which raw coal is converted to deashed solid and liquid coal is passed to a delayed coker. The coker operates at a higher temperature than is employed in the solvent deashing process and produces deashed coke, liquid hydrocarbonaceous material including solvent boiling range liquid and hydrogen-containing gas. The hydrogen produced in the coker is derived from hydrogen which was previously consumed in the deashing step and can also include hydrogen contained in the raw coal. The solvent boiling range liquid and hydrogen produced in the coker are recycled to the solvent deashing step. Since the coker supplies a portion of the solvent required in the deashing step, the deashing step is operated to produce only a portion of its recycle liquid solvent requirement, thereby conserving hydrogen.

Abstract: Isotropic petroleum coke is produced by air blowing a petroleum residuum to produce a delayed coking feedstock having a particular softening point and then coking said air-blown residuum with or without diluent under delayed coking conditions.

Abstract: Low sulfur metallurgical coke and pitch and low sulfur, ash-free carbon suitable for electrodes are produced from sulfur-containing, non-coking or coking coals by hydrogenation of such coals in an economical cyclic system in which particulate coal, in the absence of pasting oils, is contacted with a large volume of circulating hydrogen under conditions providing a low sulfur heavy oil or oil-carbonaceous solid mixture which is then converted into the coke, pitch and/or electrode carbon. Sulfur in the coal is converted to gaseous compounds and is removed from the circulating hydrogen stream. Light oils of aromatic nature are also produced.

Abstract: High grade cokes are produced by a simple expedient such that a raw material oil is charged into a coking drum and is subjected therein to a two step operation, namely reforming of the oil and subsequent coking under bubbling into the oil of a heated non-oxidizing gas. No fluidized bed of the oil to be coked is formed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a unitary and continuous process to produce the desired products, divided for clarity of description, into two sections: (A) Retorting section and (B) cracking section-the first comprising a retorting section which in one principal aspect may be an essentially tubular vertical retort, one type of which is shown in FIG. 1; or in another aspect a horizontal rotating retort sloping downwardly, in which in any event the oil shale is heated indirectly by the hot gases of combustion, and are kept separate from the oil vapors and gases from the oil shale. The hot combustion products of the fuel in general move upwardly and out of direct contact with the shale and products therefrom.