Abstract: A pop top lid for cylindrical fluid containers is disclosed. The lid includes an end shell with a scored line defining a tear panel, a stay-on tab assembly, and a rivet for attaching the assembly to the shell. The stay-on tab assembly features a pocketed tang with a central portion containing a pivot hole for the rivet. The assembly includes a top cover and bottom plate, spaced apart by a gap on the leading edge. An aperture point is connected to the pocketed tang and can be rotated. A shearing edge is attached to the central portion and extends radially behind the aperture point. In an embodiment, the bottom plate is embossed to facilitate sliding of the shearing edge under the end shell wall when the pocketed tang is rotated, achieving a resealing clamp action by securely placing the embossed shape into the tear panel opening.

Abstract: A pop top lid enables opening and closing of a top opening in a cylindrical fluid container such as a beverage can. an enclosing a top opening in a cylindrical fluid container. A pocketed tang of a stay-on tab assembly pivots about a central rivet on an end shell of the pop top lid. During lifting and rotation of the stay-on tab assembly, an aperture creation point begins to shear a scored line to remove a tear panel from an end shell of the beverage can. directing the tear panel between a top cover and a bottom plate of the pocketed tang. A flange of the bottom plate assists in removal of the tear panel by being directed into a panel opening left by the tear panel directing the tear panel into the tear panel capturing pocket when the stay-on-tab assembly is rotated in a first direction of rotation.

Abstract: A bracket mountable electrical box having a mounting assembly or device that can secure the electrical box to a mounting bracket. The mounting assembly or device can include one more arms that can define at least a portion of a channel that can receive the mounting bracket. The channel can be selectively closed, or at least partially deformable, in a manner that can assist in retaining the engagement between the mounting bracket and the mounting assembly or device, and thus the electrical box. Such configurations can accommodate securing the electrical box to the mounting bracket without at least the use of additional tools.

Abstract: A drink-through lid for a beverage container. The lid provides a drink outlet that allows liquid to fill a drink well base, from which a consumer may sip a beverage similar to using an open top cup or mug. The lid is provided with a flexible structure which may be reversibly positionable between a drink outlet closed position and a drink outlet open position. In an embodiment, an outer or distal end of the flexible structure may be moved to a spill resistant position, wherein the outer end of the flexible structure substantially prevents splash of liquid outward from the beverage container thought the drink outlet, even when the flexible structure is in the open position. The flexible structure may include multiple panels and hinges which allow downward and upward movement by manual manipulation, to enable a user to open and close the drink outlet.

Abstract: A cup with hole apparatus and method comprising the parts and the steps to create a beverage cup that is inexpensive to purchase, ship, and use within a standard restaurant. One of these parts is a container that, when not assembled with other parts, cannot contain liquid due to multiple openings of different sizes. At least one of these openings is relatively smaller than the rest, and is only suitable to be used for drinking purposes. The other relatively larger openings can be used for filling purposes. A single-use beverage cup is created when: 1. A removable part is used to plug the relatively smaller opening; 2. The resulting container is filled via one of the relatively larger openings; 3. Once filled, permanent parts are used to plug all of the unplugged openings; 4. A drinker dislodges the removable part to drink from the smaller opening; and 5. Refilling the cup via the unplugged smaller opening is difficult.

Abstract: A beverage can for carbonated soft drinks, beer, and other pressurized uses includes a drawn and ironed can body, a highly necked portion, and an relatively small end that is attached to the can body by a double seam.

Abstract: A method for integrally forming a sole with hobnails includes the following steps: providing a mold assembly, the mold assembly includes a sole forming member and a hobnail forming member, the hobnail forming member is movable with respect to the sole forming member; forming of sole and hobnails, injecting plastic material into the mold cavity to integrally form the sole and a hobnail; demolding the hobnail, moving the hobnail forming member with respect to the sole forming member to create a buffer space between the hobnail and the hobnail forming member; and demolding of the sole, taking the sole with the hobnail obtained by the previous step out of the mold assembly, wherein an arc-shaped paw portion of the hobnail is bent through the buffer space and then demolded.

Abstract: A pressure relief device for venting an internally pressurized container and an aerosol can having a can bottom containing this pressure relief device. The pressure release device includes a coined pressure vent within a domed can bottom. The pressure vent is characterized by a venting pressure greater than about 500 psig. In addition, the can bottom resists eversion and/or failure along the mechanical attachment to the container body at all pressures between the venting pressure and the longitudinal rupture pressure in the container body.

Abstract: A liquid container includes a cup having a brim forming an opening into an interior region of the cup. The container also includes a lid configured to mount on the brim of the cup to close the opening.

Abstract: A lid for a pharmaceutical bottle that is configured to facilitate the withdrawal of goods present in the pharmaceutical bottle in the form of pieces, the lid including at least an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner layer, which may be a multilayer structure, is firmly sealed with and along the peripheral, circular edge of the pharmaceutical bottle and has a peripheral weakened line off-set from the center of the circle, where the peripheral weakened line of the opening has a concave section in the portion thereof that is next to the sealing edge. The outer layer, which may be a multilayer structure, is connected to the inner layer and can be peeled off such that the portion of the inner layer lying inside the peripheral weakened line remains on the outer layer, thereby forming an opening in the inner layer.

Abstract: A thermoformed clamshell plastic container with an attached lid. A primary hinge along one side of the container allows opening the container for filling, and a secondary hinge along the opposite side of the container allows opening after fracturing a tear line adjacent the primary hinge.

Abstract: A sealing disc for closing mouths of containers has a foil for inductively introducing heat into the sealing disc. The sealing disc has an edge region. A sealing layer is provided on the side of the foil that is to face the interior of the container, for sealing tight the edge region of the sealing disc on the mouth of the container. One or more layers are located on the side of the foil that is remote from the sealing layer. Further, a hand grip is formed as part of the sealing disc and serves to open the mouth of the container that is closed by the sealing disc. On the side that is remote from the sealing layer, the layer or layers are provided with weakening lines for forming an outline of the hand grip. The weakening lines lead into the edge region of the sealing disc.

Abstract: A dispensing utensil (102) including a body (104) having: a carcass (104); and a pliable top wall (112) and a bottom wall (106), the walls (112, 106) supported by the carcass (104), wherein the pliable top wall (112) and bottom wall (106) define a cavity (124) for storing dispensable cavity contents; the utensil (102) further including: a lid (108) connected to the pliable top wall (112) and openable about a hinge (114) formed by the pliable top wall (112); a seal (110) sealing the lid (108) to the body (104?) to seal the cavity (124); a tool portion (150); and a handle portion (152); wherein the seal (110) may be broken and the lid (108) opened about the hinge (114) formed by the pliable top wall (112), thereby allowing the cavity contents to be dispensed.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a packaging (1) comprising a container (2) with a container body (5), and a container opening (6) having an upper edge (7), and a closure (4) for closing said container, the container (2) and the closure (4) being made out of polyethylene terephtalate (PET), polyethylene naphtalate (PEN), or a combination thereof, said container and said closure comprising respectively first (8) and second (9) attachment means, characterized in that: (i) the attachment means (8, 9) are adapted in shape and size to cooperate with each other, and (ii) at least the second attachment means (8) is made of PET or PEN and adapted in shape and size to deform permanently by punching or rolling to link both attachment means, and create a permanent, preferably fluid-tight, arrangement between said container (2) and said closure (4).

Abstract: A container containing a substance includes a preformed deformable body defining a filling cavity. The container body has an opening and an integral planar circumferential rim surrounding the opening, which opening is closed by a cover sheet which is sealed to the circumferential rim by means of a circumferential sealing seam. The circumferential rim has a dispensing part which is covered by the cover sheet. The cover sheet is sealed to an upper surface of the dispensing part by at least one rupturable sealing seam and outlet seams defining an outlet passage from the rupturable sealing seam towards the edge of the dispensing part of the circumferential rim, such that, when the rupturable sealing seam is broken, the substance is allowed to flow through the outlet passage between the surface of the dispensing part and the cover sheet towards the edge of the dispensing part.

Abstract: A tamper-evident package with pressurized contents which includes a closure and associated container which cooperate to provide desired tamper-evidence upon initial removal of the closure from the container, while promoting convenient and comfortable removal and use by consumers.

Abstract: A cover for single serving beverage filter containers is provided. The cover may have a body forming an aperture at its center, a door hingedly attached to the body and capable of covering the aperture, and a flange extending from an outer perimeter of the body. A spring may allow the door to be biased in a closed position to cover the aperture.

Abstract: A tamper-evident container is disclosed. The tamper-evident container includes a containing base, a lid, and a release structure. The containing base has a base edge and the lid has a lid edge. The lid is fixed to the containing base for closing and the base edge encloses the lid edge. The release is disposed at the containing base. The release structure includes a barrier line and two break lines. The break lines are extended from two ends of the barrier line to the base edge. A detachable zone is encompassed by the barrier line, the break lines, and the base edge. The break lines are for detaching the detachable zone from the containing base, so that the lid edge is partially exposed so as to separate the lid from the containing base.

Abstract: A tamper-evident container is disclosed. The tamper-evident container includes a containing base, a lid, and a release structure. The lid is fixed to the containing base for closing. The release structure is disposed at the lid or the containing base. The release structure comprises a break line and at least one hole. The hole is disposed on the break line and the break line is for separating the lid from the containing base.

Abstract: A tamper-indicating plastic closure, and tamper-evident package includes a closure wherein the closure includes a pilfer band having a substantially continuous tamper-ring. The tamper-ring extends generally angularly upwardly and inwardly of the closure in a tamper-indicating orientation of the tamper-ring for engagement with a relatively enlarged annular locking ring of the associated container. The tamper-ring includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced projections, which comprise relatively thick regions or shoulders, which act to limit lateral movement of the pilfer band with respect to the container by engagement of at least one shoulder with the associated container generally beneath the container locking ring.

Abstract: A one-piece or monolithic body flat plastic lid for carton packages with thin walls and membrane or a web breaking under pressure, with a semicircular skirt provided with rectangular shaped entrance housing and locked to a closing and opening pivoting tab, joined to the border of a pouring orifice by means of a rupture horizontal perimeter membrane and a vertical breaking or tearing by means of pressure exerted in the vertical or transversal direction to the surface of the tab, which is locked by means of a hinge line to a transverse wall making the rectangular channel.

Abstract: A tamper-evident container having a tamper-evident structure that indicates to a user when the container has been previously opened or otherwise tampered with. The container can include a body and a lid, where the lid is snap fit into a recess of the body. Based on the snap-fit, the lid is difficult or impossible to remove from the body without activating the tamper-evident structure. The tamper-evident structure can remain at least partially attached to the lid or body to thereby indicate to a user that the container has been opened or otherwise tampered with.

Abstract: A container lid includes a conventional main or pour opening and a vent opening spaced from the main opening. A vent score defines the shape of the vent opening, and a vent panel covers the vent opening. The vent panel has a raised convex shape. The lower surface of the tab handle includes a protruding portion, seen as a concave shaped element when viewed from above the container lid. The protruding portion of the tab handle can be aligned with the vent panel so application of a downward force on the tab handle transfers force to the vent panel and breaks the vent score. The shapes of the vent panel and concave element of the tab handle can be adjusted for selective and controlled force transfer to create the vent opening.

Abstract: A method for preparing a scored flexible structure that has utility in the construction of packaging structures, including steps of: (i) providing a structure as a web of flexible material; (ii) enhancing a thickness of the structure in a discrete region thereof by applying a substantially all-solids electron-beam-curable polymer material in fluid form onto the discrete region, the discrete region occupying a minor percentage of a total surface area of the structure; (iii) curing the polymer material by irradiating the polymer material with an electron beam, thereby forming an EB-cured polymer region; and (iv) forming a score line through a thickness of the EB-cured polymer region and through the thickness of the structure.

Abstract: A light weight hinged top (top) is described to be used as a container top. This particular model provides ease of use and requires significantly less material for manufacturing. A novel way of connecting the top and the container is using a fork spring which has three fingers like structures. The two outer structures are smaller than the middle one. The fork spring due to its resiliency brings the container top back to closing position thus providing self closing and self reseal ability for the top. A guide member also helps to position the top when it opens and closes. The top can be made using metal, biodegradable materials or any flexible material. The top can be used for cans or bottles.

Abstract: A resealable closure for a container in which package integrity is indicated by a structure which connects the closure to a remaining portion of the container which must be broken in order to gain access to the contents of the container for a first time. The package integrity feature, in one form, includes a structure associated with the closure, wherein upon opening the closure for a first time, the structure stretches, increasing a length of the structure until the structure eventually breaks, leaving one or both residual ends of the broken structure rippled or curved upward from the remainder of the container. In one alternative form, the structure is associated with a pull tab of the sealing panel, which comprises the closure, whereby either the structure must be broken first, prior to pulling back the sealing panel, or while pulling back the sealing panel for a first time, the structure breaks, prior to gaining access to the contents therein.

Abstract: A container system for storing material includes a container and a mating closure having a tamper-evident ring frangibly attached to the closure. The container includes a neck having a container thread and an annular rim for engaging the tamper-evident ring when the closure is removed from the container. In some embodiments, the neck includes one or more retaining structures for engaging the tamper-evident ring during retort sterilization processing, packaging, shipping or handling. The retaining structure in some embodiments includes one or more ramps having multiple inclined surfaces. Each inclined surface is oriented at an acute angle between about five and about forty-five degrees such that the tamper-evident ring can slip past the retaining structure when a threshold removal torque is applied. A method of sealing a container using a tamper-evident container system is also provided.

Abstract: A lid for a drinking cup may include a rim portion and a raised cover portion. The rim portion may be adapted to matingly engage an upper peripheral edge of the drinking cup so as to selectively maintain the lid in a covering relationship on the cup. The raised cover portion may extend from the rim portion, and have a perimeter adapted to impede spillage of liquid over a peripheral edge of the lid. Liquid spilled or released on the cover portion or perimeter portion may drain away from the periphery of the cover portion and into the drinking opening or a recess in the cover portion that is adapted to receive a reclosable tab.

Abstract: A packaging container has an upper top member and a lower bottom member, and at least one cooperating locking means. Each locking means comprises an upstanding post and a cooperating opening or recess formed in extending lips of the top and bottom members. A weakened fault zone is formed in the immediate region of each post, or of each cooperating opening or recess, and circumscribes the same. The packaging container is locked in its closed position after it has been filled, by crimping the end of each post in an axial direction so as to mechanically deform the post. Any attempt to disengage a crimped post will result in failure of the respective weakened fault zone and may be construed as tampering, and thus the damaged material of the package in the region of the failed fault zone is evidence of tampering.

Abstract: A one-piece or monolithic body flat plastic lid for carton packages with thin walls and membrane or a web breaking under pressure, with a semicircular skirt provided with rectangular shaped entrance housing and locked to a closing and opening pivoting tab, joined to the border of a pouring orifice by means of a rupture horizontal perimeter membrane and a vertical breaking or tearing by means of pressure exerted in the vertical or transversal direction to the surface of the tab, which is locked by means of a hinge line to a transverse wall making the rectangular channel.

Abstract: A container for foodstuffs or other products has a tamper-evident locking means which comprises a post and a cooperating opening or recess. A fault zone is formed by a weakened area provided by, for example, a plurality of perforations formed in the post, or around the post, or around the opening or recess, and fault zone is thus which is weaker than the material of the container, and weaker than the locking means mechanism. As a result, the fault zone will fail upon exertion of a force which is less than the disengagement force otherwise required to unlock the locking means, thus providing physical evidence of tampering.

Abstract: A resealable closure for a container in which package integrity is indicated by a structure which breaks and/or produces an audible sound when the resealable closure is opened for a first time. The package integrity feature, in one form includes at least one strip initially affixed to two portions which comprise the resealable closure so that upon opening the resealable closure for a first time, at least one of the strips breaks, thereby producing the audible sound. The strips may include a weakened portion such as a narrowing. Integrity of the package is indicated by an intact strip viewable upon opening the resealable closure and conversely, a broken or non-intact strip would indicate that the resealable closure has been previously opened. Package integrity may also be shown by a movable second panel or movable die cut tab portions.

Abstract: A container for substances comprises an upper wall, which functions as a lid, with a central zone on which a closed line of weakening defines a stopper, in the shape of a tongue, which normally closes a relative aperture for the substance to pass through; a lever, associated with the tongue, which can be driven so as to remove the stopper, at least partly, from the upper wall, detaching it along the line of weakening and thus freeing the aperture; and a connection element of the flexible type which is connected both to the stopper and also to the upper wall. The lever has a first end pivoted in correspondence with a peripheral rib, a second end, which functions as a gripper element, disposed in substantial correspondence with the central zone, and an intermediate zone between the two ends, wherein the lever is connected to the stopper.

Abstract: Provided is a stopper for a packaging container. The stopper includes bridges for checking whether a screw-coupling type stopper is opened or not and a hinge portion where an inner concave groove is formed, thereby displaying whether the stopper is opened or not, thereby enabling the stable connection of a stopper body and a fixing ring, thereby maintaining a set opening angle of the stopper body in case of opening, to thus prevent the stopper body from drooping and being shaken, and thereby elastically carrying out opening and closing operations, to thus remarkably improve the feeling of use.

Abstract: A dispensing package includes a container having a neck finish with an axis, a non-circular cross section in a plane perpendicular to the axis, and at least one circumferentially extending external engagement element on the neck finish. A closure has a wall received over the container neck finish. The wall has a non-circular cross section corresponding to the non-circular cross section of the neck finish and at least one internal circumferentially extending engagement element in engagement with the external engagement element on the neck finish. The internal and/or external circumferentially extending engagement element has a shallow lead-in angle to enable press-fit of the closure onto the container neck finish and a steep back angle to retard removal of the closure from the neck finish. Rotation of the closure on the neck finish is prevented by the non-circular cross sections of the neck finish and the closure wall.

Abstract: A container containing a substance includes a preformed deformable body defining a filling cavity. The container body has an opening and an integral planar circumferential rim surrounding the opening, which opening is closed by a cover sheet which is sealed to the circumferential rim by means of a circumferential sealing seam. The circumferential rim has a dispensing part which is covered by the cover sheet. The cover sheet is sealed to an upper surface of the dispensing part by at least one rupturable sealing seam and outlet seams defining an outlet passage from the rupturable sealing seam towards the edge of the dispensing part of the circumferential rim, such that, when the rupturable sealing seam is broken, the substance is allowed to flow through the outlet passage between the surface of the dispensing part and the cover sheet towards the edge of the dispensing part.

Abstract: A light weight hinged top (top) is described to be used as a container top. This particular model provides ease of use and requires significantly less material for manufacturing. A novel way of connecting the top and the container is using a fork spring which has three fingers like structures. The two outer structures are smaller than the middle one. The fork spring due to its resiliency brings the container top back to closing position thus providing self closing and self reseal ability for the top. A guide member also helps to position the top when it opens and closes. The top can be made using metal, biodegradable materials or any flexible material. The top can be used for cans or bottles.

Abstract: A container fracturable along a break path having a generally constant wall thickness about the break path is disclosed. In order to provide a specific break path without reducing the structural integrity of the container, the body of the container is configured to concentrate stress along the break path.

Abstract: A lid facilitates opening a sealed container and includes a connecting rim engageable with the sealed container and encircling a lid surface, and threads disposed on an inside surface of the connecting rim. A cutting tab is disposed on the lid surface. The cutting tab is sized and positioned to engage a seal of the sealed container when the lid is threaded onto the sealed container via the threads. In one application, the lid is applied to a pre-filled container including a product sealed in the container. The lid serves to open the seal and provide access to the product.

Abstract: A tamper evident fitment assembly for use with a container for flowable material, the closure comprising a cap and a spout secured to the container, the cap having a frangible tamper evident band, the cap having an annular recess for frictionally engaging a top portion of the spout, the cap and spout having cooperating detent and locking elements so that the assembly in a first position where the cap is removably sealed to the spout and the tamper evident band is not broken when the cap is removed for filling may move to a second position when the cap is removably sealed to the spout and the tamper evident band is broken upon removal of the cap. An important feature of the present invention is that the cap frictionally engages a top portion of the spout. No screw threads or similar securing means are required to retain the cap on the spout.

Abstract: A novel and unique container of a general clamshell configuration is provided. The hinge of the container of the present invention is particularly unique in that it not only provides a hinged connection between the lid and the base of the container for ease of use by the contents manufacturer during filling but is also breakable in different ways to provide a tamper-evident function without creating small parts that must be disposed of separately from the lid.

Abstract: A self-closing resealable can end for a beverage container that opens the top of the beverage container through downward pressure that causes a gate to move downward relative to the top panel. The gate is retained by a resilient member and when the downward pressure ceases, the gate is moved into proximity with the top panel. Pressure from the carbonation presses the gate against a lip and the gate bends to form an enhanced seal. Other variations are disclosed.

Abstract: A container system for storing material includes a container and a mating closure having a tamper-evident ring frangibly attached to the closure. The container includes a neck having a container thread and an annular rim for engaging the tamper-evident ring when the closure is removed from the container. In some embodiments, the neck includes one or more retaining structures for engaging the tamper-evident ring during retort sterilization processing, packaging, shipping or handling. The retaining structure in some embodiments includes one or more ramps having multiple inclined surfaces. Each inclined surface is oriented at an acute angle between about five and about forty-five degrees such that the tamper-evident ring can slip past the retaining structure when a threshold removal torque is applied. A method of sealing a container using a tamper-evident container system is also provided.

Abstract: A container comprising a base (12) and lid (14) each formed of sheet plastic, wherein after food is loaded into a base cavity (20) and the lid is closed, the lid resists opening. To open the lid, a move-away tab (64) lying along the base rim portion (30) is moved by tearing along at least one line (70) so a lid rim part (50) is exposed and can be grasped to lift the lid. The base has an outer raised rib (32) that blocks access to the lid rim part until the tab, which lies between two gaps (62, 63) in the outer rib, is moved out of the way. The base also has an inner raised rib (34) that projects into a groove (46) in the lid to form a seal.

Abstract: A tamper evident cap adapted to close an opening on a vessel includes a main body having an outer circumference, a pull tab extending from the main body, and a flange, forms an annulus around the main body and connected to the main body. The flange includes an outer circumference that is larger than the outer circumference of the main body. It is essential to the present invention that the flange is made of a very thin layer of material. In addition, the flange includes at least a pair of perforation lines. Further, the present invention includes a bump in the pull-tab for enabling a person grasping the pull-tab, to obtain a firmer hold thereon.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a container with an anti-loss and anti-idle-rotation cap, which affords convenience and an improved sensation of use, in addition to preventing the contamination of the cap. The container includes a cap having a cap body, an indication ring, and a plurality of bridges, and a container body having a threaded fastening part, a ring stopping step, and an indication ring seat. The cap body and the indication ring are integrally coupled at a predetermined portion thereof with each other via a coupling part so that they are not separated from each other. A wedge and a wedge hole are provided on the cap body and the indication ring, or are provided on the cap body and the container body, so that the cap body is locked to the indication ring or the container body when the cap is opened to be adjacent to the coupling part.

Abstract: A sealed package for pourable food products includes a removable portion and a closable opening device. The opening device has a frame defining a pour opening and fixed to the package about the removable portion, and a cap fitted to the frame to close the pour opening and movable to free the pour opening. A pull-off opening device is housed in the frame and has a rigid plane integral with the removable portion and extractable from the frame, by pulling action, together with part of the removable portion. A pull tab of sheet material is interposed between the removable portion and the plate and attached to both.

Abstract: A container with a base (12) and lid (14), clearly indicates if the lid has been opened after a clerk loaded food into the base and closed the lid. The base and lid each has a respective lid tab and a base tab, with one tab forming a slot (26) and the tab other projecting through the slot, and with the base tab forming a barrier wall (80) that lies over the lid tab. One of the tabs has a weakened severable line (90, 92) that can be torn to allow the lid tab to be lifted to open the container.

Abstract: A plastic closure includes a base molded as one piece with a lid and integrally connected to the lid by a hinge. The lid is radially inwardly displaced from an outer periphery of the base. The hinge has a central portion with a convex outer surface, with the lid closed and as viewed in side elevation, that blends with a smooth curvature into outer surfaces of the lid and the base. The hinge has laterally spaced end portions on opposite sides of the central portion and having concave outer surfaces when the lid is closed. The base preferably has a circular periphery and the end portions of the hinge are angularly spaced from each other. The outer surface of the lid preferably is flat, and the lid preferably is integrally connected to the base as molded by at least one frangible bridge spaced from the hinge.

Abstract: The present invention describes a beverage can end which utilizes less material and has an improved internal buckle strength based on the geometric configuration of a chuck wall, inner panel wall and central panel, and which, in one embodiment utilizes an arcuate shaped chuck wall with a radius of curvature between about 0.150 inches and 0.250 inches with at least one transition zone positioned between an upper and lower end of the chuck wall.