Abstract: The invention relates to a chipper (1) bed knife (2) attached detachably to the chipper frame (3), the chipper (1) having a chipper disc (5) supported on its shaft (4), which shaft is fitted rotatably to the chipper frame (3), the chipper disc (5) comprising a number of knives (6) arranged to pass the knife edge (7) of the bed knife (2) at a distance corresponding to the required knife clearance (v), when the chipper disc (5) is rotating. The bed knife (2) also has a second knife edge (7?), the said knife edges (7, 7?) being arranged at a distance from each other in the direction of movement (A) of the chipper disc (5) knives (6). A groove (8) is formed in the bed knife (2) between the said knife edges (7, 7?).

Abstract: A refining surface for a refiner intended for defibrating lignocellulose-containing materials, the refiner having at least two refining surfaces arranged coaxially relative to each other, at least one of which rotates around a shaft, and between which the material to be defibrated is fed. The refining surfaces define grooves and between them ridges, at least part of the refining surface ridges being formed of at least two different ridge parts connected to each other in such a way that one ridge part is farther ahead in the rotation direction of the refining surface than the other ridge part. Further, at least in some ridge parts, the front wall in the rotation direction of the refining surface is over at least part of its length substantially inclined.

Abstract: A disperger plate segment, for removing contaminants from recycled, or recovered, paper and packaging materials includes radially concentric rows of teeth. Each row of teeth includes teeth and channels disposed intermediate the teeth. Each of the teeth have an upper, top surface, a radially inner face extending from the channel base surface to the tooth top surface, and a radially outer face extending from the channel base surface to the tooth top surface. The teeth inner and outer faces each have a groove extending from the tooth top surface to a position intermediate the tooth top surface and the channel base surface.

Abstract: A mixing apparatus wherein raw material may be crushed to fine particles of desirous size to be mixed uniformally by multi-layered mixing blocks. The mixing apparatus includes a plurality of mixing units piled up in a housing, and arrays of projections formed at the facing side of the mixing units and located alternately in order to form concentric circles which are not interfered with each other. The mixing units are formed with first and second pairs of upper and lower disks. The arrays of the projections are formed on the outer surface of the pairs of disks, and the fluid passages are formed between the upper and lower disks. The inflow passages are opened to the fluid passages which are formed between the lower disks of each pair and the housing. The outflow passages are formed at the inner surface of the upper disks of each pair and the mixing units are attachable in multiple layers.

Abstract: A sensor assembly and coupling arrangement for a rotary disk refiner. The sensor assembly includes a housing formed by a base and frustoconical cap that has a sensing element carrying bulb extending outwardly therefrom. The coupling arrangement includes a conduit arrangement that is received in one or more aligned preexisting instrument ports of the refiner and that releasably couples with a connector puck. The puck is carried by the backside of a refiner disk segment that lies next to the refiner disk segment that is equipped with one or more sensor assemblies. Preferably, a flexible hose communicates sensor wiring from a sensor manifold that holds a plurality of sensor assemblies to the connector puck. The sensor manifold preferably is carried by the backside of the sensor refiner disk.

Abstract: An impact crusher includes a center feed disk. The center feed disk includes a peripheral edge portion, a first face, an opposing, second face, a central bore extending through the first and second faces, and first and second countersunk pockets provided about the central bore in the first and second faces respectively. With this arrangement, a fastener having a shaft portion and a head portion can be inserted through the central bore to secure the center feed disk to a drive mechanism, with the head portion residing in the countersunk pocket. With this arrangement, once the first face portion becomes worn, the center feed disk can be removed, inverted and re-mounted such that the second face portion is exposed.

Abstract: An agitator with a rotatable axial shaft with a plurality of grinding discs connected generally perpendicular to the shaft is provided having at least one grinding disc with an axially extending pin spaced radially outwardly from the shaft and radially inwardly from a peripheral edge of the disc. The pin is aligned with a smooth surface on a next adjacent disc.

Abstract: A material crushing device including rotating rotors having first and second crushing surfaces which converge to a nip. One or both of the crushing surfaces may include projections and one or more of the crushing surfaces includes channels disposed at the nip for ejection of crushed material. The channels may be angled into the direction of rotation of the rotors to direct crushed material therethrough.

Abstract: A plate-shaped insert is removably arranged in the receptacle receiving the processed food of a kitchen appliance or a kitchen device for processing food, and extends with its edge to the inner wall of the receptacle and tightly encloses the drive arbor or spindle of the tool. The drive arbor or spindle of the tool is connected, possibly captively, with the plate-shaped insert.

Abstract: An agitator (10) with a rotatable axial shaft (24) with a plurality of grinding discs (22) connected generally perpendicular to the shaft (24) is provided having at least one grinding disc (22) with an axially extending pin (32) spaced radially outwardly from the shaft (24) and radially inwardly from a peripheral edge of the disc (22). The pin (32) is aligned with a smooth surface on a next adjacent disc (22).

Abstract: Single-edged wood chipper blades which can be repeatedly removed from a wood chipper and sharpened, as needed, to prevent the need for disposing of multiple conventional blades over a prolonged period of repeated use. Each of the replaceable blades typically includes a blade mount base for engaging a rotary chipping head of the chipper, a clamp plate for engaging the blade mount base, and a blade body interposed between the blade mount base and the clamp plate. A blade edge is shaped in the front end of the blade body, and extends from between the blade mount base and the clamp plate. A blade babbitt is provided in the rear end of the blade body. Accordingly, the blade body can easily and repeatedly be removed from between the blade mount base and the clamp plate and sharpened, and again secured in place between the blade mount base and the clamp plate, as needed for optimum and economical operation of the chipper over a prolonged period.

Abstract: A mincing disc used in a meat mincing machine having partial areas in a field of perforations of the mincing disc which are arrange in an imagined corridor at both sides of the central through opening which extends over the surface of the mincing disc, encloses the central through opening of the disc, and touches the ventral through opening with both linear boundary lines.

Abstract: A comminuting apparatus for reducing the size of particles, having a frame providing an internal perimeter and having a shape; a stone having a grinding surface for grinding a material and providing a perimeter having a shape corresponding to the shape of the perimeter of the frame and configured to be at least partially surrounded by the frame; wherein when the frame is rotated the perimeter of the frame is configured to coact with the perimeter of the stone such that the stone is rotated at substantially the same rate as the frame.

Abstract: Process and device for dispersing a fibrous paper web which comprises a substantially consistent fibrous paper material. The device includes an inlet for fibrous paper material, a stationary stator, and at least one rotatable rotor. The stator and the at least one rotor form a pulverizing zone including a pulverizing element located near the inlet for the fibrous paper material, the pulverizing element including least one of scrapers and knives for pulverizing the fibrous material into a fine, friable material; a vapor chamber forming a ring about the pulverizing zone, the vapor chamber being for calefying the fine, friable material formed by the pulverizing element; and a dispersing zone including at least one row of teeth on the stator and at least one row of teeth on the at least one rotor which can be moved relative to the at least one row of teeth of the stator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a refining segment (7; 17; 27; 37) for a rotatable refining disc included in refining apparatus, for disintegrating and refining material containing lignocellulose in a refining gap between two opposing refining discs (4, 5) rotatable in relation to each other. It is characterized in that it is provided with at least one cleaning member (10; 20; 30; 40) for clearing away material that has collected outside the outer edge of the refining disc. The invention also relates to refining apparatus provided with at least one such refining segment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a refining segment (8; 18) for a refining disc (4) included in refining apparatus for disintegrating and refining material containing lignocellulose in a refining gap (6) between two opposing refining discs (4, 5) rotatable in relation to each other, surrounded by a refiner housing (3). The invention is characterized in that the refining segment is provided along its entire periphery with a guide member (12; 22) for deflecting the refined material when it leaves the refining gap, so that it is not thrown straight against the wall of the refiner housing. The invention also relates to refining apparatus provided with such refining segments.

Abstract: Refining elements for use in a disk refiner are provided, in which the refining elements include an outer surface with a plurality of raised bars separated by grooves, the raised bars including an upper surface having a first longitudinal edge and at least one step defining a second longitudinal edge at an intermediate height between the first longitudinal edge and the outer surface of the refining element.

Abstract: A coal processing mill incorporates integral systems for coarse coal dewatering, grinding, injection of a peptizing agent into the ground coal stream before it enters an agitation zone (where the peptization process takes place), passing the treated coal and the peptized clay and ash through a separating valve and passing the separated coal on to final drying. In other embodiments, ash and pyrites (of much higher density than coal) are separated from coal and the coal can then be fired.

Abstract: A sensor, sensor disk, sensor measurement correction system, and method used in measuring a parameter in the refining zone. The sensor includes a spacer that spaces its sensing element from the disk. In one preferred embodiment, the spacer is made of an insulating material that insulates the sensing element from the thermal mass of the disk to prevent the thermal mass from affecting sensor measurement. The sensor includes a housing carried by the spacer that, in turn, carries the sensing element. Where the sensing element is a temperature sensing element, the housing is thermally conductive and the housing and spacer enclose the sensing element. Each sensor is disposed in the refining surface, preferably in its own separate bore in the disk and flush with or below axial refiner bar height. Signals from one or more sensors are processed by a processing device linked to a module containing calibration data that is applied to make sensor measurements more accurate.

Abstract: A refining disk is provided for use in various kinds of refining apparatus. The refining apparatus comprises juxtaposed disks with refining surfaces on the opposed faces, one disk rotating relatively to the other disk to work on the material therebetween. A typical refiner is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,049,307; however, the invention is applicable to various types of refiners including single rotating disk refiners and counter-rotating disk machines. Disks normally are cast which results in relatively soft low wear resistance that wear out and must be replaced regularly. The disks of this invention are constructed of the hardest wear resistant materials known including metal carbides.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating ion-exchange resin includes a disk mill having a plurality of disks including corundum for comminuting the ion-exchange resin. Reliable temporary storage or final storage even of coarse-grained ion-exchange resin from a nuclear plant is made possible by reduction of the swelling capacity.

Abstract: A refiner for refining a fiber suspension includes a first disk which is rotatable or stationary, and a second disk which is rotatable. A first tackle is coupled with a first disk or the second disk. A second tackle is coupled with the other of the first disk or second disk. The second tackle includes a plurality of generally annular rows of teeth with a radially inner row and a radially outer row. Adjacent teeth within a same row are separated by a groove therebetween. Adjacent rows are concentrically spaced by a generally annular gap therebetween. The concentrically spaced rows are divided into a plurality of adjacent sectors, with each sector having opposing side edges extending through and between the radially inner row and the radially outer row to define a substantially unimpeded flow-through channel for the fiber suspension.

Abstract: A pair of refiner members comprises respective refiner bars which cooperate to refine pulp. At least one the refiner bars extends in a spiral pattern for imparting a screw-like pumping action to the pulp. The refiner bars of the cooperating refiner members have different pitch to produce a differential pumping action and increase crossovers between the refiner members in order to improve refining. A sinuous curvature can also be introduced in the spiral pattern to further increase crossovers between the refiner members.

Abstract: A refining disk is provided for use in various kinds of refining apparatus. The refining apparatus comprises juxtaposed disks with refining surfaces on the opposed faces, one disk rotating relatively to the other disk to work on the material therebetween. A typical refiner is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,049,307; however, the invention is applicable to various types of refiners including single rotating disk refiners and counter-rotating disk machines. Disks normally are cast which results in relatively soft low wear resistance that wear out and must be replaced regularly. The disks of this invention are constructed of the hardest wear resistant materials known including metal carbides.

Abstract: Fittings and machine and process for production of the fittings and machine for a mechanical processing of suspended fibrous material that include at least one base and at least one processing element adapted to be exposed to flow of a fibrous suspension during operation. The process for producing the fittings may include separately producing the at least one base and the at least one processing element, placing an elastic bonding material between contact surfaces of the at least one base and the at least one processing element, and elastically bonding the at least one base and the at least one processing element without melting the processing elements.

Abstract: Integrated first stage and second stage reduction mechanisms reduce coal, minerals, biomass, and other materials. A portion of the reductive work is done in the first stage by passing centrally fed feed material centrifugally from rotating rings to counter-rotating rings with destructive effects. The resulting material, significantly reduced in size, subsequently is stripped of oversize in the second stage by passing through a closely spaced and specially contoured final pair of annular rings or crushing elements between which particles larger than the limited space are crushed.

Abstract: A wood-chipping machine has a plurality of cutters carried by a flywheel which is rotated to move the cutters across a throat through which material to be chipped is fed, and in which each cutter is substantially frusto-conical and hence circular and a plurality of such cutters form a blade at a generally radial location of the flywheel. These facilitate blade replacement in the event of wear, e.g., by adjusting the worn cutter angularly.

Abstract: An improved wood pulverizer is provided with a rotating disc studded with a plurality of curved tapered hammers. One or more anvils is secured to the pulverizer with the anvil having teeth and slots located adjacent the surface of the disc. The hammers of the rotating disc pass through the slots of the anvils as the disc rotates to tear and shard wood into bits and pieces for subsequent use or processing. The anvils of the present invention are formed with two or more useable surfaces so that the anvils can be removed, rotated, and replaced to present fresh cutting surfaces to the disc. Further, the anvils are formed by a series of bolted together anvil segments to allow replacement of only single segments in the event of damage. Improved chip sizing grates are also provided with the grates having replaceable reversible gullet liners and grate rings formed by ring segments that together define a grate liner. Rotor rings are provided in some embodiments.

Abstract: A disk chipper includes a bedknife, the bedknife having opposing first and second surfaces, and a chipper frame, the chipper frame having an opening for receiving the bedknife, the opening being defined by opposing first and second surfaces for facing the first and second surfaces of the bedknife, respectively. The disk chipper further includes a wedge, the wedge being movable in a first direction between the second surface of the bedknife and the second surface of the chipper frame to move the first surface of the bedknife in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction toward the first surface of the chipper frame. A method for fastening a bedknife to a disk chipper is also disclosed.

Abstract: Refining elements are disclosed for use in refiners in which the refining elements comprise a refining surface with a plurality of raised bars alternating with a plurality of grooves. The raised bars at the inlet of the refining path have a first spacing and form a first angle with respect to a radius or generatrix defining the refining path and the plurality of raised bars at the outlet of the refining path have a second spacing and form a second angle with respect to the radius or generatrix, the first angle being between about 50.degree. and 85.degree. and the second angle being between about -25.degree. and +25.degree., and the first spacing being greater than the second spacing.

Abstract: A refiner plate for the face of a refiner disc comprising a plurality of refiner segments arranged side-by-side on the face of the disc to form a substantially annular refining region. Each refiner segment has an inlet zone for receiving the material to be refined, an outer zone for refining and discharging refined material and an intermediate refining zone disposed intermediate the inlet zone and the outer zone. The outer zone has a pattern including a plurality of radially disposed bars defining an upper surface, a plurality of radially disposed grooves disposed intermediate the bars defining a lower surface, and dams traversing each of the grooves for restricting radial flow through the respective grooves. The dams include full height dams extending from the lower surface to the upper surface and partial height dams extending from the lower surface to a height intermediate the lower and upper surfaces. At least one full height dam is disposed in each of the grooves, as the radially outermost dam.

Abstract: A wood-chipping machine (FIG. 1) has a plurality of cutters carried by a flywheel which is rotated to move the cutters across a throat through which material to be chipped is fed, and in which each cutter is substantially frust-conical and hence circular and a plurality of such cutters form a blade at a generally radial location of the flywheel. These facilitate blade replacement in the event of wear eg by adjusting the worn cutter angularly.

Abstract: Apparatus for refining lignocellulose material is disclosed including two relatively rotatable refining disks separated by a refining gap which includes an inner radial portion and an outer angular portion, with the refiner elements mounted on the outer angular portions of the refiner disks including at least one wing projecting from the rotatable refining disk adjacent to the inner radial refining gap and with the stationary refining disk including a concave surface at the inlet portion so that the lignocellulose material being processed is thrown against the concave surface during its transition from the inner radial refining gap to the outer angular refining gap.

Abstract: A refiner plate has bars integrally formed with the refiner plate base member which have discrete regions of selected physical properties. A material possessing the physical property is deposited in a reservoir in the bar, such as a groove. The reservoir may be positioned in the top of the bar and may be of various shapes. Alternatively, the reservoir with material is positioned on the bar leading or trailing edge. Alternatively, an abrasive surface extends over the entire upper surface of the bar including the leading and trailing edges. The bar may be formed of a white iron alloy which is heat-treated to form a soft matrix with embedded carbide grains. By protecting regions of desired smoothness with a wear-resistant protective coating flow is preserved in selected areas.

Abstract: A component for a pulp refiner such as a paper pulp refiner. The component comprises an attachment surface (16) for attachment to the refiner, a working surface (17, 22), and at least one core (15, 28, 33, 50, 51) made of rigid material and provided with a wear resistant coating (19, 20, 25) so that at least the useful surface area (18) of the component at least partially consists of the outer surface of the coating (19, 20, 25). Said component is characterised in that said coating (19, 20, 25) consists of a stack of thin layers or strips (21). A refiner including at least one such component, a method for preparing said component and a fiberising and for refining method using at least one such component are also disclosed.

Abstract: A paper pulp defibering or refining plate in accordance with the invention comprises a comminuting surface having a large number of ridges separated by grooves. The plate body is made from a first material such as stainless steel or cast iron providing the overall mechanical strength of the plate in use. The upper part of the ridges is a layer of an abrasion resistant material based on grains of tungsten carbide bound in a metal alloy whose melting and brazing characteristics are appropriate to laser resurfacing on the plate body. The ridges are resurfaced successively by scanning a laser beam and a powder spray nozzle in one or more passes.

Abstract: A double-edged replaceable knife adapted for use with chip-cutting machines of various descriptions. The knife has a pair of spaced deflector portions projecting from the front side of the knife. Between the deflector portions is a channel used in properly locating the knife on a chip-cutting machine. The deflector portions are spaced at equal distances from respective cutting edges in the knife, and provide wear surfaces fronting the movement of chip material thereacross. The deflector portions also control the shape of chips cut by the machine mounting the knife.

Abstract: A mechanized disc flaker for producing curled wood flakes having a rotatable disc plate, and one or more cutting knives mounted to the disc plate so as to provide for a slight "rake angle" defined in accordance with the invention as the angle made between the tool face and a plane perpendicular to the direction of tool travel. In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus includes rotatable and removable knife holders which permit the rake angle and the "cutting angle", defined in accordance with the invention as being the angle the cutting edge of the knife makes with the grain of the wood, to be modified to yield curled wood shavings having different geometries and characteristics. The preferred method of practicing the apparatus involves using a work piece having a certain moisture content which is directed against the work surface of the disc flaker using appropriate pressure all to provide for wood curls of desirable characteristics.

Abstract: A method for adjusting the blade clearance in a disc chipper by moving in the axial direction a bearing bushing of a disc shaft together with the bearing. The axial movement of the shaft is effected by loosening adjusting screws or adjusting nuts of one of the end caps of the axial guide bearing housing and by tightening after this the adjusting screws or adjusting nuts of the other end cap. The cap then pushes the axial guide bushing and the attached shaft in the axial direction by way of a guide projection on the surface of the cap facing towards the bearing. An axial guide bearing system includes a shaft supporting a blade disc of a disc chipper, with the shaft and blade disc being movable relative to a counter blade in an axial direction. The system also includes a bearing housing frame and a bearing fixed to the shaft and movable with respect to the bearing housing frame.

Abstract: A pair of co-operating refining elements (10, 11) intended for a disc refiner with two opposed refining discs, one of which is stationary (stator) and the other one is rotary (rotor), for the working of lignocellulosic fiber material in a refining gap (12) between the co-operating refining elements (10, 11). The refining elements are provided with a pattern of bars (13-16) and intermediate grooves. Each bar is formed with a plurality of high bar portions (13, 15) and intermediate low bar portions (14, 16), counted in radial direction. High bar portions (13, 15) are located directly in front of low bar portions (14, 16) on opposed co-operating refining elements (10, 11). The length of the high bar portions (15) on refining elements (11) of the rotor exceeds the length of the high bar portions (13) on refining elements (10) of the stator.

Abstract: Apparatus for refining lignocellulose-containing material is disclosed including a pair of opposed refining disks defining a refining gap for the lignocellulose-containing material, at least one of the refining disks including an outer refining zone section which includes three refining zones including radially extending bars and corresponding radially extending grooves in which the first and third refining zones have a different bar density than the intermediate or second refining zone. Apparatus is also disclosed which includes a pair of opposed refining surfaces in which each disk refiner includes a pair of refining zones with one of each pair on each disk having a different bar density, and with the two zones being radially offset so that the like refining zones in each disk do not overlap with each other.

Abstract: A refiner plate has bars integrally formed with the refiner plate base member which have discrete regions of selected physical properties. A material possessing the physical property is deposited in a reservoir in the bar, such as a groove. The reservoir may be positioned in the top of the bar and may be of various shapes. Alternatively, the reservoir with material is positioned on the bar leading or trailing edge. Alternatively, an abrasive surface extends over the entire upper surface of the bar including the leading and trailing edges. The bar may be formed of a white iron alloy which is heat-treated to form a soft matrix with embedded carbide grains. By protecting regions of desired smoothness with a wear-resistant protective coating flow is preserved in selected areas.

Abstract: Refining elements for use in a disk refiner for disintegrating and refining lignocellulose-containing material is disclosed including a pair of opposed refining elements on opposed refining disks which are relatively rotatable with respect to each other, the first and second refining elements including inner, intermediate and outer refining zones including pluralities of alternating bars and grooves extending substantially radially therealong, in which the bars on the inner refining zones on both refining elements extend outwardly at an angle with respect to the radius of the refining elements in different directions, the bars in the intermediate refining zones on both refining elements extend radially outward at an angle of less than about 15.degree. with respect to the radius of the refining elements, and the bars in the outer refining zones on both refining elements extend radially outward at an angle with respect to the radius of the refining element in the same direction with respect thereto.

Abstract: A knife (12), a holding and releasing mechanism (8) are oriented in the direction of a radius of a chipper disc (19). The holding and releasing mechanism (8) is pushed in the direction of the radius of the chipper disc to release the knife (12) and drawn in the opposite direction to fasten the knife in the chipper disc (19). A power unit (32) with reciprocable spindle (34) selectively engages a holding element (11) of the holding and releasing mechanism (8) to release the knife (12) from the chipper disc (19). A device (36) can be provided for automatically positioning the holding and releasing mechanism (8) to lie opposite the spindle (34) of the power unit (32). The time consumed in replacing the knives is reduced and laborious manual operations can be avoided. The procedure can be automated.

Abstract: An anvil for a wood chipper includes an anvil body having a top surface, a bottom surface, and longitudinally extending side surfaces between the top and bottom surfaces. At least one of the side surfaces is adapted to accept an insert shaped and dimensioned to fit into the adapted side surface of the body. Means within the body for firmly holding the insert in contact with the adapted side surface are also provided. The insert presents a leading edge functioning as the anvil's leading edge.

Abstract: Roller mill and milling tool for milling suspended fibrous material. For particularly economical milling of suspended fibrous materials, roller mills and milling tools are utilized in which the radial extent of the working surfaces deviate from the state of the art in that the raised areas, acting in the manner of knives, form working surfaces which extend radially outwardly to a lesser extent than the base surfaces of the milling tools or the corresponding milling tool carriers, whereby it is feasible to utilize the shorter raised areas on the stator side, the rotor side, or on both sides, thereby, via these measures, achieving a particularly economical and uniform comminution.

Abstract: A pulverizing disc 10 is disclosed which comprises a main body 11 of a generally cylindrical shape with a circumferential wall 12, lower surface 13 and upper surface 14. The main body 11 is integrally formed with a second body 14 which is also of generally cylindrical shape and which is mounted centrically upon the upper surface 14. The second body 15 extends from one side of the main body 11 to a position beyond a central axis 16 of the main body 11. An aperture 17 is formed through the disc 10 along the central axis 16. An upper surface 19 of the second body 15 is bevelled downwardly in the radial direction from axis 16 to form a central high region 18 around the perimeter aperture 17. The bottom surface of the first body 11 can be formed with a flute 23 which extends radially from aperture 17 to circumferential wall 12 of the first body 11.

Abstract: A disk especially suitable for a papermaking wood chip and pulp refiner has an array of refiner bars which protrude outwardly from a base member. Grooves are formed between adjacent bars which may change in depth toward the outer diameter of the disk. Alternating grooves are of greater depth, to increase the open area of the disk to facilitate steam evacuation without significantly reducing the bar stiffness and hence resistance to breakage and deflection of individual bars.

Abstract: A refiner disc employing sharply tapered refiner bars wherein the upper portion of at least one side tapers inward at thirty to sixty degrees from the vertical. The tapered refiner bars tend to wear sharp. A further embodiment employs refiner disc bars which have a substantially narrower bar forming the upper portion of a standard, substantially rectangular bar.

Abstract: Refiner segments for use in disk refiners for the disintegration of lignocellulose-containing material are disclosed, in which the refiner segment is formed with a pattern of bars and grooves and includes dams placed in the grooves. The dams are arranged so that their angle in relation to the radius of the refiner segment is less than about 30.degree., preferably less than about 15.degree..