Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of refining and recovering barium sulfate from contaminated water sources that include barium cation, such as hydrofracture wastewater. The methods of the present invention result in the formation of a refined and a recovered barium sulfate that has a density of at least 4.10 g/ml, and a content of calcium ion of less than or equal to 250 mg/Kg.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating fluoride-containing, in particular HF containing wastewater to remove fluoride and to a corresponding apparatus. In the new method calcium carbonate is reacted in a reaction step at an acidic pH?4 with the fluoride in the wastewater to form calcium fluoride particles. Then, in a subsequent filtration step said calcium fluoride particles are separated by a porous membrane from the treated wastewater. The inventive apparatus comprises at least one reaction container/tank for reacting calcium carbonate at an acidic pH?4 with fluoride in the wastewater to form calcium fluoride particles, as well as at least one porous membrane, in particular at least one porous ceramic membrane for separating calcium fluoride particles from the treated wastewater in a filtration step.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing magnesium and/or calcium-enriched drinking water based beverage, comprising: —preparing a concentrated aqueous solution of magnesium and/or calcium bicarbonate by, a) providing a powder of magnesium and/or calcium compound in a reactor (4); b) adding an aqueous liquid in said reactor; and c) injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) into said reactor; —adding at least part of the concentrated aqueous solution of magnesium and/or calcium bicarbonate into a flowing circuit comprising an aqueous liquid. The invention also relates to the associated manufacturing apparatus comprising a reactor.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses and systems for treating liquid utilizing primary and secondary treatment mechanisms positioned on a portable sled, the primary treatment mechanism of the system being a filter bag used in conjunction with a secondary treatment mechanism including a straw bale layer positioned on a base of the sled. Liquid entering the filter bag exits the bag as filtrate which passes through the secondary treatment mechanism and flows by gravity to the environment. The system is transportable to different locations where filtering may continue utilizing the same filter bag. The filter bag is flexible and removable via a porous lift frame positioned below the filter bag.

Abstract: A coating material for preventing metal corrosion contains 50 to 99% by mass of an inorganic layered compound having an average particle size of 10 ?m or less; 1 to 50% by mass of a corrosion inhibitor; and a liquid medium, in which the total content of the inorganic layered compound and the corrosion inhibitor is 100% by mass.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process for recovering phosphates from wastewater by adding to the wastewater at least one organic coagulant or polymer in a mechanical treatment step that leaves dissolved phosphorus in the water phase, separating a mechanical sludge from the treated wastewater, preferably by sedimentation, flotation or filtration, carrying the phosphorus-containing treated wastewater in a post-treatment step, where at least one chemical precipitant is added to precipitate the dissolved phosphate into solid phosphates, and separating the solid phosphates from the treated wastewater to recover the phosphates.

Abstract: Various techniques are provided in relation to flocculation and/or dewatering of thick fine tailings, with shear conditioning of flocculated tailings material in accordance with a pre-determined shearing parameter, such as the Camp Number. One example method of treating thick fine tailings including dispersing a flocculant into the thick fine tailings to form a flocculating mixture; shearing the flocculating mixture to increase yield stress and produce a flocculated mixture; shear conditioning the flocculated mixture to decrease the yield stress and break down flocs, the shear conditioning being performed in accordance with the pre-determined shearing parameter to produce conditioned flocculated material within a water release zone where release water separates from the conditioned flocculated material. The conditioned flocculated material can then be subjected to dewatering, for example by depositing, thickening or filtering.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a supramolecular system in order to remove particles from a liquid medium containing same. According to the invention, the supramolecular system includes at least one molecule having a low molecular weight and/or an organic compound from living organisms, preferably from jellyfish, said compound being selected from among collagen, a polysaccharide, a proteoglycan or a mixture of two of said organic compounds, and said molecule having a low molecular weight and formula (I) as defined herein. The invention also relates to a method for removing particles from a liquid medium containing same. The invention is particularly suitable for use in water decontamination and biotechnology.

Abstract: A method for treating, and recovering phosphate compounds from, phosphate-containing wastewater. The method includes the steps of: (a) removing fluoride from the wastewater; (b) recovering a phosphate compound from the wastewater by maintaining super saturation conditions for the phosphate compound; and (c) polishing the wastewater. A silica removal step may be optionally performed after step (a) and before step (b).

Abstract: Methods and systems for improving pumping or conveyance efficiencies of wastewater within a wastewater treatment system is described. In an embodiment, an effective amount of a magnesium compound may be added to wastewater within a wastewater treatment system to increase at least one of a pumping and a conveyance efficiency of the wastewater within at least a portion of the wastewater treatment system. In an embodiment, the method may also include measuring at least one or the pumping efficiency and the conveyance efficiency of the wastewater within the portion of the wastewater treatment system. A concentration of the added magnesium compound may be adjusted to increase at least one of the pumping and the conveyance efficiency within the portion of the wastewater treatment system. Other methods and systems are described.

Abstract: An enhanced primary treatment (EPT) system includes an EPT settling tank. A sludge drain discharges a sludge including BOD from the EPT settling tank and a clarified effluent discharge recovers decanted fluid from the EPT settling tank. A controller has at least one computer processor. A sludge sensor is communicatively coupled to the controller. The sludge sensor provides a sludge BOD concentration measurement, or a measurement from which the sludge BOD concentration is calculated. A process algorithm controls the sludge valve to control the discharge of the sludge by gravity or by pumping in response to data from the sludge sensor of the sludge BOD concentration. A method of controlling an enhanced primary treatment (EPT) system is also described.

Abstract: Chemical pretreatments are used to produce usable water by treating a water source with a chemical pretreatment that contains a hexavalent chromium and an acid to generate a treated water source, wherein the concentration of sulfate compounds in the acid is negligible, and wherein the treated water source remains substantially free of precipitates after the addition of the chemical pretreatment. Other methods include reducing the pH in urine to be distilled for potable water extraction by pretreating the urine before distillation with a pretreatment solution comprising one or more acid sources selected from a group consisting of phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid, wherein the urine remains substantially precipitate free after the addition of the pretreatment solution. Another method described comprises a process for reducing precipitation in urine to be processed for water extraction by mixing the urine with a pretreatment solution comprising hexavalent chromium compound and phosphoric acid.

Abstract: In order to reduce energy consumed for waste water treatment, in a scrubber, an exhaust gas is purified into a purified gas by bringing SO2 contained in the exhaust gas into contact with cleaning seawater and SO2-absorbed cleaning seawater is discharged as waste water. Then, a flow rate and a concentration of SO2 of the exhaust gas and a concentration of SO2 of the purified gas are measured. These measurement values are used as a basis to calculate an amount of HSO3? obtained by being absorbed into the cleaning seawater, and an amount of dilution seawater in accordance with this calculation result is supplied to the waste water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing free-flowing calcium fluoride particles from a diluted aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride comprising the step of reacting the diluted aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride with calcium carbonate particles at a temperature of less than 50° C. The invention further relates to the use of the free-flowing calcium fluoride particles for the manufacturing of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: Systems and methods for use of magnesium hydroxide, either directly or through one or more precursors, doped with a divalent or trivalent metal cation, for removing arsenic from drinking water, including water distribution systems. In one embodiment, magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 (a strong adsorbent for arsenic) doped with a divalent or trivalent metal cation is used to adsorb arsenic. The complex consisting of arsenic adsorbed on Mg(OH)2 doped with a divalent or trivalent metal cation is subsequently removed from the water by conventional means, including filtration, settling, skimming, vortexing, centrifugation, magnetic separation, or other well-known separation systems. In another embodiment, magnesium oxide, MgO, is employed, which reacts with water to form Mg(OH)2. The resulting Mg(OH)2 doped with a divalent or trivalent metal cation, then adsorbs arsenic, as set forth above. The method can also be used to treat human or animal poisoning with arsenic.

Abstract: A method for processing fluoride-containing wastewaters from a factory, which includes the following steps: Step 1: collecting the fluoride-containing wastewaters into three pools: an acidic high-fluoride wastewater, an acidic low-fluoride wastewater, and an alkaline wastewater; Step 2: adding a calcium compound to the acidic low-fluoride wastewater to produce a calcium-containing solution; Step 3: reacting a portion of the calcium-containing solution with the acidic high-fluoride wastewater at a calcium-to-fluoride molar ratio of from about 0.5:1 to about 1.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for recovery of phosphorus values and salt impurities from aqueous waste streams. In particular, the present invention relates to processes for recovery of phosphorus values and salt impurities from aqueous waste streams generated in the manufacture of phospho-herbicides, including N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine and glufosinate.

Abstract: Industrial demand for hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) is often lower than the amount produced from fluoride recycling processes. One alternative for using this surplus is manufacturing a soil conditioner by neutralizing the hexafluorosilicic acid with calcium oxide (CaO) inside an open, Kullman type reactor. The reaction ensures alkalinity to the soil conditioner having a pH of about 10, moisture less than about 40%, phosphorus (P2O5) at about 2.5%, calcium at about 22%, about 0.5% magnesium, about 10% silicon (about 30% to 40% water-soluble), about 18% fluoride, neutralization power of about 5% to 15%, and total neutralization power of about 5% to 12%. The resulting product, called AgroSiCa, is easily manageable with very high contents of Ca and Si (total and soluble), and also contains Mg, P, Fe, Zn, and F. When applied to soil, it contributes to the supply of nutrients, provides a better root growth and improves the plants development.

Abstract: A method for stabilising or raising the pH of bodies of water and/or neutralising bodies of water is illustrated and described. According to the invention a feed material containing an unburnt lime product, the unburnt lime product having a granularity with a fraction <about 10 ?m of ?50%, is used to stabilise or raise the pH and/or neutralise bodies of water. With the aid of the proposed method the pH of bodies of water can be stabilised, raised and/or bodies of water can be neutralised effectively and in an ecologically harmless manner, and at low cost.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a method of treating a strong basic aluminum production waste. The method includes preparing an aluminum production waste; and mixing the aluminum production waste with gypsum.

Abstract: There is provided an efficient treatment method for boron-containing water capable of reducing an amount of use of medical agent and an amount of generation of sludge. A treatment method for boron-containing water of an embodiment includes a first process of concentrating boron-containing water to obtain boron-concentrated liquid. Further, the method includes a second process of making the boron-concentrated liquid to be brought into contact with a layered inorganic hydroxide, and making the layered inorganic hydroxide adsorb boron in the boron-concentrated liquid to remove boron.

Abstract: A system and method for passive capture of ammonia in an ammonia-containing liquid effluent. The invention allows for the passage of ammonia through microporous hydrophobic gas-permeable membranes and its capture in a circulated stripping solution with concomitant production of a concentrated non-volatile ammonium salt.

Abstract: This disclosure describes providing techniques to remove suspended solids from a process stream. This disclosure describes a method for adding a chemical, a cationic flocculant to the process stream, in which the chemical induces flocs of suspended solids. The process removes the flocs of suspended solids by using a device. This creates two streams, a liquids and dissolved solids stream and a suspended solids stream.

Abstract: The present invention provides a coagulation processing method capable of adding a sufficiently-dissolved coagulant aqueous solution to being processed water and materializing high-efficiency coagulation processing, a coagulation processing unit, and a water processing apparatus. A coagulation processing unit includes a coagulant aqueous solution storage tank 1 to have a stirrer 5 and store a coagulant aqueous solution, a particle size distribution measurement device 50 to measure the particle size distribution of the coagulant aqueous solution in the coagulant aqueous solution storage tank 1, a coagulation tank 11 to mix being processed water with an added coagulant aqueous solution and form a coagulation, a coagulation removing section 9 to remove the coagulation from the being processed water containing the coagulation, and a control section 6 to control the stirrer 5 so that a median size in the particle size distribution of the coagulant aqueous solution may be not more than 1.

Abstract: A method of treating a wastewater is provided and can be used, for example, to treat a gas well production wastewater to form a wastewater brine. The method can involve crystallizing sodium chloride by evaporation of the wastewater brine with concurrent production of a liquor comprising calcium chloride solution. Bromine and lithium can also be recovered from the liquor in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Various metal sulfates, such as barium sulfate and strontium sulfate, can be removed from the wastewater in the production of the wastewater brine. Sources of wastewater can include gas well production wastewater and hydrofracture flowback wastewater.

Abstract: In a device and a process for purifying water which is contaminated with sulphate ions and heavy metal ions, the water is collected in a water reservoir and a substance having basic activity in water is fed to the water reservoir in such a manner that a precipitant having heavy metal ions is precipitated from the water, wherein at least a subquantity of water is taken off from the water reservoir and is separated into pure water which is substantially freed from sulphate ions and heavy metal ions and dirty water which is enriched with sulphate ions and heavy metal ions. The dirty water is at least in part recirculated to the water reservoir, as a result of which a concentration of sulphate ions in the water reservoir is achieved such that a precipitant having sulphate ions is precipitated from the water.

Abstract: A method for processing raw liquid manure and/or fermentation residues involves providing raw liquid manure and/or fermentation residues, purifying the raw liquid manure and/or fermentation residues in a first purification stage so as to form a first solid phase and a first purified liquid phase, pre-conditioning the first purified liquid phase in order to separate ultrafine particles from the first purified liquid phase, and purifying the first purified liquid phase in a second purification stage so as to form a second solid phase and a second purified liquid phase.

Abstract: A process for removing polyvalent metal ions from a fluid includes disposing a precipitation composition comprising a precipitating agent in an environment; contacting, with the precipitation composition, a fluid comprising a produced water, a flowback water, or a combination thereof, a plurality of polyvalent metal cations being present in the fluid; forming a plurality of precipitate particles comprising the polyvalent metal cations from the fluid and a polyvalent anion from the precipitating agent; contacting the precipitant particles with a flocculant, a coagulant, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, to form an aggregate comprising the precipitate particles; and separating the aggregate from the fluid to remove the polyvalent metal ions from the fluid.

Abstract: The suspended solids content of a Bayer process stream is reduced by contacting the stream with silicon-containing polymers.

Abstract: Flow and product waste water from fracturing can be cleaned and reused utilizing a precipitation methodology incorporating, in part, a super critical reactor 30. Initially, the waste water is treated to remove solids, destroy bacteria, and precipitate out certain salts, such as barium, strontium, calcium, magnesium and iron. The waste water then can be passed through a radioactive material adsorption unit 20 to remove radium, as well as other radioactive materials, and then introduced into the super critical reactor 30. The super critical reactor is designed to bring the waste water to super critical conditions at a central portion of the reactor. This causes any dissolve solids, in particular sodium chloride and the like, to precipitate out of solution in the center 42 of the reactor 30 thereby avoiding scale formation on the walls of the reactor. A catalyst can be utilized to promote the breakdown of carbon bonds and promote the water/gas shift reaction.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to processes for extracting iron and/or calcium from geothermal brines.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for recycling a cerium oxide abrasive. The method may include adding a strong alkali solution to a slurry waste of the cerium oxide abrasive, adding sodium fluoride to the slurry waste, and separating a cerium oxide particle included in the slurry waste from other kinds of particles.

Abstract: A method of treating a wastewater is provided and can be used, for example, to treat a gas well production wastewater to form a wastewater brine. The method can involve crystallizing sodium chloride by evaporation of the wastewater brine with concurrent production of a liquor comprising calcium chloride solution. Bromine and lithium can also be recovered from the liquor in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Various metal sulfates, such as barium sulfate, can be removed from the wastewater in the production of the wastewater brine. Sources of wastewater can include gas well production wastewater and hydrofracture flowback wastewater.

Abstract: Methods of treating a liquid having a contaminant, compositions, and the like, are provided.

Abstract: A method of reclaiming a formate brine may include increasing the pH of a spent formate brine fluid comprising water-soluble polymers; treating the fluid with an oxidizing agent; and removing at least a portion of suspended solids from the fluid. Further, a method of reclaiming a formate brine may include lowering the pH of the spent formate brine fluid comprising water-soluble polymers; increasing the pH of the spent formate brine fluid to initiate precipitation of materials solubilized in the fluid; treating the fluid with an oxidizing agent to break down remaining water-soluble polymer; and recovering at least a portion of the formate brine.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for extracting high acyl gellan from the fermentation broth containing gellan gum with a low production cost and high quality of products, comprising the following steps: (1) Treatment of the fermentation broth with an enzyme; (2) flocculation of the treated fermentation broth with acid; (3) wash of the fiber-like material; and (4) drying and milling.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for separating at least one first material from a mixture comprising this at least one first material, at least one second material and at least one third material, which comprises at least the following steps: (A) contacting of the mixture comprising at least one first material, at least one second material and at least one third material with at least one hydrocarbon in an amount of from 0.01 to 0.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purifying highly alkaline waste water from a stainless steel slag treatment process. This waste water contains between 0.5 and 5 mg/l of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l of molybdenum. To reduce the chromium and molybdenum content a trivalent iron is added to the waste water in the form of a water soluble ferric salt and the trivalent iron is allowed to co-precipitate with said chromium and molybdenum by lowering the pH of the waste water. It was found that by performing the co-precipitation at a pH of 3.5 to 5.7, both the chromium and the molybdenum content could be effectively reduced to a level of less than 0.5 mg/l, and this without having to provide large amounts of trivalent iron in the waste water, without having to repeat the purification process for several times, without having to add sulphide to the waste water, and without having to lower and raise the pH of the waste water for more than one time.

Abstract: A method and system for treating waste water from hydraulic fracturing is disclosed. The treatment includes removing the sand, suspending the inorganic metals and impurities, using flocculation to engulf the impurities, and separating the impurities from the water, resulting in pure water that can be reused in the process.

Abstract: This invention relates to the field of water purification and desalination. In particular, embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods of removing essentially all of a broad spectrum of impurities from water in an automated industrial process that requires minimal cleaning or maintenance during the course of several months to several years, with relatively high yields of product water per unit of input water, flexibility with respect to energy sources, compact design with a low industrial foot-print, the ability to recover valuable by-products, and ultra-low energy requirements.

Abstract: A process for treating acid mine drainage containing heavy metals and soluble contaminants is provided. In one embodiment, at least a metal cation is added to the acid mine drainage at a pre-select pH to form insoluble heavy metal complexes. In one embodiment, the metal cation is a trivalent metal ion, e.g., ferric iron such as in ferric sulfate. In another embodiment, a divalent metal ion such as in ferrous sulfate is used. After the removal of the heavy metal complexes, the effluent water is treated with at least a phosphate additive to remove remaining soluble contaminants, thus producing a treated water stream with reduced levels of contaminants.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for detection and removal of sulfate from a liquid. The method provides much faster removal of sulfate than the prior art does and does so while requiring the use of far less aluminum. The method involves sequentially adding an acidic to neutral pH generating aluminum agent to the liquid, an alkaline pH generating aluminum agent to the liquid, after having added the acidic to neutral pH generating aluminum agent, and an alkaline calcium agent to the liquid. The most efficient rate possible can be obtained by also using a fluorophore to precisely determine the amount of sulfate in the liquid.

Abstract: A process for treatment of water containing an azole-type anticorrosive for copper, includes adding ferrous ions to the water containing the azole-type anticorrosive for copper and having a pH of 4-8, thereby precipitating an insoluble iron-azole complex, and separating the insoluble iron-azole complex. An amount of the ferrous ions added is 0.5 to 5.0 times, by molar ratio, an amount of the azole-type anticorrosive for copper in the water containing the azole-type anticorrosive for copper. After the insoluble iron-azole complex is separated, remaining total organic carbon (TOC) components are subjected to an ozone treatment.

Abstract: Process for degrading organic substances in an aqueous composition comprising a step (a) wherein, in a liquid reaction medium, said aqueous composition is reacted with at least one composition comprising hydroxide ions (OH?) and hypochlorite in a molar ratio between hydroxide and hypochlorite higher than or equal to 0.001 and lower than 1.5, in order to oxidize said organic substances.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing arsenic as scorodite from solutions that contain iron and arsenic. In accordance with the method, arsenic is first precipitated as ferric arsenate and subsequently processed hydrothermally into crystalline scorodite.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a method for aggregating and separating algae dispersed in a liquid efficiently. According to the present invention, a method for aggregating and separating algae dispersed in a liquid, which comprises adding an alkaline inorganic aggregating agent to the liquid at pH of 2.0 to 4.0 in which algae are dispersed, followed by adding a cationic polymer aggregating agent, is provided. Further, according to the present invention, a method for producing biofuel utilizing algae is provided.

Abstract: A stream of acid mine discharge is treated by mixing an alkaline aqueous solution of sodium borohydride to form a precipitate which is separated from the stream.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for treating flue gas and/or condensates thereof suitable for removal of sulphur-containing compounds. The invention also relates to the purified flue gas and to a system for conducting the method according to the invention.

Abstract: Use of a non-sacrificial electrode made of synthetic graphite for applications utilizing conductive immersed treatment of wastewater is disclosed. The synthetic graphite is manufactured from a petroleum based extruded or molded composite material in any of plate, bar or coil forms. The electrodes are especially useful in the primary reaction chamber of an electrocoagulation apparatus.

Abstract: Methods of removing one or more oxyanions from an aqueous fluid can comprise increasing the pH of an aqueous fluid containing one or more oxyanions and contacting the aqueous fluid with aluminum metal.