Abstract: A segmented variable drip irrigation system, comprised of a first horizontally disposed conduit and a second horizontally disposed conduit encompassing the first horizontally disposed conduit. The first horizontally disposed conduit passes through a forward end section, a middle section and exits through a rear end section of the second horizontally disposed conduit. The second horizontally disposed conduit contains a drain mounted to its end, at least one flow control valve and a plurality of drip emitters connected to the second horizontally disposed conduit.

Abstract: A method for operating a fluid additive control system to inject a fluid additive into a fluid dispensation system is provided. The method includes receiving a first control signal indicating that a fluid dispensation device within the fluid dispensation system is active, and determining a fluid additive quantity based upon the identity of the fluid dispensation device. The method also includes activating a fluid additive injection system, where the fluid additive dispensation system injects the fluid additive into the fluid dispensation system in response to the activation. The method further includes receiving a second control signal from the fluid additive injection system when the fluid additive quantity for the zone has been injected into the fluid dispensation system, and deactivating the fluid additive dispensation system in response to the second control signal.

Abstract: Embodiments of a spray gun incorporating a needle for applying multiple component materials are provided. In accordance with certain embodiments, the spray gun includes a fluid delivery tip assembly comprising an inner passage, a hollow needle disposed within the inner passage of the fluid delivery tip assembly, wherein the hollow needle comprises at least two indentions along an outer circumferential surface of the hollow needle near an end of the hollow needle, a first passage configured to deliver a first spray fluid to a fluid tip exit of the fluid delivery tip assembly, wherein the first passage is defined by a volume between the fluid delivery tip assembly and the hollow needle, and a second passage through the hollow needle, wherein the second passage is configured to deliver a second spray fluid to the fluid tip exit of the fluid delivery tip assembly.

Abstract: A method of making an article having a substrate and two materials applied thereto includes providing a metered fluid dispensing system having first and second supply sources for supplying first and second fluids, respectively, an output device having at least one dispensing nozzle, and at least two pumps for pumping the first and second fluids from their respective supply sources to the at least one dispensing nozzle, the pumps being in close proximity to the dispensing nozzle. The dispensing system is configured to selectively control the passage of the first and second fluids from each one of the at least two pumps to the at least one dispensing nozzle.

Abstract: An air treatment appliance is provided which includes an appliance housing and a removable cartridge received therein. The removable cartridge contains a liquid compound to be aerosolized and has a cartridge outlet through which the aerosolized compound is discharged during operation. A pump is provided to supply air to the removable cartridge to generate the aerosolized compound from the liquid compound contained in the removable cartridge, and a controller is provided for controlling the pump to supply the air to the removable cartridge to generate and discharge the aerosolized compound from the appliance. In some instances, the appliance housing includes a base, a cover, and an inner sub-housing coupled to the base to collectively define a passageway with an air outlet positioned to discharge a flow of air across a path of the aerosolized compound discharged from the cartridge outlet during operation.

Abstract: The disclosed and claimed compresses gas system provides for the use of a rotary valve assembly in association with a cupper. A compressed gas system that utilizes a rotary valve assembly uses less gas than a constant flow compressed gas system and is quieter than a compressed gas system that uses valves. The rotary valve is a disk-like body having an opening therethrough. The rotary valve body is disposed within a housing assembly wherein gas may only flow through the housing when the rotary valve body is properly aligned with a space on one side of the rotary valve body.

Abstract: There is provided a system for delivering an oxygen rich lotion. The system uses a single reservoir dispensing bottle that contains a peroxide-rich liquid. The bottle has an outlet within which is a peroxide decomposition catalyst immobilized on a substrate, so that the peroxide-rich liquid and immobilized catalyst come in contact with each other just as the liquid is leaving the outlet of the bottle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multi-component cartridge, a dispensing device for a multi-component cartridge, and a system for mixing and spraying flowable components. According to the invention, the multi-component cartridge (10) has a cartridge compressed-air channel (20) that is guided along two containers (11, 12) and that has a cartridge compressed-air inlet (21) and a cartridge compressed-air outlet, so that the multi-component cartridge, the dispensing device, and the system for mixing and spraying flowable components can be used easily and safely even in locations that are difficult to access. The containers (11, 12) are used to hold two components to be mixed.

Abstract: Disclosed and described are multi-component inorganic phosphate formulations of acidic phosphate components and basic oxide/hydroxide components. Also disclosed are high solids, atomizable compositions of same, suitable for spray coating.

Abstract: Safe handling spraying device, which comprises a reservoir where is assembled an actuating lever or, manually or automatically actuating air pumps, that perform the internal reservoir pressurization. Inside of it, there is a pressure chamber where is stored water and the Chemical Concentrated product that is inside a pliable tightly closed bag. The reservoir (10) is designed for supplying water (Ag), the chemical concentrated product (CCP) is stored separately in a pliable container (12). The pliable container (12) is disposed inside of a pressure chamber or water reservoir (10), so that the same pressure defined inside the reservoir (10) is applied to the pliable container (12) simultaneously. The output end of the pliable container (12) is connected to the inlet of a mixing device (20) which doses the CCP continuously. After the CCP had been mixed with water, it communicates with a hose provided with an actuating trigger (30) and spraying nozzle (27) at the free end.

Abstract: A powder delivery apparatus for transporting powder from one or more hoppers to one or more powder applicators. A cross feed network of multi-directional valves and fluid connections is interposed between transfer pumps coupled to the outlets of the hoppers to provide alternately selectable flow paths for the powder from each hopper to selected one of the powder applicators.

Abstract: Methods, systems and an apparatus for multi-component mixing and spray application, including a portable, balanced frame having uniformly distributed weight over the wheels, and insulated chemical container holders for receiving replaceable materials containers therein.

Abstract: A spray system for formulating an ambient curable clear coat product includes a first container containing a mixture of a polymer with primary hydroxyl functionality and an amino crosslinker with alkoxymethyl functionality and a propellant and a second container containing a catalyst formulated to initiate a polymerization reaction of the polymer and crosslinker when added to the first container. The system also includes a charging device configured to transfer the catalyst from the second container to the first container.

Abstract: The present invention provides a low environmental burden type coating method using carbon dioxide and a coating device therefor that carry out carbon dioxide coating in which carbon dioxide is substituted for all or a portion of a diluent solvent (thinner) used in organic solvent-based spray coating, the coating method being configured to prevent deposition of a polymer of a paint component that has entered as a result of backflow by preliminarily adding, to carbon dioxide, a true solvent component of the paint in at least an amount required for saturated solubility (20% to 50% per weight of carbon dioxide) to lower the dissolving power of carbon dioxide with respect to the true solvent component. According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a coating method and a device therefor capable of considerably reducing VOC generation, and a coating method and a device therefor capable of performing stable carbon dioxide coating of a one-liquid curing type or two-liquid curing type paint.

Abstract: An adjustable dual chamber spraying device including a device body including a handle, a trigger, a first solution passage configured to draw a first solution from a first chamber when the first chamber is pressurized, a second solution passage configured to draw a second solution from a second chamber when the second chamber is pressurized, a valve core coupled with an adjustment knob, an output solution passage configured to carry an output solution, and a nozzle assembly coupled with the output solution passage. The valve core is configured to adjust a ratio of the first solution and the second solution based on a position of the adjustment knob. Actuation of the trigger causes dispensing of the output solution.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for creating a realistic granite or other pattern on a substrate, such as a sink, bath, or piece of furniture. The apparatus and method may use gelcoat to create a regular or irregular pattern. The apparatus may use pressurized air or gear pumps to pump paint from tanks to a spraying device.

Abstract: A system for agricultural spraying including a solution reservoir and primary pump for delivering fluid to a plurality of laterally spaced nozzles interconnected by supply conduits. A chemical reservoir and chemical injection pump are interconnected to the output of the primary pump through a mixer. Controllers for the primary pump and chemical injection pump are coordinated to run the pumps a predetermined time to fill each of the supply conduits from the chemical injection pump and primary pump so as to automatically prime the injection system.

Abstract: An exemplary plural component heater assembly includes a plurality of heater modules each having a plurality of bores forming at least a first component path and a second component path, and at least one heating element receptacle configured to receive a heating element for heating the first and second component paths.

Abstract: A chemical mixing device. The device includes a flow generator operative to provide at least two streams of chemicals and a mixing chamber, including at least two inlets adapted to receive the at least two streams of chemicals and an outlet through which a mixture of the streams of chemicals is ejected from the mixing device. The mixing chamber has an open state in which the chemicals are mixed and a closed state in which the volume of the mixing chamber is less than a fifth of the open state volume.

Abstract: A chemical mixing device. The device includes a flow generator operative to provide at least two streams of chemicals and a mixing chamber, including at least two inlets adapted to receive the at least two streams of chemicals and an outlet through which a mixture of the streams of chemicals is ejected from the mixing device. The mixing chamber has an open state in which the chemicals are mixed and a closed state in which the volume of the mixing chamber is less than a fifth of the open state volume.

Abstract: A method of providing a fine mist of sprayed fragrance, comprising the provision of separate reservoirs of water and fragrance and the conveying of the liquids through separate conduits to at least one spray nozzle, the liquids being combined immediately prior to or immediately after spraying from the at least one nozzle.

Abstract: A method of employing a bag-in-box container system in a dispensing machine includes placing a box in a first orientation, inserting a bag in the box, and closing the box with a portion of a dispensing end of the bag protruding through an opening in a first wall of the box. The first wall is a top surface of the box in the first orientation. The method further includes securing the portion of the dispensing end outside of the box and inverting the box to a second orientation, such that the first wall is a bottom surface of the box in the second orientation. The method also includes inserting the dispensing end of the bag into a holder of a dispensing machine.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for passive non-electrical dual stage fire suppression according to various aspects of the present invention include detecting a fire with a first active fire suppressant unit and changing the status of a second fire suppressant unit from “stand-by” to “active” when the first fire suppressant unit releases a fire suppressant agent. After the first fire suppressant unit has released its fire suppressant agent, the second fire suppressant unit may detect a continued and/or a new fire and release a second fire suppressant agent in response to the detection.

Abstract: A firefighting station is provided. The firefighting station includes an optional portable cart, one or more chemical foam proportioners, one or more first manifolds, one or more first valves, one or more first check valves, one or more second manifolds and one or more optional chemical fire suppression agent reservoirs. Methods of suppressing or preventing a fire are also provided.

Abstract: The rigid plastic container (V) is designed for being assembled with another rigid plastic container (V) and forming a dual-container dispenser. The container (V) comprises a neck finish (2) and a stretched body (3?) closed at its bottom end. The neck finish (2) comprises a tubular part (20), an upper wall (21), a lower wall (22) and a side wall (23). The side wall (23) extends between the upper (21) and lower (22) walls and said side wall (23), upper wall (21) and lower wall (22) form a housing (H) for the tubular part (20). The housing (H) comprises an assembly surface (S) formed by the edges of the side wall (23), upper wall (21 and lower wall (22). The tubular part (20) is opened at both ends and forms a path through the upper wall (21), within the housing (H) and through the lower wall (22), for filling the stretched body (31).

Abstract: A fluid housing for a spray gun. The fluid housing includes a body, a pair of inlet passages formed in the body, a pair of side ports formed through the housing body, and a side seal cartridge removably coupled to each side port. Each side port is in fluid communication with a respective inlet passage. Each side seal cartridge includes an internal passage formed therein and a plurality of openings extending from the internal passage at an offset angle. Each side seal cartridge defines a respective longitudinal axis. The fluid housing further includes a seal that is configured to be in compression along the longitudinal axis when a side seal cartridge and engages one of the side ports.

Abstract: A plural component mixing system includes an automatic balance feature to balance the pressure of two or more components as they are mixed. The pressures or flow rates of the two components are monitored. If there is a difference in pressure or flow rate greater than a specified amount, a bleed valve is opened for a short period of time to balance the flows. A computer with a touch screen is used to set the pressure and flow rate differences that trigger the bleed, and to set the time period for the bleed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a paint spraying device for spraying various-colored paints, and more specifically, to a paint spraying device which is capable of spraying various-colored paints, individually or in combination, increases spraying efficiency by controlling a paint spray angle, and is easy to carry.

Abstract: An applicator assembly for mixing at least a first and second component is provided. The applicator assembly includes a manifold configured for operable engagement with at least a first and second source of component, the manifold including at least a first and second component channel therethrough, an elongated shaft extending distally from the manifold, the elongated shaft including at least a first and second component lumen extending the length thereof, the at least first and second component channels in fluid communication with the at least first and second component channels, a tip assembly defining a first chamber, an intermediate chamber and a final chamber.

Abstract: A polyurethane spraying system minimizes emissions of a polyisocyanate while spraying a mixture of a polyisocyanate and a resin composition onto a surface. The system includes a first reactant supply tank including the resin composition. The system also includes a second reactant supply tank including the polyisocyanate. The system further includes a non-gaseous pump that is coupled with the first and second reactant supply tanks, a mixing apparatus that is coupled with the first and second reactant supply tanks for mixing the resin composition and the polyisocyanate prior to spraying, and a particular spray nozzle that is coupled with the mixing apparatus. The polyurethane spraying system produces less than 50 parts of the polyisocyanate per one billion parts of air according to the NIOSH 5521 Impingement Method while spraying the mixture onto the surface.

Abstract: A manual spray dispenser for dispensing a mixture of two compositions comprises a container having a first and second chamber and a single dispensing spray outlet. At least one of the chambers has a separator in the form of a pouch for physically separating the contents of the container from an interior surface of the chamber. One of the first and second chambers contains a first composition and the other contains a second composition. The dispenser further contains a dispensing system for simultaneously dispensing the first composition and the second composition, mixing the two compositions together, and dispensing a mixture of the two compositions from the container under pressure. An aerosol propellant is between the separator and the interior surface of the at least one of the first and second chambers for pressurizing the composition in the pouch for dispensing the contents thereof through the dispensing system under pressure.

Abstract: A connecting piece is provided for a static spray mixer for mixing and spraying at least two flowable components which has a tubular mixer housing having at least one mixing element as well as an atomizing sleeve, wherein connecting piece has an inlet region for cooperating with the distal end region of the mixer housing as well as an outlet region for cooperating with the atomizing sleeve, with the inlet region and the outlet region including a deflection angle (?) different from zero, and wherein the outlet region has at its end remote from the inlet region an end section whose outer contour is the same as that of the mixer housing so that the end section of the outlet region can cooperate with the atomizing sleeve in the same manner as the distal end region of the mixer housing can cooperate with the atomizing sleeve.

Abstract: A hybrid foam system for providing a variety of proportioned foam solutions is provided. The system includes a low flow foam proportioning system operatively associated with a high flow foam proportioning system and a system controller for controlling the operating conditions of the overall hybrid foam system.

Abstract: A method and device for producing a fragranced air stream for fragrancing rooms, objects or the like, wherein fragrance is applied to a strip-like fragrance carrier (4) which is moved in an evaporation duct (1) through which fresh air flows. The fragrance is applied onto the moving fragrance carrier (4) by means of specific spraying before the fragrance carrier (4) enters the evaporation duct (1), and the fragrance carrier (4) is discarded as waste after exiting the evaporation duct (1).

Abstract: The invention relates to a compressible tablet material comprising the following components: an oil containing an active substance; silicified microcrystalline cellulose or microcrystalline cellulose as excipient.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method for producing a coating layer of a coating composition comprising two or more components. The two or more components are mixed post atomization. This invention is also directed to a gravity fed spray gun having a spray needle comprising two or more spray channels for producing such coating layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a low environmental burden type coating method using carbon dioxide and a coating device therefor that carry out carbon dioxide coating in which carbon dioxide is substituted for all or a portion of a diluent solvent (thinner) used in organic solvent-based spray coating, the coating method being configured to prevent deposition of a polymer of a paint component that has entered as a result of backflow by preliminarily adding, to carbon dioxide, a true solvent component of the paint in at least an amount required for saturated solubility (20% to 50% per weight of carbon dioxide) to lower the dissolving power of carbon dioxide with respect to the true solvent component. According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a coating method and a device therefor capable of considerably reducing VOC generation, and a coating method and a device therefor capable of performing stable carbon dioxide coating of a one-liquid curing type or two-liquid curing type paint.

Abstract: A hand holdable applicator for delivering solutions and materials in a pressurized fluid system. Additives of solutions or materials are contained in replaceable, collapsible cartridges or liners, responsive and compressible to external fluid pressure regulated by the operator. Upon compression, additives combine with variably controlled fluid ingress and are mixed before dispersing through a nozzle having varying spraying configurations. The applicator may hold a plurality of cartridges, and additives may be administered separately or in combination.

Abstract: A manual spray dispenser for dispensing a mixture of two compositions comprises a container having a first and second chamber and a single dispensing spray outlet. At least one of the chambers has a separator in the form of a pouch for physically separating the contents of the container from an interior surface of the chamber. One of the first and second chambers contains a first composition and the other contains a second composition. The dispenser further contains a dispensing system for simultaneously dispensing the first composition and the second composition, mixing the two compositions together, and dispensing a mixture of the two compositions from the container under pressure. An aerosol propellant is between the separator and the interior surface of the at least one of the first and second chambers for pressurizing the composition in the pouch for dispensing the contents thereof through the dispensing system under pressure.

Abstract: A paint system includes at least one modular paint delivery system module, each module having a shipping container configured for transport via a transport infrastructure, and at least one paint delivery system preassembled into an operational paint circulation unit and configured to be shipped and operated within the shipping container. A method for deploying a system includes building at least one modular paint delivery system module at a building site, each module having a shipping container configured for transport via a transport infrastructure, and at least one paint delivery system preassembled into an operational paint circulation unit and configured to be shipped to and operated within the shipping container at an installation site, transporting the module to the installation site location from the building site via the transport infrastructure, and connecting at least one resource connection and at least one distribution piping to the module at the installation site location.

Abstract: A manual spray dispenser for dispensing a mixture of two compositions comprises a container having a first and second chamber and a single dispensing spray outlet for dispensing controlled amounts of liquids from each of the first and second chambers. At least one of the chambers has a separator in the form of a pouch for physically separating the contents of the container from an interior surface of the chamber. The first chamber can contain a first composition and the second chamber can contain a second composition having a reactive component that reacts with at least one compound upon contact or mixing. The dispenser further contains a dispensing system for simultaneously dispensing the first composition and the second composition from their respective first and second chambers, mixing the two compositions together, and dispensing a mixture of the two compositions from the container under pressure.

Abstract: A sprayer has a sprayer outlet and a pressurizable reservoir adapted to contain a fluid. The reservoir has an air-pressure outlet and a reservoir outlet, the reservoir outlet being in fluid connection with the sprayer outlet. Detachable, pressurizable tanks are adapted to contain a chemical, each tank having a chemical outlet and an air-pressure inlet. Each air-pressure inlet is in fluid connection with the air-pressure outlet of the reservoir for equalizing air pressure between the reservoir and each tank. A switch is adjustable between a plurality of settings for causing at least one of the chemical outlets to be in fluid connection with the sprayer outlet. A ratio valve is provided for selecting a fluid flow rate out of the selected outlet. Fluids flowing into the sprayer outlet from the outlets are mixed together prior to discharge from the sprayer outlet.

Abstract: A portable washing apparatus includes a housing that has a bottom wall, a top wall and a perimeter wall. A dividing wall divides the housing into a first compartment and a second compartment. A valve is mounted in the housing and is fluidly coupled to each of the first and second compartments. An outlet pipe is fluidly coupled to the valve. Actuation of the valve allows selective fluid communication between the outlet pipe and the first or second compartments. A pump is fluidly coupled to the outlet pipe and draws fluid out of the housing. A tube has a first end and a second end. The first end is fluidly coupled to the pump. Fluid drawn outwardly of the housing by the pump is ejected outwardly of the second end. A cleaning fluid is positioned in the first compartment and a rinsing fluid is positioned in the second compartment.

Abstract: A nozzle assembly for a material application device includes an expansion chamber for slowing down the velocity of powder fed to the nozzle from a dense phase pump. The nozzle assembly includes a nozzle insert that forms the expansion chamber and provides air assist function. The nozzle includes an integral deflector, and further includes a passageway for a charging electrode so that the electrical path is routed away from the powder path, while permitting the electrode tip to be centered in the powder spray pattern from the nozzle. The nozzle also includes air wash for the electrode. The nozzle outlet orifice has a cross-sectional area that is equal to or greater than the inlet cross-sectional area so that a slow moving dense phase powder cloud is produced by the nozzle.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying paint and reflective glass beads to a surface that comprises an airless paint sprayer system, a bead dispensing system, a chassis, a power source, and a user-activated control switch. The airless paint sprayer system comprises a paint reservoir, one or more airless spray heads for spraying paint onto the surface, and a pump for pumping paint from the reservoir to the spray heads. The bead dispensing system comprises a bead reservoir, one or more bead dispensing nozzles for dispensing beads onto the paint sprayed onto the surface by the spray heads, an air reservoir for holding pressurized air, one or more pneumatic cylinders configured for opening and closing a corresponding dispensing nozzle, and one or more flow control regulators for controlling air into and out of a corresponding pneumatic cylinder.

Abstract: Atomizers (1) comprising a cartridge holder (4) which is arranged in the housing (3), a mouthpiece (5) which is provided on the housing (3) and in which an atomization device (6) is arranged, and a connecting tube system (7) which connects the atomization device (6) and the cartridge holder (4), wherein the atomization device (6) has at least one nozzle body (8) and the connecting tube system (7) has at least one passage (9) with a hollow plunger (10) mounted displaceably therein, wherein the hollow plunger (10) includes a valve body (21). In accordance with a first embodiment the atomizer (1) has a first hollow plunger (10a) mounted displaceably in a first passage (9a) and a second hollow plunger (10b) mounted displaceably in a second passage (9b), wherein the first hollow plunger (10a) and the second hollow plunger (10b) extend into the cartridge holder (4).

Abstract: The container has a fragrance emitting dispensing pump. The dispensing pump has a pump mechanism and pump head on one end of the pump mechanism. The dispensing pump head is comprised of an upper portion and a lower portion. The fragrance substance is within an internal area in the upper portion, the lower portion or both portions of the dispensing pump head. The lower portion has a structure for attaching the dispensing pump to the container. The upper portion of the dispensing pump head has a dispensing channel through the internal area that on one end extends into the lower portion of the pump head to the pump mechanism and at a second end is open to the exterior atmosphere. The internal area contains a fragrance substance. A peripheral wall of the upper portion and a peripheral wall of the lower portion have a space, and optionally at least one aperture that is in communication with the exterior of the dispensing pump. In addition the lower portion can have more than one fragrance containing space.

Abstract: A method and plant for the introduction of a liquid into a molten mass under pressure. Such a method and plant are particularly, but not exclusively, suitable for the formation of a coating layer on a cable element having at least one conductor, the layer having an extruded thermoplastic polymer forming a continuous phase incorporating a dielectric liquid, and are useful, for example, in the production of an electric cable for the transportation and/or distribution of electrical power. The method includes the steps of bringing the liquid to a predetermined pressure greater than the pressure of the molten mass; feeding the liquid into a plurality of storage tanks, and injecting the liquid into the molten mass at an injection pressure equal to the above-mentioned predetermined pressure by means of a plurality of injectors in respective fluid communication with the plurality of storage tanks.

Abstract: The invention relates to a powder feed apparatus of a powder spraycoating equipment, containing a dense phase powder pump fitted with at least one feed chamber, preferably two feed chambers, alternatingly discharging coating powder, each feed chamber having one powder intake valve at a powder intake to aspirate coating powder during a suction stage and one powder outlet valve at a powder outlet to discharge coating powder during a discharge stage; further control valves to operate the dense phase powder pump; further an electric control unit containing at least one computer controlling the dense phase powder pump by means of said control valves, characterized in that a dependence mode of the total open time (ttotal) of the powder intake valves is stored in the control unit and defines the dependence of the total open time (ttotal) on an adjustable nominal value (mp) adjusted by a powder adjusting element at the control unit and relating to the rate of powder to be conveyed to be conveyed by the dense phase po

Abstract: An automatic air freshener spraying device includes a front cover, a base, two air freshener bottles and a press driving device, and a motor of the press driving device is pivotally coupled to the driving gear, such that when the driving gear rotates clockwise or anti-clockwise at the motor, the driving gear with the transmission of the gear set pushes a protruding member at the bottom of one of the left and right sides of a large fan-shaped gear to obtain a larger instant pressing force, and a set of press driving devices are used for controlling the motor to rotate clockwise or anti-clockwise, and either the left or right air freshener bottles is pressed to spray an air freshener from an air freshener nozzle of the left air freshener bottle or the right air freshener bottle, so as to provide a uniform misty spray.