Abstract: A method of heating a dispenser door by applying direct heat to only a peripheral region of a front layer of the door at a rate sufficient to heat an edge surface of the door to a point above zero degrees Centigrade. In one embodiment this is done by placing a perimeter heater in a flange attached to the rear end of a tubular wall extending from the periphery of a central region of the front layer of the door.

Abstract: A heater for a window of an optical gas sensor is provided. The heater may be positioned over a portion of the window or may form at least a portion of the window. Alternatively, the heater may be separate from the optical gas sensor and positionable (e.g., by a transducer) over the window either in contact therewith or in close proximity thereto. The heater may be substantially transparent to the relevant wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that are used in optical (e.g., infrared or luminescence quenching) monitoring of respiratory gases, anesthetic agents, or the like. Alternatively, the heater may be configured so as to provide a substantially unobstructed optical pathway through the window. Optical gas sensors and complementary transducers that include the healer are also disclosed.

Abstract: A controlled atmosphere incubator having an interior chamber adapted to be heated and humidified. An easily accessed blower is located within the gaseous environment of the incubator chamber and includes a HEPA filter and VOC filter readily replaceable by the user from within the chamber.

Abstract: Biometric object image capturing systems and methods prevent undesirable interruptions of total internal reflection of a prism that result in improper biometric images. A thermal assembly comprising a plurality of thermal elements is placed adjacent to the image capturing device. The thermal elements upon supply of a current are capable of either heating or cooling the image capturing device or a platen of the image capturing device. If cooling of the biometric object receiving surface is required, the thermal elements can be controlled to decrease temperature of an area where a biometric object is placed, or an area adjacent to where the biometric object is placed. If heating of the biometric object receiving surface is required, the thermal elements can be controlled to increase temperature of an area where a biometric object is placed, or an area adjacent to where the biometric object is placed, to remove and prevent accumulation of moisture.

Abstract: A laser cutting machine includes a cover which is pivotably connected to a side of the base of the machine. Two supports are connected between the cover and the base so as to maintain the open status of the cover. Two hand access recesses are defined in the rear end of the cover which can be pivoted upward by only one person such that maintenance can be proceeded easily and large objects conveniently access the work top surface.

Abstract: Devices and methods for applying heat to a platen of a biometric image capturing device are described that remove and prevent the formation of excess moisture on the platen. These devices and methods prevent undesirable interruptions of total internal reflection of a prism that result in biometric images having a halo effect. In embodiments of the invention, an electrically conductive transparent material is used to apply heat to the platen. In other embodiments, resistive heating elements attached to non-optical areas of the platen (e.g., the ends) are used to apply heat to the platen. Heater assemblies according to the invention can be used to heat an area where a biometric object is placed, or an area adjacent to where the biometric object is placed, to remove and prevent the formation of excess moisture on the platen.

Abstract: A transparency, e.g. a laminated windshield has a pair of spaced bus bars on an electric conductive member e.g. an electric conductive coating on a glass sheet. The perimeter of the coating is spaced from the peripheral edge of the sheet to provide a non-conductive strip. Ends the bus bars extend into the non-conductive strip to minimize/eliminate hot spots at the end portions of the bus bars. An additional feature to reduce hot spots includes bus bars having different lengths with portions of the coating between the bus bars not extending beyond the ends of the longer bus bar. In another, the windshield has a vision area, a bus bar between the top edge of the coating and the top edge of the vision area and a bus bar between the bottom edge of the coating and bottom edge of the vision area.

Abstract: A heated window consisting of at least one rigid pane, at least two current busbars of different polarity placed substantially parallel close to one edge of the heated window at different distances from the edge and linear heating resistors electrically connected thereto, characterized in that the busbars lie sideways to the heating resistors and the heating resistors (2) start from a first current busbar (4) and, passing over the other current busbar (3) while being insulated therefrom, in the direction of the window surface and in at least one loop, return toward the other current busbar (3) and are electrically connected thereto.

Abstract: A glass/metal laminate for an appliance or the like and a method of fabricating the same. The glass/metal laminate includes a glass sheet, a metal sheet, and an adhesive layer bonding the glass and metal sheets together, whereby the metal sheet is visible through the glass sheet. The laminate is preferably installed on the outer surface of a refrigerator, oven, or other appliance to provide a durable and visually appealing finish surface. The laminate may be fabricated in a batch process, using a sealed curing chamber under reduced pressure to remove entrained air bubbles from the adhesive layer. Alternatively, the laminate may be fabricated in a continuous process using a pair of counter-rotating rollers to remove air from the adhesive layer. A UV light source emits radiation which passes through the glass sheet to cure the adhesive layer.

Abstract: A heatable article, e.g. a heatable windshield, having a generally trapezoidal shape has a conductive member, e.g. a conductive coating, between and in contact with a pair of spaced bus bars having different lengths. Selected portions of the coating between the bus bars are segmented to reduce the difference in watt density between the coatings at the bus bars when current moves through the coating. In one non-limiting embodiment, the width of the segments at the longer bus bar is less than the width of the segments at the longer bus bar. With this configuration, the watt density at the bottom of the windshield is increased to more efficiently remove ice and snow. In another non-limiting embodiment, the coating has a communication window to pass frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum, e.g. RF frequencies, to obtain information from within the vehicle.

Abstract: This is an improvement to a microwave, convection, or any other oven. The oven would be equipped with a television screen in or on the door. The television screen could be wired to an antenna, cable television, satellite television or a pre-recording device (such as but not limited to a DVD player or VCR). The television screen could also be hooked to a closed circuit television to view the inside of the oven, or other rooms or areas. There is a clear advantage in having the television in an existing appliance because it will not take up any additional counter space or under cabinet space.

Abstract: Localized heating of a window, such as a vehicle windshield or sidelight, is provided by dividing an optical coating that is electrically conductive into high and low heating zones. While the conductive coating covers substantially the entirety of the window, the coating is patterned to establish a preselected heating power density pattern. In one application, bus-to-bus dimensions are kept short and opposite polarity high heating zones are placed in a side-by-side relationship, so that the major portion of the window is left unheated and the bus connections may be placed along the same window edge. In another application, the bus-to-bus dimensions are significantly larger, but power concentration is provided by a pattern of isolation lines that narrow the dimensions of current flow through a zone in which heating is desired.

Abstract: There is now provided an electric stove with an electric stove body having an exterior comprising side walls, a top, and a bottom spaced from said top. The top has a an exterior top surface on which are disposed a plurality of electric heating elements. The electric heating elements of the top surface are controllable by control apparatus to provide heat sufficient to cook food in cooking utensils, upon such cooking utensils being placed with their bottom on a corresponding electric heating element. The electric heating elements and their corresponding control apparatus are connected by electric circuitry such that the heat produced by the electric heating elements can be set at a desired temperature for cooking food. Electric heating arrangements are also found in the stove. These heating arrangements are connected by electric circuitry to control apparatus so as to permit selection of a cooking temperature in the electric stove.

Abstract: An automotive glazing panel has an electrically heatable solar control coating layer, spaced first and second bus bars adapted to relay electrical power to the coating layer. The glazing panel is provided with at least two, spaced data transmission windows positioned at least partially in contact with the heatable solar control coating layer which are separated by a portion of the glazing panel which is in electrical contact with the electrically heatable solar control coating layer.

Abstract: A transparency, e.g. a laminated heatable windshield has a pair of spaced bus bars on an electric conductive member e.g. a sputtered electric conductive coating. The perimeter of the coating is spaced from the peripheral edge of the sheet to provide a non-conductive strip. Electric conductive leads connected to the bus bars provide external electric access to the bus bars. End portions of each of the bus bar extend beyond the perimeter of the coating into the non-conductive strip to minimize, if not eliminate, hot spots at the end portions of the bus bars. Additional features to reduce hot spots includes the pair of bus bars having different lengths with one of the bus bar extending along the top side of the coating and one of the bus bars extending along the bottom side of the coating. The portions of the coating between the bus bars do not extend beyond the ends of the longer bus bar.

Abstract: A laminate, e.g. a heatable windshield has a pair of glass sheets laminated together about a member responsive to electrical stimuli, e.g. changes transmission or is heated as current passes through the member. A pair of spaced bus bars is in surface contact with the conductive member, and a lead assembly associated with each of the bus bars has a lead in contact with its respective bus bar and extends beyond the periphery of the sheets. The lead assembly further includes first and second air barriers to prevent air from moving between the sheets after the edge sealing procedure and during autoclaving of the laminate subassembly. The first air barrier is an adhesive between surfaces of the lead and inner surfaces of an electric and mechanical protective sleeve positioned over portions of its respective lead.

Abstract: An automotive glazing panel having an electrically heatable solar control coating layer, spaced first and second bus bars adapted to relay electrical power to the coating layer and a data transmission window positioned at least partially in contact with the heatable solar control coating layer is arranged such that at least a portion of the periphery of the data transmission window is bounded by an electrically conductive band having an electrical resistance measured in ohms per square significantly less than the electrical resistance measured in ohms per square of the heatable solar control coating layer. This may be used to minimize perturbations to the heating of the glazing caused by the presence of the data transmission window and/or provide more even heating over the entire windscreen.

Abstract: A glass pane including at least a glass sheet provided with heating strips powered by collectors, the heating strips being divided in groups. The power supply of the different groups is provided sequentially, each group being powered once per sequence. The supply is provided by a device equipped to measure the outside temperature and the temperature of the outer surface of the glass, to determine a minimum heating time for each group according to the outside temperature, and to maintain the heating in the group as long as the outer surface temperature of the glass opposite the group is not higher than the melting point of ice.

Abstract: A condensation control system to remove or prevent condensation on a surface, such as a mirror. The condensation control system has a first terminal that is adapted to be directly connected to an AC power source and a second terminal. In one embodiment, the condensation control system includes a heating element, a power regulation device having a trigger, a voltage divider having an output, and a humidity sensor. The heating element is electrically coupled in series with the power regulation device between the first and second terminals. The voltage divider is electrically coupled in series between the first and second terninals and in parallel with the heating element and the power regulation device. The humidity sensor is electrically coupled between the output of the voltage divider and the trigger of the power regulation device.

Abstract: A keyboard includes a plurality of keys mechanically and electrically coupled to a printed circuit board, the plurality of keys are arranged in a keyboard defining air gaps around the plurality of keys. The keyboard also includes a keyboard housing for containing the printed circuit board, the keyboard housing further including an opening on at least a portion of a top surface thereof for usably exposing the plurality of keys therethrough. The keyboard also includes a heating element located within the keyboard housing, the heating element and the printed circuit board deriving power from a keyboard port of a computer when the keyboard is coupled to the computer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a laminated glass sheet for windshield that includes a transparent conductive film and enables ITS communication. The laminated glass sheet includes a first bus-bar arranged along an upper end of the laminated glass sheet, and a second bus-bar arranged along a lower end of the laminated glass sheet, and the first bus-bar includes a protruding portion that extends toward the second bus-bar, and the transparent conductive film is not formed in a concave portion that is formed by the protruding portion. Since the concave portion can be used for the communication, the conductive film may be free from an opening.

Abstract: A structure of a window heat wire connector of an automobile is disclosed to make a reduction in the number of window manufacturing processes and in the manufacturing cost by simplifying the structure of a connector that connects between heat wire and electric wire arranged on the window, the structure of a window heat wire connector comprising: connection frames connecting a plurality of heat wires aligned on the window; and an electric wire connector connected to the connection frames to supply power from battery, wherein the electric wire connector comprises; a first connection plate connected with an electric wire in the housing fixed at a vehicle body panel; a second connection plate elastically supported against the first connection plate via a first return spring; and a connection ball elastically supported via the second return spring at an accommodating part formed on the second connection plate.

Abstract: A heatable vehicle window includes a bottom bus bar and a plurality of top bus bars. Voltages or electric potentials applied to the top bus bars are different, so that a first one of the top bus bars is at a given electric potential and another one of the top bus bars is at another electric potential (i.e., the voltages/potentials are offset from one another). The degree to which the top bus bar voltages/potentials are offset relative to one another is a function of the distance each respective bus bar is from the bottom bus bar across the heatable layer(s). Given a substantially continuous heatable layer(s), this can in certain example embodiments enable approximately uniform heating of the window (e.g., laminated vehicle windshield, laminated vehicle backlite, or laminated vehicle sidelite).

Abstract: A filtering apparatus for a reflow oven includes a contaminated-gas inlet for receiving contaminated gas from a reflow oven; a filtering device configured to filter the received contaminated gas; a returned gas outlet for returning filtered gas to the reflow oven; a gas removal arrangement for allowing gas to escape from the apparatus; and a control arrangement for controlling the rate of gas flow through the gas removal arrangement such that in use the flow rate of contaminated gas flowing from a hotter region of the reflow oven to a cooler region of the reflow oven is controlled.

Abstract: Devices and methods for applying heat to a platen of a biometric image capturing device are described that remove and prevent the formation of excess moisture on the platen. These devices and methods prevent undesirable interruptions of total internal reflection of a prism that result in biometric images having a halo effect. In embodiments of the invention, an electrically conductive transparent material is used to apply heat to the platen. In other embodiments, resistive heating elements attached to non-optical areas of the platen (e.g., the ends) are used to apply heat to the platen. Heater assemblies according to the invention can be used to heat an area where a biometric object is placed, or an area adjacent to where the biometric object is placed, to remove and prevent the formation of excess moisture on the platen.

Abstract: A vehicle lights defroster device for ensuring that motorists following the school bus see the flashing lights. The vehicle lights defroster device includes a cover member being essentially transparent and having an outer rim and being adapted to fastenably mount upon a light of a vehicle; and also includes a heating element extending throughout the cover member; and further includes a connecting assembly for connecting the heating element to a power source for energizing the heating element.

Abstract: An insulating glass pane (1) has at least two glass plates (10, 12) which are spaced apart from one another, and an edge joining strip (14) which surrounds and joins together the glass plates (10, 12) in the region of their edges. The edge joining strip (14) seals and delimits an insulating cavity (16) which is located between the glass plates (10, 12) and which is filled with a fill gas which is not air. A sensor (18) is provided in the insulating cavity (16) of the insulating glass pane (1), which sensor reacts and gives a signal if the composition of the fill gas changes.

Abstract: Opposing substrates of a vehicle window are laminated to one another using a polymer inclusive interlayer which has a notch or cut-out portion defined therein. Following lamination, at least one bus bar(s) supported by one of the substrates is exposed in this notch or cut-out portion of the interlayer. Then, an external connector may be electrically connected to the bus bar(s) at a location between the opposed substrates, by sliding a portion of the connector into a gap between the two laminated substrates at a location where the bus bar(s) is exposed due to the notch or cut-out in the interlayer. Because the connector can be electrically connected to the bus bar(s) after the lamination process, various techniques (e.g., nipper rolls, vacuum apparatus, etc.) may be used to laminate the substrates to one another prior to this electrical connection.

Abstract: A heatable vehicle window (e.g., windshield, sidelite or backlite) includes a multi-layer coating formed on a substrate. The multi-layer coating includes at least one dielectric layer and at least one conductive layer. A pair of bus bars are deposited on the substrate over the coating, so that at least the dielectric layer is provided between the bus bars and the conductive layer(s). In order to create an electrical connection between the bus bars and the conductive layer(s) of the coating, the bus bars and/or coating is/are heated to a temperature sufficient to permit the bus bars to reach molten or semi-molten form. Portions of bus bar material then flow down through at least the dielectric layer of the coating (i.e., forming a contact hole in the coating) so as to contact the coating's conductive layer(s). After cooling of the newly formed bus bars, the window may be selectively heated by passing current through the conductive layer(s) via the bus bars.

Abstract: A bus bar arrangement for a heatable vehicle window. An electroconductive coating is divided into two separate coating portions which represent two different respective heating zones. A single bottom bus bar is common to both heating zones, while a first upper/top bus bar portion is provided for the first heating zone and a different second upper/top bus bar portion is provided for the second heating zone. The two upper/top bus bars are spaced apart and electrically insulated from one another. Conductive bus bar extension portions lead from the respective upper bus bars down to a bottom edge of the window (e.g., vehicle windshield) so that electrical connectors for all three bus bars can be located along or proximate a single edge of the window.

Abstract: A cooking apparatus including a housing having an interior which contains a heating device. The cooking apparatus includes a liner which is preferably made of metallic material with a bowl which may be removably placed therein to cook food. The heating device is a heating band which has downwardly extending foot members to prevent the heating element from contacting the floor of the housing to prevent hot spots and inadvertent burning of a users hand.

Abstract: A temperature control device comprising a heater element and a power source. The heater element having a conductive ink affixed to a substrate. The power source connected to the conductive ink to supply power to said conductive ink, thereby heating the heater element.

Abstract: A working enclosure includes a working chamber whose walls delimit a confinement space for working in and an exterior branch loop for recycling the atmosphere of the confinement space. The branch loop opens at each end into the confinement space and includes means for circulating the atmosphere in the branch loop. The working enclosure includes filter members at each end of the branch loop.

Abstract: A radome having for a RWR in a motor vehicle, upon which layers of snow or ice are prevented from forming. Thin metals layers 3 of the radome exhibit an ohmic resistance, an electric current source 4 for heating the radome injects an electric current into the metal layers 3 which flows laterally through the metal layers 3. The radome is suitable for use in a motor vehicle for visually adapting the radome to its surrounding motor vehicle surface.

Abstract: A wet tissue warmer has a case having an open end, a lid removably put on the case so as to cover the open end of the case and internally provided with a heater, and a lifting plate placed in the case and biased upward. When the lid is closed, a wet tissue package mounted on the lifting plate is kept in contact with the lid to heat the wet tissue package. Lifting plate locking devices are disposed in the case. The lifting plate is locked at the present position by the lifting plate locking devices when the lid is opened.

Abstract: A wall-mounted cabinet having a pivotable door with opposed exterior and interior mirrors which can be convectively and radiatively heated to prevent fogging, by a sheet heater between the two mirrors. The exterior mirror is electrically insulated, and the exterior and interior mirrors are grounded to prevent electric shock.

Abstract: The invention relates to a laminated pane (1), in particular heating or aerial pane, having electrically conductive wires (2) which are embedded in a thermoplastic adhesion layer (3) and are in electrical contact in particular with at least one connection element, and is distinguished by the fact that the wires (2) comprise at least two conductive material layers, one of which consists of a metal which can withstand high mechanical loads and the other of which consists of a metal of higher electrical conductivity and good solderability. In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the laminated pane (1), there are electrically conductive wires (2) which have a core which is made from a metal which can withstand mechanical loads and is sheathed by a metal of higher conductivity and good solderability.

Abstract: A multipane insulating glass for appliances having an inner-chamber temperature which is lower than the ambient temperature, in particular for viewing doors of refrigerators and freezers comprises at least two panes which are of approximately equal size and are arranged at a distance from one another. The distance is maintained by a spacer which runs continuously around the vicinity of the edge. One of the two outer panes is provided with an electrically conductive, transparent coating on its side which faces towards the space between the panes. In this glass, the coating, which is applied to the entire surface, is deactivated in the peripheral area of the pane, containing the contact surface for the spacer. Also, a process for producing coated flat glass materials for such insulating glass materials, as described above.

Abstract: An electrically heated backlite assembly and method of making same includes a glass panel and an opaque, electrically nonconductive coating bonded to the glass panel. The electrically nonconductive coating has an outer surface with a plurality of first undulations at selected locations. The electrically heated backlite assembly also includes an electrically conductive coating overlying and bonded to the electrically nonconductive coating. The electrically conductive coating has a generally smooth outer surface and an inner surface with a plurality of second undulations complementary to the first undulations at the selected locations. The electrically heated backlite assembly includes a conductor strip attached to the electrically conductive coating at the selected locations and for connection to a source of power to provide power to the electrically conductive coating to heat the glass panel to de-ice and defog the glass panel.

Abstract: A glass heating system includes a low emissivity sheet of coated glass and an optical sensor mounted on the surface of the glass for optically detecting condensation on the glass. The low emissivity glass is economical to produce and provides superior thermal properties. The low emissivity glass has improved thermal characteristics for use in insulating glass doors for freezers and refrigerators. The optical sensor is positioned between the sheets of glass in the insulating glass unit for detection of moisture on the outer surface. When condensation is detected, the controller transmits power through the conductive coating on the unexposed surface of the glass to heat the glass and eliminate the condensation. In a two paned insulating glass door, the control circuit can be conveniently mounted in the frame of the door.

Abstract: A vehicle window assembly includes one or more resistance heating lines for electrically heating a section of the window area corresponding to a window wiper rest area. An opaque obscuration band is formed so as to define one or more elongate, relatively narrow wiper alignment apertures along a portion of the window at the wiper rest area. The aperture(s) defined by the obscuration band are positioned so as to be aligned with at least a portion of a heating line. In this manner, at least a portion of the heating line is visible from the exterior of the vehicle through the outer surface of the window.

Abstract: A controlled atmosphere incubator having an interior chamber surrounded by a heated water jacket. A glass access door of the chamber is directly heated by a clear, electrically conductive coating. The door is sealed against the perimeter of the opening by a readily replaceable gasket and is field reversible due to unique hinge mounting assemblies. An easily accessed blower assembly is located within the chamber and includes a HEPA filter readily replaceable by the user from within the chamber. A filtered air exchange system is provided for limiting the maximum level of humidity in the chamber. The incubator control maintains constant power output from the blower motor so that the heat output of the motor is also constant. A voltage compensated temperature control is also provided for the heaters associated with the water jacket. Compensation for environmental conditions inside the chamber is also provided by the control for producing more accurate readings of carbon dioxide levels.

Abstract: An insulating glazed element composed of at least two glass sheets separated from each other by a small space in which a vacuum has been created is provided with a heating element on an internal face of at least one of the glass sheets. Two current supply collecting lines are positioned on at least part of the internal face of the at least one of said glass sheets. The heating element includes at least one conductive layer deposited on at least part of the internal face of the at least one of the glass sheets. The conductive layer extends between the two current supply collecting lines.

Abstract: A flexible buss bar adapted for electrical connection with circuitry carried by a glass pane is provided, as well as a method of attaching a flexible buss bar to a glass pane. The flexible buss bar includes a flexible conductor having at least one metallic contact pad affixed thereto. It is also contemplated to have a plurality of such metallic contact pads attached at regular intervals along the length of the flexible conductor. The spacing of the plurality of metallic contact pads is selected to match the locations of corresponding structures formed on the glass pane. Solder cladding is selectively adhered to portions of the at least one metallic contact such that the at least one metallic contact pad may be bonded to the corresponding structure located on the glass pane.

Abstract: In a laminated heated plate glass, especially for an airplane cockpit, the plate glass includes at least two sheets of structural glass (12, 14) which are secured in a rabbet of the cockpit and connected to one another by a first intermediate layer (16) made of transparent plastic material, at least one third sheet, made of glass (18), which is not secured in the rabbet and which is connected to the external sheet of structural glass (14) through the intermediary of a second intermediate layer (20) made of plastic, and conducting devices in a thin layer (26) which are arranged between two current input strips (28), which are connected to a source of current. The connecting devices (26) are arranged in the thickness of the plate glass, on the outside of the set of the two sheets of structural glass (12, 14), on the side facing the outside of the cockpit.

Abstract: A heating assembly for imparting energy to a liquid which is enclosed in a vessel, is described and which includes a base plate borne by the vessel and having a first portion which has a given first mass, and a second portion which is made integral with the first portion and which has a given second mass; a heating element borne by the second portion of the base plate and disposed in heat emitting relation relative to the liquid in the vessel; and a temperature sensor mounted in heat sensing relation relative to the second portion of the base plate.

Abstract: A window is provided which includes an array of fine, closely spaced wires through which electric current is passed to heat the window. Such windows are useful as vehicle windows, e.g. windscreens, because the heating disperses ice or condensation on the surface of the window, thereby improving visibility. According to the invention, at least some of the wires extend along diverging lines, so that the heated area extends over substantially the whole of the transparent portion of the window. It is also described how to achieve a sufficiently uniform heating effect over the extended heated area. A method of manufacturing such windows, and an apparatus for forming such arrays of wires, are also provided.

Abstract: An electrically heated rear screen including a window formed of laminated glass layers separated by a thermoplastic interlayer and having electrical connection elements provided at opposed lateral edges of the window. Plural parallel connected horizontally extending resistive heating wires are embedded in the thermoplastic interlayer. The resistive heating wires are formed as meandering loops having an odd number of loop segments extending across the width of the window. At the opposed lateral edges of the window, the resistive heating wires have opposed end segments which follow a path along the corresponding lateral edges of the rear screen a short distance apart to a respective common electrical connection element.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for monitoring current flow through a resistive heating element and for detecting breakage of the heating element. In one preferred embodiment the heating element is disposed on a vehicle window. A current is passed through the heating element continuously, even when the vehicle ignition is turned off. A differential amplifier is used to generate a signal representative of the current flow through the heating element which is indicative of whether the heating element is functioning properly or has been broken. The signal is converted from an analog to a digital signal by an analog to digital convertor and then subsequently output to a controller or computer. From this signal the computer determines if the heating element has been broken. The apparatus and method can be used for a variety of functions, but has particular utility in detecting if a window supporting the heating element has been broken such as during an attempted theft.

Abstract: A transparent heating instrument for use in a microscope has a transparent heat-generating plate and an annular housing accommodating the transparent heat-generating plate. The transparent heat-generating plate has a transparent plate, a transparent heat-generating conductive thin coat formed on one surface of the transparent plate, a pair of heat-generating electrodes in contact with the transparent heat-generating conductive thin coat and opposed to each other; and a transparent thin hard coat (transparent thin hard coat) covering the transparent heat-generating conductive thin coat and having substantially insulating property.