Abstract: A medical treatment system includes a disposable fluid circuit that includes a water inlet and a batch container arranged to hold a mixture, the mixture including water that is received from the water inlet and at least one concentrate. The fluid circuit also includes a drain line for draining fluid from the disposable fluid circuit, and a manifold with a plurality of fluid lines, the manifold connecting the water inlet, the batch container, a source of the at least one concentrate, and the drain line. A source of purified water supplies the purified water to the water inlet and a sensor detects a property of fluid in the disposable fluid circuit. A controller controls flowing of a first fluid followed by displacement by a second fluid causing the first fluid to flow to the sensor.

Abstract: A method includes: receiving measurements of a blood-related parameter corresponding to a patient undergoing hemodialysis; estimating a value of one or more hemodialysis treatment-related parameters by applying a vascular refill model based on the received measurements of the blood-related parameter, wherein the one or more hemodialysis treatment-related parameters are indicative of an effect of vascular refill on the patient caused by the hemodialysis; determining, based on the one or more estimated values of the one or more hemodialysis treatment-related parameters, a hemodialysis treatment-related operation; and facilitating performance of the treatment-related operation. The vascular refill model is a two-compartment model based on a first compartment corresponding to blood plasma in the patient's body, a second compartment based on interstitial fluid in the patient's body, and a semi-permeable membrane separating the first compartment and the second compartment.

Abstract: An extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus is provided comprising a filtration unit connected to a blood circuit and to a dialysis fluid circuit, a preparation device for preparing and regulating the composition of the dialysis fluid; a control unit is configured for determining or receiving a proposed value of a sodium concentration for the dialysis fluid in the dialysis supply line and to determine a set value for the sodium concentration in the dialysis fluid as a function of the proposed value. For at least an interval of proposed values for the sodium concentration, the control unit is configured to determine the set value so that the set value is different from the proposed value and so that distinct set values are determined from distinct proposed values. The set value is biased towards a predetermined pivot value.

Abstract: A method includes measuring, by a flow sensor (70), a flow rate of a permeate fluid (48) flowing through a filter (20) of a membrane filtration system (12). Further, the method includes receiving, by a control unit (86), the measured flow rate of the permeate fluid (48) and determining, by the control unit (86), a first flux rate of the filter (20) based on the measured flow rate of the permeate fluid (48). Furthermore, the method includes comparing, by the control unit (86), the determined first flux rate with a first predetermined flux rate. Additionally, the method includes operating the membrane filtration system (12), by the control unit (86), in a normal mode or a flux tolerant mode based on the comparison of the determined first flux rate with the first predetermined flux rate. The flux tolerant mode of the membrane filtration system (12) is further based on a determined normalized water permeability value of the filter (20).

Abstract: One or more novel processes for producing hydrogen, oxygen, and in some cases, distilled and cleaned water from a contaminated effluent, are disclosed. In one example of utilizing this novel process, the water from contaminated effluent is transferred into a draw solution using an entrochemical system through a vapor-mediated membrane-free forward osmosis process. The process is enabled by the generation of a wet vacuum in one or more entrochemical cells incorporated into the entrochemical system. This process generates a diluted draw solution that can be utilized as an abundant water feedstock in an electrolyzer for electrolysis, which in turn generates hydrogen and oxygen. In some embodiments, an entrochemical distiller may also be utilized to distill a portion of the contaminated effluent for clean water as a result of thermal transfers during the vapor-mediated membrane-free forward osmosis process.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to a system for monitoring and/or controlling one or more agents, such as cleaning agents, in a wastewater treatment system. The system comprises a bio-electrochemical sensor for monitoring metabolic activity of a population of exo-electrogenic bacteria and providing an electrical output corresponding with the metabolic activity, where the bio-electrochemical sensor comprises an electrode pair and a power source for delivering a voltage across the electrode pair, and an electrical output analyzer for analyzing the electrical output and correlating the electrical output with the one or more agents in the wastewater treatment system. a change in electrical output beyond a threshold indicates that an adjustment in the delivery of the one or more agents is needed. a method and sensor for monitoring and/or controlling a cleaning process in a wastewater treatment system are also provided.

Abstract: A disposable patient interface includes a reusable sensor that removably mounts within a shoe of the disposable patient interface when at least one protrusion on opposite ends of the sensor removably lock with corresponding at least one aperture on opposite portions of the shoe. The patient interface includes a compliant structure which conforms to a patient's body upon placement thereon without causing wrinkles in the compliant structure so as to maximize adhesion of the compliant structure against skin on the patient's body when the compliant structure is conformed to muscle underlying skin on the patient's body.

Abstract: Hemodialysis systems are described. A hemodialysis system may include a dialysate flow path through which dialysate is passed from a dialysate reservoir, which includes a valved vent to atmosphere, to an ultrafilter. The dialysate flow path includes a pneumatically actuated diaphragm-based dialysate pump for pumping fluid from the dialysate reservoir to the ultrafilter. The hemodialysis system may include a controller for controlling pneumatic actuation pressure delivered to the dialysate pump and at least one valve connecting the dialysate reservoir vent to the atmosphere. The hemodialysis system may be configured to actuate the dialysate pump and the at least one valve to introduce air into the dialysate flow path and expel liquid from the dialysate flow path to a drain.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for calibration determinations for handheld moisture meters in the field. A calibration reference stand emulates a sample with an equivalent moisture content, allowing rapid determination whether a moisture meter is out of calibration, or determination of a new calibration value. The calibration reference stand includes an electromagnetic load, which can be formed of a metal sheet or high dielectric constant material, supported on a platform, and mechanical fixturing for reproducible positioning of a moisture meter on the stand. Associated methods and variations are disclosed.

Abstract: Devices, methods, and systems are provided for priming, separating, and collecting blood components. At least one disposable component may be utilized, and a determination may be made as to whether such a disposable component is authentic, is new/unused or used, or both.

Abstract: A system for product water output. The system includes a controller, a first conductivity sensor in communication with the controller, a first product valve downstream from the first conductivity sensor and in communication with the controller, a second product valve downstream from the first product valve and in communication with the controller, a second conductivity sensor downstream from the second product valve and in communication with the controller, and a divert valve downstream from the first conductivity sensor and upstream from the first product valve and in communication with the controller.

Abstract: A dialysis machine has a blood circuit, a blood pump, a dialyzer, a venous pressure sensor, a substituate line, and a control unit. The control unit can operate the blood pump in a first operating mode and in a special operating mode, and start the special operating mode after a trigger event. In the special operating mode, a blood pump conveying rate is controlled via a default value or regulated to a desired value, with the default or desired value being derived from a value determined before the started special mode or corresponding to the value. The presence of an obstacle is polled before the special mode, and depending on the presence thereof, the start of the special mode is blocked or delayed and/or the selection of the default value or the desired value on the presence of the obstacle differs from the selection without the presence of the obstacle.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment that comprises a device 1 for providing fresh dialysate and a drain 2 for used dialysate, a balancing device 4 for balancing fresh dialysate and used dialysate, an ultrafiltration device 15, and a dialyser 3 that is divided into a blood chamber 6 and a dialysate chamber 7 by a semi-permeable membrane 5. The invention further relates to a method for operating such an apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment. The apparatus according to the invention is based on the use of the ultrafiltration device 15 of the blood treatment apparatus for raising the liquid level in the air separation device 12 on the secondary side of the dialysate system I. In the apparatus according to the invention, the ultrafiltration device 15 is designed such that the ultrafiltration device can be operated not only in an ultrafiltration mode, but also in a ventilation mode.

Abstract: Systems and methods for cleaning and disinfecting a medical therapy device that delivers any one of hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration and hemofiltration. The system has a base module that has at least one segment of a controlled compliant flow path and at least one pair of jumpered ports configured on the base module. One or more components have connections connectable to the jumpered ports of the base module to provide for fluid communication between the segment of the controlled compliant flow path in the base module and a flow path defined by the one or more components. The base module is connected to the one or more components that define a flow path configurable for carrying out in part at least one function performed during any one of hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration or hemofiltration.

Abstract: An on-site device for detecting presence of a liquid from a site and a method for detecting presence of a liquid from a site using the on-site device, the device comprising a moisture detector arranged to detect the presence of the liquid based on one or more electrical characteristics of the liquid; a first optical detector assembly coupled to the moisture detector, the first optical detector assembly being configured to be activated upon detection of the presence of the liquid by the moisture detector; and wherein upon activation, the first optical detector assembly is configured to detect a substance in the liquid based on one or more optical characteristics of the substance.

Abstract: A presterilizable filtration system is provided and is to be disposed of after a single use. The system has a recirculation tank and a filtration module that are connected to each other in a circuit via a hose system that can be regulated by at least one valve. The valve has a disposable separate valve part that can be integrated in the hose system and a reusable actuator.

Abstract: A blood treatment cassette having a cassette body embodied as a hard part and, optionally, a film which is connected to the hard part and at least partially covers the hard part, wherein the hard part comprises at least one sterilization opening, and wherein the sterilization opening comprises a closure device. The invention also relates to a blood treatment apparatus for using the blood treatment cassette.

Abstract: The present specification describes systems and methods for detecting an occlusion in a tubing carrying a patient's blood through a manifold and into a dialyzer in a dialysis system. A controller measures pressures value of the blood at a predetermined point after exiting the manifold and before entering the dialyzer, calculates a historical running average, calculates a weighted sum of the most recent pressure values, and determines whether to trigger an occlusion alarm based on a function of the historical running average and the weighted sum of the most recent pressure values.

Abstract: In one aspect, a peritoneal dialysis (PD) machine can be used to detect a heater bag filled with dialysate. The PD machine has a heater tray that includes a temperature sensor and also has a processor that determines a status of the heater bag based on data received from the temperature sensor. For example, the status may be presence of the heater bag on the heater tray and/or correct positioning of the heater bag on the heater tray.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for monitoring and managing fluid treatment or storage systems, such as HVAC hydronic water systems. Sensors located at a fluid system can detect various types of data, such as chemical amounts, pressures, temperatures, flow rates, and more. Servers in communication with the sensors can record the data and provide it to a user in a variety of graphical interfaces. One useful interface for display of the data includes a five-sided axis called the OPTI-GON.

Abstract: A medical device for detecting a leakage of fluid on a subject includes a support, configured for being secured on the subject, and an optical sensor on the support. The support defines, in a region between the optical sensor and a lower face thereof, a detection surface that can be reached by leakage fluid. The optical sensor is arranged for detecting a leakage of fluid. The optical sensor has a sensor body with an emitter and a receiver of electromagnetic radiation. The support and the sensor body have mutual-coupling means, for retaining the sensor body on the support in such a way that a presence of leakage fluid can be detected via the optical sensor.

Abstract: A water treatment system having modular-filter based residential reverse osmosis (RO) system that passes a stream of purified water through an ultraviolet light (UV) filter twice to ensure the water is sterile, while using only one UV filter, thereby forcing the water through a UV filter twice in a modular-filter based RO system. The water treatment system also includes a system whereby water passes through the UV filter at both points using only one UV filter by employing a system whereby a purified water stream is passed through a single remineralization module twice. The present invention also includes the method for treating water through such double forced sterilization system.

Abstract: Dialysis systems are disclosed comprising new fluid flow circuits. Systems may include blood and dialysate flow paths, where the dialysate flow path includes balancing, mixing, and/or directing circuits. Dialysate preparation may be decoupled from patient dialysis. Circuits may be defined within one or more cassettes. The fluid circuit fluid flow paths may be isolated from electrical components. A gas supply in fluid communication with the dialysate flow path and/or the dialyzer able to urge dialysate through the dialyzer and urge blood back to the patient may be included for certain emergency situations Fluid handling devices, such as pumps, valves, and mixers that can be actuated using a control fluid, may be included. Control fluid may be delivered by an external pump or other device, which may be detachable and/or generally rigid, optionally with a diaphragm dividing the device into first and second compartments.

Abstract: A dialysis device for operation in multiple modes and for maintaining a known gradient of potassium ion or other electrolyte between the blood of a patient and a dialysate fluid is described. The dialysis device is capable of being used for hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, and the dialysis device is capable of operation with a dialysate purification unit outside of a clinical setting or with a supply of water that can be supplied in a clinical setting. The dialysis device has a composition sensor containing a potassium-sensitive electrode for measuring a potassium ion concentration in one or more of the patient's blood and the dialysate fluid and an infusate pump operated to adjust a potassium ion concentration in the dialysate fluid based at least in part on data from the composition sensor.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for further purifying ultrapure water, according to which any impurities in ultrapure water can be stably removed to a high degree within a small space over a prolonged period; and an apparatus therefor. Ultrapure water introduced into an ultrapure-water purifying apparatus 10 passes through an ion exchange resin layer 5 in a lower chamber 1a. During this process, metal ions, for example, in the ultrapure water are removed by the ion exchange resin. The ultrapure water then passes through a perforated plate 4, flows into an upper chamber 1b, and permeates an ion exchange filter 6. During this process, metal ions and other impurities remaining unremoved by the ion exchange resin layer 5 are removed. Specifically, metal ions are removed to a certain extent by the ion exchange resin, so that it is enough for the ion exchange filter provided downstream thereof to remove an extremely small amount of metal ions.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a seawater desalination apparatus includes a pressure sensor configured to measure a pressure of seawater which is supplied to a reverse osmosis membrane that is configured to separate seawater into fresh water and condensed seawater and to discharge the fresh water and the condensed seawater, a sensor configured to measure a flow amount of the fresh water which is discharged from the reverse osmosis membrane, a sensor configured to measure a flow amount of the condensed seawater discharged from the reverse osmosis membrane or a flow amount of the seawater discharged from a booster pump, a sensor configured to measure a flow amount of the seawater which is supplied to a power recovery device, and a controller configured to execute control based on values measured by the sensors.

Abstract: A drinking water vending dispenser for dispensing purified water comprising a coarse mechanical filter, an RO purification unit, an ozone purification unit, a UV purification unit, an active carbon filter, a chemical base purification unit and a fine mechanical filter.

Abstract: An apparatus for extracorporeal treatment of blood (1) comprising a treatment unit (2), a blood withdrawal line (6), a blood return line (7), a preparation line (19) and a spent dialysate line (13). A control unit (10) is configured to calculate values of a parameter relating to treatment effectiveness based on measures of the conductivity in the spent dialysate line (13) subsequent to an alternating conductivity perturbation continuously imposed on the preparation line (19) of fresh dialysis fluid.

Abstract: The process includes operation as follows: putting ozone generated by an ozone generator into raw water, in a normal mode, to subject the raw water to ozone treatment; injecting a flocculant into the raw water before or after the ozone treatment; filtering the raw water by a separation membrane after the ozone treatment and the injection of the flocculant; and intermittently setting cleaning mode to put a larger quantity of cleaning ozone than that in the normal mode into the raw water so as to intermittently increase the concentration of dissolved ozone, thereby cleaning the filtration membrane.

Abstract: Blood purification device (100,200) having an extracorporeal blood circuit (102,202) with a blood inflow (103,203) to a dialysis unit (105,205) for blood removed from a patient and a blood outflow (104,204) from the dialysis unit (105,205) for blood being guided back into the patient, wherein the dialysis unit (105,205) comprises an inflow (107,207) for a dialysis solution and a dialysate outflow (108,208), characterised by a control loop for closed-loop control of the acid-base equilibrium of the blood, wherein bicarbonate is supplied to the blood by means of an aqueous bicarbonate-containing solution, wherein at least one measuring means (124,124a,224,224a) for measuring a blood buffer parameter is associated with the control loop, wherein the blood buffer parameter is selected from the group consisting of bicarbonate concentration and CO2 partial pressure, and wherein a signal corresponding to the measured actual value of the blood buffer parameter can be supplied to a closed-loop control apparatus (125,22

Abstract: The present specification discloses a water purification system, a water reformulation system, a method of purifying and/or treating water, and a method of reformulating water.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting scale formation and deposition from a feed stream passing through a membrane system is disclosed. The method comprises: (a) controlling the pH of said feed stream within the range between about 7.0 and about 8.2; (b) optionally controlling the temperature of said feed stream within the range between about 5° C. to about 40° C. when the membrane system is an RO system, a NF system, an ED system, an EDI system or a combination thereof; (c) optionally controlling the temperature of said feed stream within the range between about 40° C. and about 80° C. when the membrane system is an MD system; and (d) adding an effective amount of a scale inhibitor to said feed stream, said scale inhibitor comprises an AA-AMPS copolymer.

Abstract: We provide a system and method for reverse osmosis treatment of water, including seawater and brackish water. Methods and systems of embodiments of the invention may include, for example, ultrafiltration followed by biofoulant removal, both of which precede reverse osmosis. In preferred embodiments the system is run at a low flux. For example, a flux of 6-8 GFD may be used with seawater. Additional embodiments may provide the above process in conjunction with a reverse-osmosis membrane cleaning system. The membrane cleaning system is a “clean in place” system that includes use of the natural pressure differential in the reverse osmosis system to remove biofoulants and their precursors.

Abstract: An apparatus for extracorporeal treatment of fluid and a process of setting up a medical apparatus for the delivery or collection of fluids are disclosed. According to the apparatus and the process, a control unit (10) is configured calculate set values of two or more of the fluid flow rates based on a fluid flow rate set by the operator and on a prescribed dose value (Dset).

Abstract: A blood purification apparatus which can perform actions and operations according to the final stage of blood-return.

Abstract: The water treatment system, particularly pre-filtration unit of the water treatment system, comprising at least one chlorine sensor device, is characterized in that the water treatment system contains a salt-water treatment device which is connected to the chlorine sensor device, an electrolysis cell being disposed in the associated line, and thereafter a pump and a release valve.

Abstract: A desalination apparatus includes a pretreatment device 13 having a pretreatment membrane 13a that filters suspended matters in raw water 11 with added chlorine-containing water 12, a reverse osmosis membrane device 17 having a reverse osmosis membrane 16 that removes a salt content from filtrate water 14 supplied from the pretreatment device 13 to produce permeated water 15, and a reducing-agent injection device 30 that neutralizes the added chlorine on an upstream side of the reverse osmosis membrane device 17. The reducing-agent injection device 30 extracts a part 14a of the filtrate water 14, adds metering SBS solution 18 to the part, obtains a maximum change point (equivalence point) of the oxidation-reduction potential of a reducing agent and chlorine, obtains reducing-agent additive concentration (Csm) corresponding to the equivalence point, and supplies the SBS solution 18 corresponding to the concentration to the filtrate water 14 to thereby neutralize the chlorine.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling dissolved oxygen levels in a secondary treatment system of a wastewater treatment facility that can employ a membrane bioreactor in which oxygen introduction into mixed liquor is controlled to prevent bulking and minimize generation of extra cellular polymeric substances. The control is exercised by insuring that dissolved oxygen levels within the mixed liquor do not fall below a minimum system level at which microorganism stress would occur. This is done by setting a minimum dissolved oxygen level control point equal to a sum of the minimum system level and an adjustment factor determined on the basis of oxygen uptake rate and time delays inherent in sensing oxygen levels and changes thereof within the mixed liquor. The minimum system dissolved oxygen level can be continually calculated on the basis of an inferred food to mass ratio that would vary with sensed mixed liquor suspended solids.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for removing solids from wastewater. The apparatus may include a dissolved solids removal system including a first membrane stack for removing a first portion of dissolved solids from wastewater, the first membrane stack having a first rejection rate and including at least one first membrane having a first operating pressure rating. A first solution unit may be included downstream of the at least one first membrane, the first solution unit being configured to maintain a differential pressure over the at least one first membrane below the first operating pressure rating. The dissolved solids removal system may also include a final membrane stack for removing a final portion of dissolved solids from the wastewater, the final membrane stack being located downstream of the first membrane stack and having a final rejection rate higher than the first rejection rate.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment device includes a first biological treatment device (10) that treats wastewater through a membrane-separated activated sludge method; a second biological treatment device (20) that treats wastewater through a biofilm method; measurement units (31, 32) that measure load concentration and flow rate in the wastewater flowing upstream of the first biological treatment device (10) and the second biological treatment device (20); and a control unit (30) that calculates a load quantity from the load concentration and the flow rate, determines, according to the load quantity, a distribution ratio between a flow rate of the wastewater supplied to the first biological treatment device (10) and a flow rate of the wastewater supplied to the second biological treatment device (20), and adjusts the flow rate of the wastewater supplied to the first biological treatment device (10) and the second biological treatment device (20), based on the distribution ratio.

Abstract: Methods, systems and kits for production of autologous blood products are provided. Such methods, systems and kits comprise a blood collection set, a serum dilution set, and an aliquot set. The blood collection set includes a collection container and a serum container. The serum dilution set includes a serum measurement device, a serum dilution bag, and a mixing device enabling serum to be mixed with balanced saline solution in a defined dilution ratio. The aliquot set includes at least one filter and aliquot tubing having periodic segment length markings.

Abstract: The present invention constitutes dialysate formulations that are suitable for use in preparing dialysate solutions for use in batch and/or proportioning systems and for improving dialysis efficiency by reducing or preventing clotting of the dialysis flow paths. The dialysate chemical formulations for one batch of dialysate comprise an acid concentrate stored in a first vessel, and a citrate-containing bicarbonate concentrate stored in a second vessel. The contents of the first and second vessels are emptied into a dialysate preparation tank and mixed with water to form a batch quantity of dialysate solution. Alternately, a dry acid and/or a dry citrate-containing base concentrates are dissolved separately in measured quantities of water to form liquid concentrates which are then used in conjunction with a proportioning machine to generate on-line a final dialysis solution stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fluid filter (1) comprising a collecting chamber (10) for a liquid which is separated from the fluid, in addition to a filter insert (4) which comprises a filter medium which is permeable to the fluid. The collecting chamber is arranged below the filter medium (5), and a liquid sensor (19) is arranged above the deepest point of the collecting chamber (10) and the liquid sensor (19) is protected from the liquid, at least sectionally, by means of a protective wall (18, 20). Said protective wall (18, 20) extends laterally and/or below the liquid sensor (19) and a liquid permeable connection is provided from the collecting chamber (10) to the fluid sensor (19).

Abstract: Reverse-osmosis-based concentrators for automatedly concentrating the sugar content of liquids to a desired sugar content. In some embodiments, the concentrator includes a variable-pressure pumping system designed, configured and controlled to maintain a desired pressure within one or more reverse-osmosis units. In some embodiments the concentrator includes an automated concentrate bleed system designed and configured to automatedly control an amount of concentrate bled from the concentrator as a function of a predetermined sugar content of the liquid. Corresponding methods of concentrating sugar are also disclosed. In some methods, sugar is concentrated by automatedly controlling pressure of the liquid within one or more reverse-osmosis units. In some methods sugar is concentrated by automatedly controlling output of a concentrate from the one or more reverse-osmosis units as a function of a sugar content of the liquid.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the treatment of blood are disclosed allowing for the determination of an internal convection in a blood purification device e.g. in the form of a dialyzer. The internal convection in the purification device can be determined on the basis of pressure differences in the purification device. The blood purification may be, for instance, a hemodialysis or a hemodiafiltration. Pressure sensors serve for measuring the pressures of the blood at the input and/or output of the purification device as well as optionally for detecting the pressure of a cleaning fluid or dialysis fluid at the input and/or output of the purification device.

Abstract: A method of producing sterile water from raw water during a production cycle in a production plant P, including adding a disinfectant to the produced sterile water during the production cycle to permanently monitor the condition of the sterile water and/or the production plant, and determining and evaluating a reduction of concentration of the disinfectant directly in the production stream. In a production plant suited for carrying out the method, a sterile sensor is provided directly in the production stream through which the reduction of concentration of the disinfectant added to the produced sterile water can be permanently measured and evaluated to provide a sterility evidence.

Abstract: A method of producing cellulase includes steps (1) to (3): (1) subjecting an aqueous solution of cellulase derived from filamentaous fungi to filtration through an ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight cut off of 100,000 to 200,000 to obtain a filtrate and concurrently obtain a concentrated enzyme liquid as a retentate; (2) further subjecting the filtrate obtained in step (1) to filtration through a second ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight cut off of 5,000 to 50,000 to obtain a second concentrated enzyme liquid as a retentate; and (3) mixing the concentrated enzyme liquid obtained in steps (1) and (2) to obtain cellulase derived from filamentaous fungi.

Abstract: A method and a device for determining a recirculation during a dialysis on the basis of the response of the dialysis system to an alteration of a system-related operating value are described. Recirculation may be determined by establishing, at the side of the dialysis liquid, a reference parameter that represents the concentration of uremic toxins from the extracorporeal circulation, and calculating a target parameter for a system-related target operational value from the reference parameter, presetting the system-related target operational value and establishing an actual parameter related to the system-related target operational value, determining an actual comparative value from the actual parameter and the reference parameter related to the system-related target operational value and comparing the actual comparative value with a system-specific target comparative value related to the system-related target operational value, and converting the comparison result into a recirculation degree.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a water treatment system includes: a membrane separation device and a water softening device including a valve unit switching between a softening process in which soft water is obtained by passing raw water through a cation exchange resin bed downward and a regeneration process in which a whole of the cation exchange resin bed is regenerated by generating an opposite flow of a regenerant by supplying the regenerant from both sides of a top portion and a bottom portion of the cation exchange resin bed and collecting a liquid at an intermediate portion of the cation exchange resin bed, and a regenerant supply supplying the regenerant in a volume which gives a regeneration level of 1 to 6 eq/L-R, to a hardness leakage prevention region set in a predetermined depth on the bottom portion of the cation exchange resin bed, in the regeneration process.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to medical fluid sensors and related systems and methods. In some aspects, a medical fluid cartridge includes a body including a first portion defining a first fluid passageway and a second portion defining a second fluid passageway in fluid communication with the first fluid passageway. The body defines a gap between the first portion of the body and the second portion of the body such that the first portion of the body can be disposed in a radio frequency device while the second portion of the body remains outside the radio frequency device.