Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes gasifying a fuel source using a first oxygen stream supplied from an air separation unit (ASU), discharging a gasifier blowdown from a gasification and scrubbing system configured to gasify the fuel source, generating a grey water from the gasifier blowdown, and biologically treating the grey water in a reactor using a second oxygen stream supplied by the ASU.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to medical fluid sensors and related systems and methods. In certain aspects, a method includes using a medical fluid pump of a medical fluid pumping machine, such as a hemodialysis machine, to deliver medical fluid to a first portion of a cartridge that is positioned within a magnetic field, exciting atoms in the medical fluid in the first portion of the cartridge by applying radio frequency energy to the medical fluid in the first portion of the cartridge, receiving radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the first portion of the cartridge, and determining a concentration of a substance in the medical fluid based on the received radio frequency energy generated by the excited atoms in the medical fluid in the first portion of the cartridge.

Abstract: A water filtering system including an inlet, an outlet and a filter positioned between the inlet and the outlet, where feed water enters the inlet and passes through the filter, and filtered water exits the through the outlet. A measurement device is connected to at least one of the inlet and the outlet measures a concentration of Total Dissolved Solids in at least one of the inlet and the outlet. A bypass valve is connected between the inlet and the outlet, and moves between a closed position and an open position, where the filtered water moves from the outlet to the inlet. A controller communicates with the measurement device and the bypass valve and automatically moves the bypass valve to a position between the closed position and the open position based on the concentration of the Total Dissolved Solids in the filtered water measured by the measurement device.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the extracorporeal treatment of blood are described. The apparatus includes a dialyzer which is separated into a first and second chamber by a semipermeable membrane, wherein the first chamber is disposed in a dialysis fluid path and the second chamber can be connected to the blood circulation of a patient by way of a blood inflow conduit and a blood outflow conduit, a feed for fresh dialysis fluid, a discharge for spent dialysis fluid, a measuring device disposed within the discharge for determining the absorption of the spent dialysis fluid flowing through the discharge, wherein the measuring device has at least one radiation source for substantially monochromatic electromagnetic radiation, and a detector system for detecting the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation, wherein means are provided to compensate for changes that occur in the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation of the radiation source and/or the sensitivity of the detector system.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for the treatment of caustic wastewater. Specifically, systems and methods are provided for combining refinery spent caustic and ethylene spent caustic solutions and treating the combined spent caustic mixture using a wet air oxidation process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for monitoring the supply of substitution fluid upstream or downstream of a dialyser or filter arranged in an extracorporeal blood stream. One embodiment provides, for the detection of predilution or postdilution, for measuring the pressure in the blood stream downstream of the dialyser or filter, predilution or postdilution being recognized on the basis of the change in pressure following the shutting off and/or starting up of the substituate pump provided for conveying the substitution fluid. Another embodiment provides for recognizing predilution or postdilution on the basis of the comparison of the oscillating pressure signal attributable to the substituate pump to a characteristic reference signal. The characteristic reference signal to which the pressure signal of the substituate pump is compared is preferably the oscillating pressure signal of a blood pump arranged in the blood stream for conveying the blood upstream of the dialyser or filter.

Abstract: A pH-buffer measurement system that has at least one source for modifying the pH of a fluid entering the system, the source selected from an acid source and a base source. The acid source adds an acid equivalent to provide an acid reacted fluid and the base source adds a base equivalent to provide a base reacted fluid. The source is in fluid communication with a flow path and a component for determining a fluid characteristic of the acid reacted fluid or the base reacted fluid. The fluid characteristic that is measured is any one of a gas phase pressure, an electrical conductivity, or thermal conductivity.

Abstract: Methods and systems for treatment of wastewater. In some embodiments, the system may comprise one or more modules such as an electrochemical module, an electrocoagulation module, a flotation module, an evaporation module, and an ultrafiltration module. One or more detection modules may also be provided to analyze the concentration of one or more wastewater components in the wastewater. Data from such modules may be used to adjust one or more operational parameters or conditions in the treatment system. The system may also comprise one or more features designed to minimize adverse effects on the environment, such as avoiding adding chemicals to the stream, extracting salt or other chemicals for re-use, and/or use of carbon dioxide gas from on-site combustion processes.

Abstract: A flow loop for hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration and hemofiltration for the treatment of pathological conditions such as End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) that has a controlled compliant flow path for preparing fluids required for a hemodialysis therapy session from water. The controlled compliant flow path modifies water into any one of a solution for priming a hemodialysis system, a physiologically compatible solution for contacting blood, a physiologically compatible solution for infusion to a subject, and a solution for blood rinse back to a subject. The controlled compliant flow path has a means for selectively metering in and metering out fluid from the flow path.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention includes: a recycle line that brings a part of salt-enriched membrane separation concentrated water 26 back to the rear flow side of a pretreatment apparatus 12; a water discharge line that discharges the remained concentrated water into a sea area; and a control apparatus 31 that controls to adjust the ratio between the discharging amount of the discharging membrane separation concentrated water to be discharged into a sea area and the supplying amount of supplying seawater. A pH is set to be equal to or less than 7.3 by adding acid 21. The salt 18 is obtained from the dryer 19, and produced water (fresh water) 29 is obtained by combining evaporated water 28 supplied from the evaporator 16 with the permeated water 24 supplied from the reverse osmosis membrane apparatus 25.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of providing at least one concentrate of at least one dissolved substance for producing at least one dialysis solution, with the method comprising the following steps: providing at least one container containing at least one solid to be dissolved; supplying water into the container for dissolving the solid; draining the concentrate of the dissolved substance from the container and topping up with water; measuring the concentration of the dissolved substance or of a parameter correlated with the concentration; and temporary or permanent suppression of the topping up of water into the container when the measured concentration value of the dissolved substance falls below a first limit value or the value of the parameter falls below or exceeds a first limit value or when the change in the concentration value of the dissolved substance or of the value of the parameter exceeds a first limit value.

Abstract: An evaporative recirculation cooling water system, the system having a recirculation loop to recirculate water through the system, a construction with a space to cool the water in the recirculation loop by evaporation, and a water entry point to allow water into the recirculation loop. The system has a charge barrier flow through capacitor constructed and arranged to remove ions from the water and a dosing system whereby a scale inhibitor is continuously dosed into the inlet flow into the flow through capacitor.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing the pH of a dialysate fluid during hemodialysis therapy. The systems and methods adjust dialysate pH and buffer concentration to generate a predetermined total bicarbonate buffer concentration in a dialysate entering a dialyzer.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing the sodium concentration of a dialysate fluid during hemodialysis therapy and adjusting sodium concentration using a sodium management system to generate a sodium-modified fluid. The systems and methods also provide a mechanism for controlled addition of sodium ions to the dialysate to generate a predetermined total sodium concentration in a dialysate.

Abstract: A controller for blood treatment equipment comprising a treatment unit including a semipermeable membrane separating the treatment unit into a first compartment for the circulation of blood and a second compartment for the circulation of a treatment liquid is enclosed. The controller is adapted to receive one or more entries of information measured during the course of a treatment procedure, to calculate from said measured information a value of a significant parameter indicative of the progress of an extracorporeal blood treatment carried out by the equipment. The controller is also adapted to compare the calculated significant parameter to a prescribed reference value for the same parameter and to generate at least one output control signal responsive to said comparison for automatically controlling one or more operations performed by the equipment. Equipment comprising the controller and a control method the controller can be programmed to carry out are also disclosed.

Abstract: In a system for decomposing organic compounds in water for use in semiconductor manufacturing, a chemical reactor vessel having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet, a persulfate anion addition system upstream of the reactor vessel, and a light emitting device contained within the reactor vessel. The light emitting device provides light capable of decomposing persulfate anions.

Abstract: A system and method for determining a concentration of total chlorine in dialysis water are provided. The system comprises a main unit housing an iodide/water sample chamber and a reducing agent chamber. An electrode pair bridges the two chambers and generates tri-iodide proportional to the amount of total chlorine in the dialysis water. The electrode pair detects the amount of tri-iodide generated in proportion to the amount of active chloride in the dialysis water. The system is suitable for use in connection with, or for incorporation into, a water purification system for generating dialysis fluid, and may include a display that alerts the user to stop or prevent a hemodialysis treatment if the total chlorine level exceeds a predetermined level.

Abstract: The blood purification system includes a plurality of monitoring devices (1) with a dialyzer (5) to perform a blood purification treatment on a patient. A dialysate supplying device (2) supplies a dialysate to each of the monitoring devices (1). The plurality of monitoring devices (1) and the dialysate supplying device (2) are connected to each other by a LAN cable a. Predetermined information can be transmitted from the dialysate supplying device (2) to a specified monitoring device (1), out of the plurality of monitoring devices (1). The specified monitoring device (1) can perform an individual operation.

Abstract: A water desalination system including at least one reverse osmosis desalination unit, including at least one reverse osmosis membrane and having a saline water inlet at a feed side of the at least one reverse osmosis membrane and a permeate outlet at a permeate side of the at least one reverse osmosis membrane, and an intermittent cleaning control subsystem operative to provide intermittent cleaning of the at least one reverse osmosis membrane by at least one of narrowing or closing the permeate outlet, thereby causing an increase of pressure of the permeate at the permeate side of the at least one reverse osmosis and reducing the feed pressure, without significantly increasing the permeate pressure, thereby causing permeate to flow from the permeate side to the feed side of a membrane and flushing foulants to a location outside of the desalination unit.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a apparatus includes a controller configured to obtain values measured by a first sensor and a second sensor, receive pH target values at the entrance of a first reverse osmosis membrane and at the entrance of a second reverse osmosis membrane, and use a transfer function from the acid injection to pH at the entrance of the first reverse osmosis membrane, a transfer function from the alkaline injection to pH at the entrance of the first reverse osmosis membrane, a transfer function from the acid injection to pH at the entrance of the second reverse osmosis membrane, and a transfer function from the alkaline injection to pH at the entrance of the second reverse osmosis membrane, to control an injection rate of the acid injected from a first injection device and an injection rate of the alkali injected from a second injection device.

Abstract: A method as well as an apparatus is disclosed for determining the efficiency of a currently performed kidney replacement therapy on the dialysis side making use of a dialysis machine which in a first step is operated in a hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration process and in a second step is sequentially changed over to a hemofiltration process or is changed over to a sequential mode in which merely a flow from the blood compartment via the semipermeable membrane to the dialysis fluid compartment of the dialyser is generated in which, according to a third step, a sensor for determining or measuring the concentration at least of uremic toxins in the saturated dialysate or ultra-filtrate which is connected downstream of a dialyser on the dialysis side outputs corresponding measuring signals that are representative of the current concentration at least of uremic toxins in the blood to a calculation or determination unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating a radioactive nitrate waste liquid includes: a denitrification tank (12) that accommodates active sludge which adsorbs or takes in a radioactive substance in a nitrate waste liquid (11) containing nitrate and the radioactive substance and in which an anaerobic microorganism that reduces the nitrate to nitrogen gas grows; a reaeration tank (14) that aerates and mixes a denitrification-treated liquid (24) treated in the denitrification tank (12) with the active sludge in which the aerobic microorganism grows; and a sludge dissolution tank (81) that dissolves redundant sludge (26A, 26B) discharged from the denitrification tank (12) and the reaeration tank (14). Acetic peracid (80) is supplied to the sludge dissolution tank (81) to dissolve redundant sludge, a sludge lysate is supplied to the denitrification tank (12) as a carbon source (22), and acetic acid is supplied to the denitrification tank (12).

Abstract: A hemodialysis system including (i) a dialyzer, (ii) a blood circuit including a blood pump in fluid communication with the dialyzer, (iii) a dialysate circuit including a dialysate circulation pump in fluid communication with the dialyzer, the dialysate circuit further including a sorbent cartridge for cleaning used dialysate, (iv) a dialysate reservoir, (v) a reservoir pump in fluid communication with the dialysate circuit and the dialysate reservoir, (vi) a supply of concentrate for reconstituting dialysate in the dialysate circuit, and (vii) wherein the hemodialysis system is configured to electronically weigh the dialysate reservoir and the supply of concentrate.

Abstract: A water softening system includes apparatus that recycles a substantial percentage of the solution used for regenerating the system. This system conventionally includes a brine tank and a softening tank through which hard water from a source passes during normal operation. During a regeneration mode, the solution of sodium or potassium ions in the brine tank passes through the softening tank acquiring hardness ions, and then through a nanofilter that passes a much higher proportion of the sodium or potassium ions than the hardness ions from a high pressure side to a low pressure side. The hardness ions flow from the upstream end of the nanofilter through an outlet and into a drain. The liquid passing through the nanofilter contains salt that returns to the brine tank for reuse. A preferred embodiment tests the concentration of softening alkali metal ions in the liquid flowing from the softening tank during a fast rinse portion of the regeneration cycle.

Abstract: A reactor and control method thereof for nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment achieves a measured control of maintaining high ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) oxidation rates while achieving nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) repression, using various control strategies, including: 1) ammonia and the use of ammonia setpoints, 2) operational DO and the proper use of DO setpoints, 3) bioaugmentation of a lighter flocculant AOB fraction, and 4) proper implementation of transient anoxia within a wide range of reactor configurations and operating conditions.

Abstract: A system is provided for treating contaminated water. The system includes a bioreactor having an outlet for treated water and a filter coupled to receive treated water from the outlet of the bioreactor. The filter is configured to operate in an anoxic mode. The filter has: (a) a vessel configured to receive the treated water, (b) a membrane associated with the vessel and positioned to extract permeate from the received water, (c) a fluid outlet positioned to direct fluid toward the membrane to inhibit film build up on the membrane, (d) a fluid recirculator positioned to recirculate fluid between the vessel and the fluid outlet, and (e) an oxidant supply positioned to introduce an oxidant into the vessel, the oxidant supply being adjustable to control the oxidation-reduction potential of the received water in the vessel within a predetermined range.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a filtration skid configured to generate a filtrate through at least one of microfiltration and ultrafiltration. The apparatus further includes a desalination skid fluidly connected to the filtration skid. The desalination skid is configured to perform reverse osmosis desalination on the filtrate to generate a permeate, where the filtrate travels from the filtration skid to the desalination skid without traversing a storage tank. In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a controller, where the filtration skid and the desalination skid are integrated to provide self-adaptive operation of the filtration skid and the desalination skid in response to control by at least one of a supervisory controller and a local controller. In one embodiment, the control responds to at least one of temporal variability of feed water quality, a permeate production capacity target, and a permeate quality target.

Abstract: In a method for cleaning a membrane module including at least one of a microfiltration membrane and an ultrafiltration membrane through which raw water is membrane-filtered to obtain membrane filtrate, a chemical diffusion step is provided in which chemical-containing water is fed to a feed side of the membrane module and diffused from the feed side of the membrane module to a filtrated side of the membrane module is performed, and subsequently a backwashing step is provided in which the membrane module is backwashed by allowing the membrane filtrate to flow from the filtrated side to the feed side of the membrane module is performed, in which, in the chemical diffusion step, an execution time of the chemical diffusion step is controlled based on a concentration of the chemical diffused to the filtrated side of the membrane module.

Abstract: A method and system for processing a solution is provided. In at least one first membrane unit, a feed flow is separated into a permeate flow and a retentate flow. According to the invention, at least part of the retentate flow is fed to at least one second membrane unit. In the second membrane unit, retentate is located on one side of a membrane. Located on the other side is a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances of which is lower than that of the retentate. Thus solvent of the solution passes through the membrane and thins the retentate.

Abstract: A circulation pump and an electrochemical ozone generator are integrated into the permeate return line of an RO system, and the permeate return line is connected in flow direction behind the circulation pump and the ozone generator by a recirculation line to the permeate supply line, which can form a closed circuit where the ozonized permeate circulates until all organic contaminants have been killed or decomposed by the ozone in that part of the line system. Valves are integrated, respectively, into the recirculation line and the permeate return line downstream of the branch of the recirculation line. During normal operation of the RO system, the recirculation line valve is connected for feeding connected dialysis devices while the permeate return line valve is open, so excessive permeate that was not taken by the dialysis devices can flow into the supply tank. Alternatively, the permeate can be discharged into an outlet.

Abstract: A kidney failure treatment system includes: (i) a dialysate supply; (ii) a weighing device; a control container coupled operably to the weighing device; (iii) a diffusion membrane; (iv) a drain; first and second pumps; (v) a first fluid conduit coupled fluidly to the dialysate supply and the diffusion membrane, the first fluid conduit coupled operably to the first pump; (vi) a second fluid conduit coupled fluidly to the control container and the drain, the second fluid conduit coupled operably to the first pump; and (vii) a third fluid conduit coupled fluidly to the diffusion membrane and the control conduit, the third fluid conduit coupled operably to the second pump.

Abstract: A water treatment apparatus and a water treatment method using the same are provided. The water treatment apparatus includes a cohesive agent input device configured to input a cohesive agent to raw water, a membrane filtering device, a raw water pump configured to transfer raw water including the cohesive agent therein to the membrane filtering device, a water supply flow path connecting a discharge side of the raw water pump to the inlet of the membrane filtering device, a circulation flow path connecting the raw water discharge opening of the membrane filtering device to the water supply flow path and a circulation pump provided in the circulation flow path to transfer discharged raw water to the water supply flow path.

Abstract: The present invention relates to reverse osmosis filtration devices, and more particularly, to membrane filtration devices (10, 11, 12) that have flow meters and fluid conductivity meters powered by RFID tags. Embodiments of the present invention comprise reverse osmosis filters and filtration systems comprising measuring devices, including flow and conductivity meters. The meters of the present invention are preferably located on or within permeate core tubes (16) of filtration devices and systems.

Abstract: A method and a device for supply of a dialyser in a dialysis unit with dialysis fluid is disclosed. At least one dialysis fluid concentrate is mixed with water to produce the dialysis fluid. The dialysis fluid concentrate is prepared in a reservoir unit in a given amount. A control and arithmetic unit calculates the dialysis fluid rate (Qd) such that, after a given treatment time (TB) has passed, a given residual amount of dialysis fluid concentrate or no residual amount remains in the reservoir unit. It is preferable to empty the reservoir unit by the end of treatment.

Abstract: An extracorporeal filtration and detoxification system and method generally comprise separating ultrafiltrate from cellular components of blood, treating the ultrafiltrate independently of the cellular components in a recirculation circuit, recombining treated ultrafiltrate and the cellular components, and returning whole blood to the patient. A recirculation circuit generally comprises an active cartridge including active cells operative to effectuate a selected treatment; in some embodiments, the active cells are the C3A cell line.

Abstract: The specification discloses a portable dialysis machine having a detachable controller unit and base unit. The controller unit includes a door having an interior face, a housing with a panel where the housing and panel define a recessed region configured to receive the interior face of the door, and a manifold receiver fixedly attached to the panel. The base unit has a planar surface for receiving a container of fluid, a scale integrated with the planar surface, a heater in thermal communication with the planar surface, and a sodium sensor in electromagnetic communication with the planar surface. Embodiments of the disclosed portable dialysis system have improved structural and functional features, including improved modularity, ease of use, and safety features.

Abstract: A system and process for enhancing total organic carbon (“TOC”) removal from raw, untreated water while maintaining optimum membrane filter performance. The present invention overcomes many of the disadvantages of prior art water filtration systems by controlling the pH level of the water, prior to the water being directed through said membrane filter, so that the particulate charge of the water aligns with the electromagnetic surface charge of membrane filter. Maintaining the particulate charge of the water within an optimum charge window for the particular membrane filter enhances the membrane filter's performance by decreasing the fouling rate of the membrane filter.

Abstract: A system and process for enhancing total organic carbon (“TOC”) removal from raw, untreated water while maintaining optimum membrane filter performance. The present invention overcomes many of the disadvantages of prior art water filtration systems by controlling the pH level of the water, prior to the water being directed through said membrane filter, so that the particulate charge of the water aligns with the electromagnetic surface charge of membrane filter. Maintaining the particulate charge of the water within an optimum charge window for the particular membrane filter enhances the membrane filter's performance by decreasing the fouling rate of the membrane filter.

Abstract: Provided are a membrane filtering device managing system by which the membrane filtering device can be managed with a better precision and membrane filtering device for use therein, as well as to a membrane filtering device managing method. At least two sensors of an electric conductivity sensor 11, a flow rate sensor 13, and a pressure sensor 15 are provided in at least two membrane elements 10 provided in a membrane filtering device 50. A managing device 200 obtains data from the at least two sensor, and compares the data with comparison data that represents a correlative relationship between a position along the axial line direction in the membrane filtering device 50 and a standard value obtained from the at least two sensor. Accordingly, it is possible to specify the cause of change occurring in the membrane filtering device 50 more definitely, and to carried out a suitable maintenance in accordance with the cause, so that the membrane filtering device 50 can be managed with a higher precision.

Abstract: A method for calculating or estimating or approximating one or more values representing parameters of a patient includes the step of interpolating or extrapolating of at least one later value of a first parameter taking into account at least one earlier value of the first parameter, at least one earlier and at least one later value of a second parameter, and a mathematical relation between the first and the second parameter. An apparatus, a blood treatment device, a digital storage device, a computer program product, and a computer program are also described.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a desalination system comprising a plurality of elongated pressure vessels (PV). Each PV has a longitudinal axis, oriented such that the longitudinal axis thereof is of a vertical orientation. Each of the PVs is adapted to receive therein a plurality n of desalination membranes. The membranes located above the lowermost membrane within the PV have a total weight allowing them to function as a mechanism limiting axial expansion of the lowermost membrane, whereby the PV is free of any additional limiting mechanism.

Abstract: Provided is a dialysis treatment instrument monitoring system capable of communicating with an extrahospital terminal via the Internet without affecting an intrahospital network. In the hospital equipped with a dialysis treatment instrument monitoring system monitoring dialysis treatment instruments including a dialysate feeding device, a bulk powder dissolving device, and a RO device, while a staff is absent in the hospital, the dialysate feeding device and the bulk powder dissolving device perform a dialysis preparation processing of cleaning and sterilizing inside the devices, and stop if an error occurs during execution of the dialysis preparation processing. If an error occurs in any of the dialysis treatment instruments, a network camera takes an image of a display of the dialysis treatment instrument in which the error occurred, and transmits image data to the terminal on the Internet via a mobile router dedicated to the dialysis treatment instrument monitoring system.

Abstract: Sorbent cartridges having a polystyrene sulfonate resin saturated with calcium ions for the performance of kidney replacement therapy are disclosed. Systems and methods having or using a sorbent cartridge, a dialyzer, control components, a cartridge having a polystyrene sulfonate resin, and fluid reservoirs configured to be of a weight and size suitable to be worn or carried by an individual requiring treatment are disclosed. A system for performing kidney replacement therapy has a controlled compliance dialysis circuit, where a control pump controls the bi-directional movement of fluid across a dialysis membrane. The system provides for the monitoring of an inlet and outlet conductivity of the sorbent cartridge to quantify or monitor the removal of urea by the sorbent cartridge.

Abstract: An apparatus for extracorporeal treatment of blood including a filtration unit, a blood withdrawal line, a blood return line, an effluent fluid line, a dilution fluid line connected to the blood withdrawal line, and a dialysis fluid line. Pumps act on the fluid lines for regulating the flow of fluid. A control unit sets initial values for a fluid flow rate(s) through the lines and periodically executes a flow rate update procedure to adjust the fluid flow rate(s) to deliver a set dose (Dset) in a reference time interval.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for scaling control in a membrane system operation. The method can be performed by a model in the control system of a plant. The method can include selecting one or more antiscalants corresponding to one or more components of the scale, based on one or more of feed water condition, membrane material, membrane fouling status and a kinetic study relating to a reaction between the antiscalants and the components of the scale. The composition of one or more selected antiscalants can be estimated based on an overall scaling rate constant.

Abstract: A method of operating a membrane separation device in a continuous flow process includes in the membrane separation device, separating a supply liquid into a first partial stream and a second partial stream, wherein flow rate of the second partial stream and/or recovery rate of the second partial stream is influenced by at least one influencing variable that varies during operation, and varying the flow rate of the first partial stream to compensate for a change of the at least one influencing variable to control flow rate and/or recovery rate of the second partial stream to a preset value.

Abstract: The method according to the invention and the apparatus according to the invention are characterized in that the substitution rate QS is modified by a predefined amount upstream or downstream of the dialyzer or filter while the flow rate QFM of the liquid withdrawn through the dialyzer membrane is modified. The blood volume RBV(t) or a variable correlated with the blood volume, e.g. the hematocrit Hct(t), is determined before and after modifying the substitution rate or the flow rate of the liquid withdrawn through the dialyzer or filter membrane in order to calculate fistula recirculation RA. In addition, the total recirculation R is determined. The percentage of fistula recirculation (RA) and/or cardiopulmonary recirculation (RCP) relative to the total recirculation is calculated from the determined fistula recirculation (RA) and the sum R of fistula recirculation (RA) and cardiopulmonary recirculation (RCP).

Abstract: A blood purification instrument for extracorporeally circulating a patient's blood and a concentration detector detects a concentration of liquid during blood purification wherein the concentration detector has a light emitter irradiating light onto the liquid, a light receiver receives the light as transmitted through the liquid, a reference light receiver receives reference light branched from the light emitter without transmission through the liquid, and a detector detecting the light intensity respectively of the transmitted light and the reference light received by the light receiver and the reference light receiver, respectively.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, and methods for the performance of kidney replacement therapy having or using a dialyzer, control components, sorbent cartridge, and fluid reservoirs configured to be of a weight and size suitable to be worn or carried by an individual requiring treatment are disclosed. The system has a controlled compliance dialysis circuit, where a control pump controls the bi-directional movement of fluid across a dialysis membrane. A first sorbent cartridge is provided for use in a portable treatment module having activated carbon and zirconium oxide. The system also provides for the monitoring of an inlet and outlet conductivity of a sorbent cartridge containing urease to provide a facility to quantify or monitor the removal of urea by a detachable urea removal module.

Abstract: A method for treating water including intaking a first amount of water from a first source into a plurality of treatment blocks, treating the first amount of water, outputting aqueous treated water streams from each of the plurality of treatment blocks, separating the aqueous treated water streams from each of the plurality of treatment blocks into aqueous permeate streams and concentrate reject streams, monitoring each of the aqueous permeate streams, controlling the operation of at least one of the plurality of treatment blocks based on predefined water-characteristic tolerances that fall within a predetermined concentration range based on the different qualities of the aqueous permeate streams, outputting a product water stream into an injection water reservoir or blend point, the product water stream including the aqueous permeate stream, intaking a second amount of water from a second source, treating the second amount of water, and discharging the dischargeable water stream.