Abstract: A holding device including a ceramic member formed of a sintered ceramic material containing aluminum nitride as a main component, a heating resistor element formed of a metal and disposed in the ceramic member, and an electrically conductive electricity supply member in contact with the heating resistor element. The holding device holds an object on the surface of the ceramic member. In the holding device, at least a portion of the surface of the heating resistor element, excluding its contact surface for contact with the electricity supply member, is covered with a coat layer formed of a nitride containing at least one of Al, Ti, Zr, V, Ta, and Nb. Also disclosed is a method of manufacturing the holding device.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved heated hose for use with asphalt pavement repair machines that includes a flexible exterior cylindrical insulated hose portion with an inner cylindrical surface defining an inner cylindrical region, and a flexible metal sheath deployed coaxially in this region having an exterior surface, the surfaces defining an area through which hot asphalt flows. A heating element may be removably deployed inside and along the length of the coaxial metal sheath. Hot asphalt flowing through the hose between the inner cylindrical surface of the hose and the exterior surface of the coaxial metal sheath is kept hot by the conduction of heat from the heating element inside the flexible metal sheath. One end of the heating element extends to a far end of the inside of the sheath, and the other end of the heating element is accessible from outside of the near end of the hose, making it possible to easily remove and replace the heating element in the event of a failure.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to processes for forming or otherwise creating a transparent, conductive film from a heavy hydrocarbon material. It allows for what is often considered to be waste material to be transformed into a useful product, such as a heating element. Such heating elements can be incorporated into many contexts where it can be important to have transparency and/or a thin heating element, such as in windshields. The process involves dissolving a heavy hydrocarbon material in a solvent, casting the heavy hydrocarbon solution that results from the dissolving onto a substrate to form a film, and then annealing the film. The disclosure also provides for objects in which such resulting films can be used, such as Joule heaters.

Abstract: A build unit for a three-dimensional printer, comprising a housing comprising sidewalls and a build platform movable within the housing. The housing and the build platform form a build chamber. The build unit further comprises a lateral heater mounted on the housing. The lateral heater is operable to apply a uniform housing temperature across all the section of the build unit by delivering variable power density along the housing.

Abstract: An electrode is configured to decrease the heat generation amount of solid-state batteries. An electrode for solid-state batteries, wherein the electrode comprises an electrode layer, a current collector, and a PTC layer which is disposed between the electrode layer and the current collector and which is in contact with the electrode layer; wherein the PTC layer contains an electroconductive material, Ni and a polymer; and wherein a volume percent of the Ni in the PTC layer is larger than a volume percent of the electroconductive material in the PTC layer.

Abstract: Embodiments of an electric heater apparatus are disclosed. In one embodiment, an electric heater apparatus includes: (a) a first thermally conductive layer comprising an electrically insulating material; (b) one or more electrically conductive heating elements disposed in one or more grooves arranged on the top side of the first thermally conductive layer; and (c) a second thermally conductive layer disposed on the top side of the first thermally conductive layer over the one or more heating elements. The one or more heating elements include one or more refractory hard metals doped with at least one of carbon, nitrogen, aluminum, yttrium, or oxygen. The doped one or more refractory hard metals include a temperature insensitive electrical resistance over operational temperatures ranging from ambient temperature to about 850° C. as compared to undoped refractory hard metals. The one or more heating elements are independently controllable to provide one or more heating zones.

Abstract: An aerospace surface heating apparatus includes opposing layers formed from a thermoplastic containing in excess of 20% by volume of an inorganic filler material, and at least one electrically powered heating element located between the opposing layers. A method for making a heater for an aerospace component includes forming an electrical heating element on a layer of glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic film substrate, applying two opposing thermoplastic layers on opposing sides of the intermediate layer, and applying heat and pressure to the layers to join the layers together, in which the thermoplastic material contains an inorganic filler material.

Abstract: A device is described in which the shape of a resistive heater material is configured to provide rapid and strong heating of a small area. The resistive heating material is heated unevenly while efficiently using power.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck is configured to adsorb and retain an object thereon. The electrostatic chuck includes: a base body on which the object is mounted; an electrostatic electrode that is provided in the base body; a plurality of heating elements that are provided in the base body; a plurality of current control elements that are provided in the base body, and each of which is connected in series with a corresponding one of the heating elements; and a control circuit that is provided in the base body, and that is connected to the current control elements and configured to control operations of the current control elements.

Abstract: An appliance for heating fluid includes a reservoir for holding the fluid during use. One or more ceramic heaters mount with the reservoir to heat the fluid. The heater includes electrically resistive traces thick-film printed on a substrate. The heaters optionally mount with a heat transfer element having a relatively large surface area. The heat transfer element typifies a conductive element, such as an aluminum plate of forged aluminum. The plate has cavities to retain the heaters or sections fitted about heaters. Holes through a thickness of the plate induce turbulent fluid flow as the fluid freely passes there through during use. Heater control and mounting are still other aspects of the technology.

Abstract: A stage includes a base having an accommodation space therein, a dielectric layer provided on a first surface of the base and having a placement surface on which a substrate is placed, the dielectric layer including therein a plurality of heaters, and a heater control board disposed in the accommodation space and configured to drive the plurality of heaters. The base has an inlet in a second surface thereof that is opposite the first surface, the inlet being configured to introduce a coolant into the accommodation space.

Abstract: A stage includes a base having an accommodation space therein, a dielectric layer provided on a first surface of the base and having a placement surface on which a substrate is placed, the dielectric layer including therein a plurality of heaters, and a heater control board disposed in the accommodation space and configured to drive the plurality of heaters. The base has an inlet in a second surface thereof that is opposite the first surface, the inlet being configured to introduce a coolant into the accommodation space.

Abstract: An electric heating pad for warming a patient. The electric heating pad may be a heated underbody support, heated mattress or heated mattress overlay. An embodiment of the heating pad includes a flexible sheet-like heating element including an upper edge, a lower edge, and at least two side edges. The heating pad may also include a shell covering the heating element and comprising at least two sheets of flexible material (e.g., two sheets may be one sheet folded over to form at least two sheets). The two sheets of flexible material may be coupled together about the edges of the heating element by a weld. The material of the two sheets may include urethane. In some embodiments, a catalyst to accelerate hydrogen peroxide decomposition is coated on or impregnated into an element within the shell, or on the interior surface of the shell.

Abstract: A heat-generating element for an electric heating device includes a heating element casing which comprises a casing element formed from a ceramic material and a casing mating element formed from a ceramic material. The two casing elements bear against each other in a sealing manner and enclose, in a sealing manner between each other, a PTC element and conductor tracks. The conductor tracks bear, in an electrically conductive manner, against the PTC element and are assigned different polarities for energizing the PTC element. The heating element casing carries contact strips connected in an electrically conductive manner to the associated conductor tracks. At least one of the conductor tracks is formed by an electrically conductive element which is provided with through holes and which, in a height direction of the conductor track, comprises discrete points of support that bear against the PTC element and one of casing element and casing mating element.

Abstract: Some deck or patio areas constructed of pavers mounted on adjustable pedestal supports must remain snow and ice free on their top surfaces. The pedestal-mounted paver heating system is designed to allow easy installation of electric heating cable that is positioned against the bottom surface of pavers so that heat generated by the cable is efficiently transferred up into the pavers to raise their temperature enough to prevent the accumulation of snow and ice on their top surfaces.

Abstract: A suspension mounted heating system is designed to allow easy installation of electric heating cable that is positioned against the bottom surface of a suspended stair or walkway so that heat generated by the cable is efficiently transferred up into the stair or walkway material to raise its temperature enough to prevent the accumulation of snow and ice on the material's top surface.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a heating element comprising at least two parts which are composed of different molybdenum disilicide-based compositions, wherein at least one of the molybdenum disilicide-based parts is based on a chromium-alloyed based molybdenum disilicide composition ((Mo1-xCrx)Si2 where x is of from 0.05 to 0.25); and at least one part is based on a molybdenum disilicide-based composition comprising more than or equal to 90 weight % Mo(Si,AI)2. The present disclosure also relates to the use of the heating element.

Abstract: A cabin structural component for a transport vehicle, in particular for an aircraft or spacecraft, has a sandwich structure that has a core and a first cover layer, the first cover layer being provided with a heat conductor that is arranged and designed for heating a cabin wall that can be produced using the cabin structural component.

Abstract: A heater comprises a plurality of zones with at least two zones having a variable power density gradient different from one another. The heater having zones of different variable power density gradients allows for controlling the heat output and temperature profile of the heater in one or more directions of the heater. The heater can be used, for example, to control the temperature profile in a vertical direction.

Abstract: A heating unit for the heating of liquids in a motor vehicle has one or more PTC-heating elements between two heat-conducting plates then between a multi-part plastic housing. The two heat-conducting plates each have a base section against the one or more PTC-heating elements and each have an arm adjacent to the base section. An insulating element is arranged between the arms of the two heat-conducting plates, where the plastic housing has a first housing part and a second housing part. The first housing part has at least one pocket into which an arm of the heat-conducting plates and interposed insulating element is inserted. The first housing part and the second housing part together form a heating chamber adjacent to the at least one pocket, in which are arranged the base sections of the heat-conducting plates and the at least one PTC-heating element which is interposed between them.

Abstract: A windshield heating device for an on-board camera includes a PTC heater in the form of a sheet extending along an inner surface of a windshield in proximity to an on-board camera that takes an image of the front of a vehicle, and is configured to heat the windshield in a heated region in front of the camera. The PTC heater includes a first heating region and a second heating region which are adjacent to each other, the heating area of the second heating region is smaller than the heating area of the first heating region, and the calorific value per unit area of the second heating region is smaller than the calorific value per unit area of the first heating area.

Abstract: A heater system for clearing moisture (frozen and liquid) from a windshield (14) around a through-windshield vehicle sensor (18) provides a chamber between the sensor and the windshield containing air that may be heated by a chamber supported heating element (30, 51). The warm air within the chamber applies heat over the windshield in the critical viewing area (26) without obstructing the sensor (18).

Abstract: An electric motor for use with a power tool includes a rotor having a body, a stator having a plurality of electromagnetic coils surrounding the rotor, an output shaft coupled to the rotor for rotation with the rotor, and a plurality of magnets positioned within the body of the rotor. The motor also includes a mechanical magnet holder coupled to at least one of the rotor and the output shaft to engage each of the plurality of magnets. The mechanical magnet holder inhibits movement of the plurality of magnets out of the body of the rotor.

Abstract: An over-current protection device includes first and second electrodes, and a positive temperature coefficient multilayered structure including first, second, and third polymer layers. The first polymer layer is bonded to the first electrode and includes a polymer matrix made from a polymer composition containing a grafted olefin-based polymer. The second polymer layer has a through hole and includes a polymer matrix made from a polymer composition containing a non-grafted olefin-based polymer and substantially free of a grafted olefin-based polymer. The third polymer layer is bonded to the second electrode and includes a polymer matrix made from a polymer composition containing a grafted olefin-based polymer.

Abstract: A layered heater system is provided that includes an engineered substrate having an upper face sheet, a lower face sheet, and a core disposed between the upper face sheet and the lower face sheet. A dielectric layer is formed on at least one of the upper face sheet and the lower face sheet, a resistive element layer is formed on the dielectric layer, a protective layer is formed on the resistive element layer, and terminal pads are formed over at least a portion of the resistive element layer, wherein the terminal pads are exposed through the protective layer. In one form, the core defines a honeycomb structure, and in another, the core defines a frame structure having a plurality of support ribs.

Abstract: A holding device for a heating element and a heater with at least one such holding device. The holding device is produced from a refractory metal or from an alloy on the basis of refractory metal, has at least two holding elements which are arranged perpendicularly or at least substantially perpendicularly to each other. A first holding element is at least partially arranged in an opening of a second holding element.

Abstract: An electric heater, and an apparatus, a heating and air conditioning system and a vehicle, each comprising the electric heater, are provided. The electric heater comprises an outer frame; a heating core configured to connect to a power source and disposed within the outer frame; and a sealing-waterproof glue member disposed within the outer frame and configured to encase at least one end of the heating core. The heating core further comprises: a plurality of heat dissipating components and heating components arranged alternately, and each of the heat dissipating component is coupled with a heating component via a thermal conductor. Each of the heating components further comprises a core tube and a positive temperature coefficient thermistor disposed in the core tube.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a biomaterial test apparatus and a method of controlling the same, capable of previously sensing an ambient air temperature where a biomaterial test is performed in order to determine whether to proceed with the biomaterial test. The biomaterial test apparatus includes a housing, a platform receiving chamber arranged inside the housing and capable of receiving a platform into which a biomaterial is injected, a display which is arranged outside the housing and displays a control screen to test the biomaterial, a temperature sensor which senses a temperature of the platform receiving chamber and an air temperature in the vicinity thereof, and a control unit which, when the air temperature is less than a predetermined first critical temperature, controls the display so as to display a screen indicating that the test is impracticable.

Abstract: Modifications convert an existing single-pass boiler to operate with a multi-pass combustion gas flow through the flue passages of the heat exchanger of the boiler. A diverting target wall is arranged partway along the length of the original combustion chamber, and an upper draft diverter is arranged in a flue collector chamber above the flue passages, to divert some or all of the combustion gas into a multi-pass flow pattern through several flue passages of the heat exchanger in series. The modifications may further include changing the nozzle oil delivery rate and cone angle, the oil supply pressure, the draft conditions, and others. Heat extraction from the hot combustion gas to the boiler water is increased, exhaust gas temperature is decreased, and overall efficiency is increased, to result in a fuel and cost savings.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat-generating film and to a heat-generating product comprising same. The heat-generating film of the present invention can continuously and stably generate heat even at a low voltage, for example, at a voltage of 12V or lower. In addition, the heat-generating film of the present invention has excellent comfort properties, filling properties, and flexibility. Accordingly, the heat-generating film of the present invention can be applied to a variety of heat-generating products, for example to a heat-generating sheet for a vehicle or for a baby stroller, or to a variety of portable heat-generating products or the like to exhibit superior effects.

Abstract: The present invention describes a device for evaporating a volatile liquid from a container having a wick. The device includes a housing, a motion sensor, a first electrical heating element, and at least one of: a second electrical heating element; a fan; a region of increased heating capacity within the first electrical heating element. In use, the motion sensor is operable to detect motion in the vicinity of the device and, on detecting motion, the device operates to activate at least one of a second electrical heating element; a fan; a region of increased heating capacity within the first electrical heating element. The present invention also describes a method for evaporating the volatile liquid and a kit of parts for the same.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing semi-manufactured PTC heating elements (10) comprises the steps of providing an electrically insulating support foil (11), providing an electrically conductive foil (12) from which at least two electrically conductive patterns separated from one another are to be formed, and laminating a PTC compound (13) between the electrically insulating support foil and the electrically conductive foil, wherein the PTC compound has adhesive properties for bonding the laminate together. Preferably, the electrically insulating support foil, the electrically conductive foil, and the semi-manufactured PTC heating elements are provided on rolls. PTC heating elements are manufactured by means of cutting the semi-manufactured PTC heating elements into suitable pieces, patterning and etching the electrically conductive patterns, and attaching electrically conductive terminals to the electrically conductive patterns.

Abstract: A heating plate for a substrate support assembly in a semiconductor plasma processing apparatus, comprises multiple independently controllable planar heater zones arranged in a scalable multiplexing layout, and electronics to independently control and power the planar heater zones. A substrate support assembly in which the heating plate is incorporated includes an electrostatic clamping electrode and a temperature controlled base plate. Methods for manufacturing the heating plate include bonding together ceramic or polymer sheets having planar heater zones, branch transmission lines, common transmission lines and vias. The heating plate is capable of being driven by AC current or direct current phase alternating power, which has an advantage of minimizing DC magnetic field effects above the substrate support assembly and reduce plasma non-uniformity caused by DC magnetic fields.

Abstract: The present invention provides a PTC device having a laminate which includes a PTC component having a laminar PTC element defined by main surfaces which are facing each other, laminar electrodes extending on the main surfaces, and a first insulation layer, the PTC component, and a second insulation layer laminated in this listed order. The laminate has a first end and a second end, and a first side electrode and a second side electrode are disposed on the first end and the second end, respectively; one of laminar electrodes of the PTC component extends while being separated from the first side electrode and the second side electrode; the other is separated from the first end, and extends to the second end and is electrically connected to the second side electrode.

Abstract: A heater (A1) includes a substrate (1), a heating resistor (2) formed on the substrate (1) and an electrode (3) electrically connected to the heating resistor (2) and containing a metal component. The heater (A1) further includes a diffusion prevention layer (4) which is held in contact with at least part of the electrode (3) and prevents the metal component from diffusing from the electrode (3). By preventing the diffusion of the metal component from the electrode (3) to the heating resistor (2), the separation of the heating resistor (2) and the electrode (3) is prevented.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a device to improve an aged surface layer (7) of a boarding material (1) to an essentially “newly painted condition”, which boarding material (1) is manufactured from essentially recovered, ground down polymer material (3) and ground down organic fiber (4) having a surface layer (2) which, after a certain time, has been exposed to UV light, weather and wind, cold and heat, and has caused the polymer material (3) to be removed to some extent and to create an aged surface layer (7), which according to the invention is restored indifferent steps. In a first step loose particles are removed from the aged surface layer (7), and in a second step this layer is heated to 160-200 degrees C. by a heating device (8) until the organic fiber (4) has sucked in, by capillary suction, the fluid polymer material (3) containing dye pigment lying underneath the aged surface layer (7), which thereafter is improved to an essentially new condition.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention are directed to providing a printed circuit board including a top conductive layer; a bottom conductive layer; a plurality of electronic components arranged on at least one of the top conductive layer or the bottom conductive layer; a heater layer interposed between the top conductive layer and the bottom conductive layer and configured to generate and transfer heat to at least one of the electronic components.

Abstract: A planar heating element for a window includes a resin base having a flat or curved surface, a heating element formed of a conductive sheet having a uniform specific resistance and provided to spread in the form of a planar shape along the shape of the surface of the resin base, and conductive current supply portions provided to extend in the form of bands on opposite ends of the heating element, so as to allow a current to pass through the heating element. The heating element has a locally increased specific resistance portion whose specific resistance locally increases when a current is passed through the heating element from the current supply portions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heater including a heating element of which a main component is V, Nb, Ta, Mo, or W, leads bonded to respective ends of the heating element, and an insulating base in which the heating element and the lead are embedded, in which the heating element and the insulating base are formed of a sintered body which is integrally sintered, the heating element includes a compound including at least one of V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, or Fe, which is an element different from the element used as the main component of the heating element, and the element is substantially not included around the heating element in the insulating base.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a ceramic-coated heater in which the outer surface of a heater rod is coated with ceramic to improve the physical properties thereof including durability, corrosion resistance, and the like, thereby enabling the heater to be used in water or air. The outer surface of the heater rod is coated with a ceramic composition to which an acrylic corrosion resistant wax is added, thereby strengthening the bonding force of the coating layer film, and thus improving the physical properties thereof including durability, corrosion resistance, and the like to enable the heater to be used in water. Therefore, the ceramic-coated heater of the present invention enables high thermal conductivity using less current and reduces energy consumption so that it can be utilized in a wide variety of industrial fields.

Abstract: The grounded modular heated cover is disclosed with a first pliable outer layer and a second pliable outer layer, an electrical heating element between the first and the second outer layers, a heat spreading layer, and a thermal insulation layer positioned above the active electrical heating element. Beneficially, such a device provides radiant heat, weather isolation, temperature insulation, and solar heat absorption efficiently and cost effectively. The modular heated cover quickly and efficiently removes ice, snow, and frost from surfaces, and penetrates soil and other material to thaw the material to a suitable depth. A plurality of modular heated covers can be connected on a single 120 Volt circuit protected by a 20 Amp breaker. The modular heated covers are grounded for safety using the conductive heat spreading layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to an interior lining for vehicles and aircraft having a carrier and a heating layer and an upper layer, wherein the at least one heating layer is arranged between the carrier and the upper layer, and the heating layer and the upper layer are directly or indirectly interconnected, and to a method for producing such an interior lining, wherein at least one heating layer is pre-laminated onto an upper layer to form a layer composite, and the layer composite is press-laminated, membrane-laminated or vacuum-laminated onto a carrier, or alternatively, in order to produce such an interior lining, a heating layer is pre-laminated onto a carrier to form a carrier/layer composite, and an upper layer is press-laminated, membrane-laminated or vacuum-laminated onto the carrier/layer composite.

Abstract: An apparatus for heating structure or areas adjacent such structure, such as a roof on a building for example, exposed to varying weather conditions and methods of making and use of the apparatus. The heating apparatus can include a heating element and heat supplying components. In one embodiment, the heating apparatus also includes a heatable cover panel and fasteners or other fastening components or materials for securing the heating element and cover panel to the structure. The heat supplying components may include one or more heater cable or heater cable sections penetrating one or more heater cable channels in the heating element. The apparatus may also utilize various insulating and other materials, including paint on exposed surfaces of the apparatus.

Abstract: A reticulate heater for a steering wheel exhibits flexibility, elasticity and waterproofness. The reticulate heater comprises a reticulate heat generating element (11) consisting of a plurality of insulated heater wires (14) braided in a mesh form, and exhibiting flexibility and elasticity to permit tight contact with a curved surface, a waterproof stretch-film (12) covering the front and rear surfaces of the reticulate heat generating element (11) water-tightly and adhering to the reticulate heat generating element (11) while still keeping the flexibility and elasticity thereof, and an elastic adhesive (13) having flexibility and elasticity even after curing, applied to the whole surface of the stretch-film (12) on the adhering surface side in a planar and thin state, and bonding the stretch-film (12) to the reticulate heat generating element (11) water-tightly even if the stretch-film (12) is stretched within an allowable tensile range.

Abstract: An electric heater (10, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 100), such as for heating surfaces of components, onto which the electric heater (10, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 100) is pushed or placed, has at least one tubular heating element (1, 11, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 82, 101), which has a metal jacket, and with at least one contact area. The tubular heating element (1, 11, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 82, 101) is at least partly embedded in at least one powder or granular material (2, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 102). The powder or granular material (2, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 102) abuts against at least parts of the at least one contact area.

Abstract: Provided is a conductive film suitable for use in a transparent heating element having superior visibility and heat generation properties. A conductor of a first conductive film has a mesh pattern which has a plurality of lattice cross points (intersections) formed by a plurality of first metal nanowires and a plurality of second metal nanowires. The conductor between intersections is formed in a wave-like shape having at least one curve. The array period of an arc of one first metal nanowire from among parallel adjacent first metal nanowires is one period. The array period of an arc of another first metal nanowire constitutes two periods. Similarly, the array period of an arc of one second metal nanowire is one period. The array period of an arc of another second metal nanowire constitutes two periods.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a heating plate of a heating device for a semiconductor manufacturing process, including: a metal matrix, which is composed of a Ni—Fe—Co alloy, and in which a heating element is buried; a first ceramic layer formed on one side of the metal matrix; and a second ceramic layer formed on the other side and circumference of the metal matrix. According to the heating plate for a semiconductor manufacturing process of the present invention, even when thermal shock caused by repetition of heating and cooling is applied to the metal matrix composed of a Ni—Fe—Co alloy, the heating plate can exhibit excellent thermal shock resistance because the consistency between the metal matrix and the ceramic layer made of AlN or the like is maintained, and can prevent the metal matrix from being damaged because the ceramic layer has excellent chemical resistance and wear resistance.

Abstract: A heater according to the present invention includes a heating element, a pair of lead wires each connected to an end of the heating element, and an insulating base body in which the heating element and the pair of lead wires are embedded. The insulating base body contains a plurality of metal particles around the heating element, the metal particles being separated from the heating element.

Abstract: A heater which realizes both reduction of power consumption and improvement of durability against thermal shock. The heater includes a ceramic substrate formed of a ceramic material containing alumina as a main component; and a heat-generating resistor provided on the ceramic substrate and having a heat-generating portion and a lead portion, the heat-generating resistor containing, as a main component, one or more metals selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh), or an alloy of any of these, and a ceramic material which is the same as the ceramic material of the ceramic substrate. In the heater, the ratio of the resistance of the heat-generating portion to the sum of the resistances of the heat-generating portion and the lead portion is 76 to 95%, and the heat-generating portion has a thickness of 1 to 6 ?m.

Abstract: A household appliance includes a warming drawer housing having an interior chamber, and a warming drawer module being movable between a first position in which the warming drawer module is in the interior chamber of the warming drawer housing and a second position in which a part of the warming drawer module is outside the warming drawer housing. The warming drawer module includes a heating element forming a floor surface of the warming drawer module and a support plate that supports the heating element in the warming drawer module. The support plate includes a plurality of supports supporting an underside of the heating element.