Abstract: A method of producing cement clinker with a low alkali content, in which the presence of deposits in the rotary kiln is monitored using measuring techniques and in the event of deposits being present the coarse material above a certain grain size is removed from the system.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided for maintaining a constant refining intensity under varying tonnage rate and applied power conditions to a slurry of paper stock being passed through a disk type refiner. The system utilizes a control strategy and several unique control algorithms which combine to provide a result which relates the speed of rotation of the refiner elements to the power consumed by the drive motor. The present invention is based on intensity which is defined as the net refining power applied divided by the number of bar crossings (refining elements) per unit time. The system is an adaptive control system which operates on the basis of real time measurements of the refiner process.

Abstract: A safety control system is disclosed for a coal pulverizer utilizing the measurements of net oxygen and carbon monoxide measurements of the pulverizer atmosphere. First levels of net oxygen and rate of carbon monoxide change are utilized in a control logic system to actuate alarms and automatic inerting of the pulverizer is accomplished utilizing a second level of net oxygen measurement and absolute carbon monoxide level in the pulverizer.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for automatically controlling a grinding mill in a mill arrangement which includes a grinding mill, raw material feed apparatus and a controller wherein one or more signals indicative of the condition of the mill are input to the controller and compared therein to a set point to generate an output signal based on the comparison and wherein the output signal is input to the raw material feed apparatus to adjust the rate at which raw material is fed into the grinding mill include an arrangement wherein the output signal of the controller is integrated for a predetermined time to obtain a first integrated quantity, the controller set point is then automatically varied a predetermined amount in a predetermined direction such that a second controller output signal is generated, the second controller output signal is then integrated for the predetermined time to obtain a second integrated quantity, the first and second integrated quantities are then compared, and the controller set point is the

Abstract: A coffee grinder has a control circuit for its electric grinder motor which includes a three-position control switch having a resident "Off" position, a resident "On" position, and a non-resident or momentary "On plus Start" position. In the "Off" position power is interrupted to all circuits of the grinder. The "On" position is a resting position which is resumed after the start of each grind cycle in readiness for the start of another grind cycle. The "On plus Start" position is momentary and in which a relay is energized so as to complete a circuit that energizes the grinder motor. In one type of coffee grinder the electrical control circuit includes a timer which can be set to determine the length of the grinding cycle. In another type of coffee grinder the length of the grinding cycle is determined by the presence of a ground coffee receiving bag or other container. In both types of grinders the normal grinding cycle can be terminated by placing control switch in its "Off" position.

Abstract: A sensory apparatus for substances containing granular particles which are to be moved or mixed in a casing includes a sensor which is supported on a wall of the casing and protrudes from the wall into the area of the moving substances. The sensor has a deflectable plate by which the sensor is connected to the surface of the wall and has on its outer side at least one measurement receiver providing signals indicating the mixing conditions.

Abstract: A refiner control continuously calculates required gearmotor output speed in opposition to the main motor drive power such that an increase in main power causes a decrease in gearmotor output speed and therefore provides a variable resolution over the entire power range of the main drive for stable refiner operation at various setpoint levels.

Abstract: Computerized control of a grinding mill complex to establish a predetermined optomized operating setpoint condition in the presence of chemical additive grinding aids responds to a plurality of input signals representative of mill operating characteristics and controls a plurality of input feed materials for establishing the setpoint condition. Provision is made for accelerating correction when deviations from optimum are large. A prioritized selection of input signals serves to first control mill conditions that could damage elevator motors, or the like. Control signals are derived as a function of error deviations for more effective control and are normalized for lag time. The system combines an arithmetic computer with a multiplexing computer that scans and organizes correction control signals and provides for communication with external computers.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for forming an air laid, e.g., dry laid, fibrous web comprising the steps of and apparatus for defiberizing wood pulp laps, rolls or bales, preferably in a hammermill; transporting the fibers pneumatically to a forming head, and dispensing said fibers onto a foraminous support means, the aforesaid operations being carried out at conditions of high humidity such that the average fiber moisture content is at least above 2.5% by weight just prior reaching a forming header. In the preferred embodiment air at between about 150.degree. to about 200.degree. F. and having a relative humidity of between about 75 to 95% is introduced to the defiberizer to provide the requisite air moisture content. If desired over large fibers from the forming head may be recycled to the defiberizer. By practicing the invention, electrostatic charges on the fibers are reduced thereby minimizing clumping and ensuring better formation.

Abstract: A wet grinding machine which includes a grinder head, an annular stator mounted on the grinder head, and a rotor rotatably mounted in the grinder head. Shearing blades on the rotor turn inside the stator and sweep across shearing slots in the stator. Each of the shearing slots slopes and overlaps adjacent shearing slots so that each of the blades is constantly addressing an inner edge of at least one of the shearing slots. A classifying screen chamber surrounds the stator but is independent of the grinding machine so that particles of reduced size can pass through the screen to be removed while larger particles are retained and sheared by the rotor blades against inner edges of the slots.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pulverizing, drying and transporting system for a pulverized fuel of a blast furnace of the type having at least one hot stove for supplying hot blast air, said hot stove also providing hot stove exhaust gas. The system includes a pulverizing and drying unit for pulverizing lamp raw fuel and drying the pulverized fuel. The hot stove gas is supplied to the pulverizing and drying unit. The hot stove exhaust gas dries the pulverized fuel and conveys it to a pulverized fuel collecting and separating device which separates the gas from the pulverized fuel. The line supplying the hot stove gas to the pulverizing and drying unit includes a heating device for selectively supplying additional heat to the hot stove exhaust gas. Moreover, the line for supplying the hot stove gas to the pulverizing and drying unit can include at least one of a temperature stabilizing device and a cooling device.

Abstract: A pulverizer control system for controlling primary air flow and coal feeder speed to a coal pulverizer comprises a feeder controller for controlling the feeder speed, a feeder speed transmitter for sensing the feeder speed, a primary air flow controller for controlling the primary air flow to the pulverizer and a flow transmitter for sensing the primary air flow. A pulverized coal flow estimator is connected to the transmitters for calculating a coal flow rate which is compared in a first comparator with a demand signal for generating a first error signal. The first error signal is processed in a proportional plus integral unit to obtain a first pulverizer demand signal which is again compared in a second comparator with the calculated coal flow rate to obtain a second demand signal. The second demand signal is utilized to control the feeder controller.

Abstract: In a method of controlling the pulverization and dryness of a flammable material such as coal, the system is provided with both a push blower upstream from the pulverizer and a pull blower downstream from the pulverizer. The system is controlled so as to maintain the pressure within the pulverizer at an average equal to substantially the atmospheric pressure. In the method for controlling the pulverizing rate, a preset desired differential pressure across the pulverizer is maintained constant while the pulverizing motor speed and the pulverizing material feed rate are modified.

Abstract: An improved method of shredding municipal solid waste or garbage including the steps of introducing the solid waste into a tumbling mill having a diameter to length ratio of about 2.5:1 to 3:1, maintaining a negative pressure within the tumbling mill and maintaining a sufficient moisture content in solid waste. Shredding is accomplished by contacting the waste with irregular shaped grinding media within the tumbling mill.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling the level and discharge of a suspension or slurry of ground wood in a mechanical wood pulp forming process is described. The apparatus includes, below a wood grinder, a trough in which a slurry of ground wood is formed. The ground wood slurry is passed through a discharge port, which is located near the trough bottom, into a conduit in which a valve is located. The valve is controlled by a slurry level sensor so as to maintain the slurry level at a desired level at least higher than the discharge port. A wood chip cutter is employed at the discharge port and is sized to minimize blockage and facilitate removal of the slurry from the trough. In one form of the invention an apparatus for pressurizing the housing enclosing the wood grinder is described and in another form an open housing structure is shown and described.

Abstract: To fractionate fiber stock there is used a sieve device which can be constructed in the manner of a secondary stock pulper or fiberizer, yet contains a sieve having a hole size in a range of about 0.8 to 2.4 millimeters diameter. The fiberizer contains a rotor driven by a drive motor and equipped with arms movable around the sieve. At the side of the sieve confronting the rotor there is located a closed long fiber chamber with which merges the infeed line for a cleaned fiber stock suspension which is obtained from waste paper. At the same time a long fiber line leads out of this long fiber chamber into a long fiber vat or container. Behind the sieve there is located a short fiber chamber from which leads a short fiber line to a short fiber vat or container. In at least one of the lines there is arranged a throttle element which is actuated as a function of a signal received from a power measuring device.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is disclosed for milling cereal in a milling plant having a control device, such as a computer device, for controlling various process elements of the plant and the operative parameters of those process elements, in which the characteristics of the material to be milled are established together with the characteristics of the required finished product and from those characteristics desired operating parameter values for one or more selected process elements are determined bearing in mind the characteristics of the process elements of the plant, and those parameter values are stored in the control device to be used as control signals for the process elements, and in which such control signals are determined and stored in groups associated with required combinations of material and finished product characteristics, and an appropriate group of parameter values is selected by means of the control device to provide process control signals for controlling the operative parameters of said pro

Abstract: Apparatus for the storage of ice which includes a housing for storing pieces of ice. The housing is shaped in the form of a frustum, is interiorly thermally insulated at least on the sidewall and has a top feeding opening and a bottom outlet opening. The scratching-off device is positioned adjacent the bottom opening. The ice is scratched off and dropped continually downwardly toward a delivery station positioned below the scratching-off device and communicating with the bottom opening, where the pieces of ice are removed. The apparatus may also include a measuring device positioned adjacent the delivery station, with which a definite amount of ice delivered from the delivery station is measured out. Thus it is possible to remove pieces of ice stored smoothly, continually and efficiently.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for regulation of the temperature of a raw material, particularly ground fodder, which is supplied to a pellet mill by regulating the ratio between the quantity of steam supplied to the raw material and the quantity of raw material supplied to the pellet mill, a quantity of steam being supplied in proportion to the quantity of raw material, so that the proportion is in all essentials constant, whereupon the steam quantity is increased in proportion to the quantity of raw material, until the power consumption of the mill begins to rise, whereafter the quantity of steam is reduced, until the power consumption falls to its minimum, and this new proportion is then maintained during the continued operation. Hereby it is possible to produce forage pellets at the optimum point of the mill, and at the same time it is made sure that no gelatinization takes place. An increase of production of up to 40% over the previously known regulation plants can hereby be achieved.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are apparatus and method for measuring, during operation, the degree of sharpness of grindstones in a wood pulp grinding machine of the type where one motor drives two grindstones, each having two or more pockets for loading timber. In accordance with the apparatus and method, the power of the motor and the feed rates of the pockets are simultaneously measured. After a predetermined time interval, during which the operating conditions of the machine change, these measurements are made again. The degree of sharpness of the grindstones can then be calculated using the measured values of power and feed rates.

Abstract: A solid fuel laser disintegrator for the disintegration of solid fuel particles by laser beams in an environment consisting of a gaseous substance with insufficient oxygen to support combustion, typically principally nitrogen. The disintegration of fuel particles results in the production of minute flammable particles which disperse in nitrogen forming a flammable gaseous mixture. The device provides means for controlling the ratio of nitrogen and minute flammable particles dispersed in nitrogen. Optional means are provided for controlled mixing of oxygen with the mixture of nitrogen and minute flammable particles. The device is typically used in conjunction with a molecular air separator for separating air into its component parts, oxygen and nitrogen.

Abstract: A refiner plate clash detection system and method for plate clash detection is provided herein. The system includes a receiver for a first signal having a significant increase in level at at least one distinct predetermined frequency related to the clash and the characteristics of the discs of the refiner. A filter is provided having a passband matched to pass the distinct frequency of the signal to provide a filtered output signal in which the center frequency of the passband of the filter is determined by the formulaf.sub.o =n.SIGMA..sub.Rwhereinf.sub.o is the center frequency (expressed in Hertz) of said passbandn=the number of segments at a given radius, per single disc and.SIGMA..sub.R =the sum of the rotational rates (expressed in Hertz) of the two discs enclosing a given refining volume.The filtered signal is then smoothed. A threshold level is established.

Abstract: The invention relates to the mechanical fragmentation of solid bodies. The breaker-crusher mill has hammers pivoted on rotors arranged under a grid enveloping a part of their periphery. The heads of the hammers pass through the bars of the grid and the tangential speeds of the rotors at their opposite points are directed upwards. The mill may be used as a grinder (tires, compressed materials, etc.) or as a crusher (cast iron, steel, etc.).

Abstract: A control system for optimizing the flow of a cryogenic refrigerant into the precooler and mill of a cryopulverizing system including means responsive to a change in the discharge temperature in the mill for introducing refrigerant into the mill in direct proportion to such temperature change and means responsive to the change in discharge temperature in the mill for introducing refrigerant into the precooler at a linear rate proportional to the product of the material feed rate and the change in discharge temperature and inversely proportional to the residence time of the feed material in the precooler.

Abstract: In the case of overloading of a gyratory crusher the manometer 14 detects a mean effective pressure of the hydraulic fluid in the cylinder 7 greater than a first limiting value, which causes the opening of the maximum pressure valve 18. The hydraulic fluid then flows into the hydraulic accumulator 22, previously filled with a gas at a pressure substantially equal to the said first limiting value. When the overloading is terminated, the maximum pressure valve 18 re-closes and the hydraulic fluid returns by the return branch 24 into the pressure chamber of the cylinder 7. In the case of very substantial overloading capable of damaging the apparatus, the manometer 26 causes the opening of the safety valve 29.

Abstract: In a waste disposal system (e.g. in a hospital) in which at least one shredding machine comminutes waste which is then drawn by air suction through a closed ducting system for destruction, each shredder has a discharge valve associated with its waste outlet, this valve being normally open but partially or wholly closed when the shredder is opened to receive waste; the shredder also has a vent opening in its waste inlet door to relieve pressure, and internal germicide sprays.

Abstract: Power plant boiler fuel demand is transmitted as a coal feeder speed demand to a coal pulverizer control. A speed controller operates the feeder in accordance with the speed demand, and a position controller for a hot coal transport air damper positions the hot air damper to hold the mill outlet temperature to a setpoint value and to increase or decrease damper position in accordance with a feedforward signal representing the feeding speed demand. A position controller for a cold air damper regulates the total primary air flow to a value needed for safe and smooth transport of the pulverized coal to the boiler burners, and it accordingly acts as a process trim on the feedforward control applied by the hot damper controller.

Abstract: A system for the manufacture of animal feed from food waste wherein the food waste is ground, sterilized, and then dried in a drum dryer wherein an even and continuous drying process is effected by feed control and by zone regulating the temperature of the surface of the drums of the dryer.

Abstract: In order to control a variable of a control system depending on a plurality of control inputs to minimize an error function, one control input at a time is, at regular intervals, varied step by step in the same direction until the sign of the differential quotient with respect to time of the absolute value of the error between a predetermined desired value and the actual value of the variable has changed from minus to plus, whereupon the same control input is varied in steps in the opposite direction, with the remaining control inputs varied in the same manner cyclically and sequentially after a respective predetermined number of such sign reversals.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for coordinating the rate of feed and the moisture content of the pulp material to the heat quotients of the mechanical energy input in a refiner system in which the moisture-containing pulp material is introduced at an adjustable rate of feed into the central portion of an axially adjustable grinding space defined between a pair of grinding discs which rotate relative to one another within a closed housing and in which grinding space the material is propelled by centrifugal force created by the rotation of the discs in an annular radial path toward the periphery of the discs while being subjected to a grinding operation in an environment of steam generated by the heat produced by friction in the grinding space.

Abstract: A papermaking machine having pulp supplied in a regulated excess amount through a feed channel onto a movable water-pervious element and having a sump positioned at the end of the feed channel to receive the overflow. The amount of pulp in the sump relative to the desired overflow rate is used to produce a control signal for regulating the machine. Should there be an excess amount of pulp in the sump over the desired amount, the negative pressure in the vacuum box is increased to withdraw more water. Also, the degree of grinding of the pulp can be varied in dependence on the control signal.

Abstract: A grinding mill of the kind comprising a generally cylindrical grinding chamber defined by a screen having a shaft supporting a plurality of grinding hammers rotatable therein and being enclosed in a chamber to which suction is applied characterized by the provision of instrumentality for sensing the pressure within the enclosure surrounding the screen and actuating a safety device in the event that the pressure falls below a pre-determined value.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a vessel adapted to receive a liquid, and which vessel has a drive shaft extending through the bottom of the vessel from an electric motor below the vessel to a rotary cutting or grinding blade or the like within the vessel, with a seal being provided to seal the vessel with respect to the drive shaft, has a safety device in the form of a cut-out switch which is normally held in its closed position by a plate of water-absorbent, cellulose-fibre based material disposed below the seal. Any aqueous liquid leaking from the seal will wet the plate reducing its strength and allowing the plate to bend to allow the cutout switch to move, under resilient bias to an open position, thus cutting off the supply of electrical current to the electric motor.

Abstract: A generally vertically adjustable device is located within the discharge end of a housing such as a tubular ball mill for controlling flow into an outlet. Control of a level of accumulation in the housing, or evacution of material from the housing can be selectively effected. Operation of the device is controlled from outside of the housing, and may comprise automatic condition responsive means or manually operable means.

Abstract: A waste disposal device includes a receptacle for holding liquid and waste materials, a liquid drainline secured to the receptacle, a collecting tank connected in the drainline to collect the liquid and waste materials from the receptacle, a waste disintegrator extending into the collecting tank, drive means for operating the waste disintegrator, and control means in the drainline for actuating the drive means upon collection of liquid over a given level in the collecting tank and upon the flow of the liquid out of the tank through the drainline. The waste disintegrator is a rotatable impact knife, the drive means is a motor coupled to the knife, and the control means includes a siphon tube directing the flow of the liquid over a given level out of the tank, and pressure sensitive switching means for sensing a change in pressure in the siphon tube upon the occurrence of the flow of liquid to actuate the motor.

Abstract: A method and a system are disclosed for maintaining optimum throughput in a grinding circuit of the type in which fresh ore is fed to a rod mill and the ground ore from the rod mill, together with the ground ore from a ball mill operated in a reversed circuit, are combined in a pump box and pumped to a cluster of hydrocyclone classifiers. The rod mill is operated in open circuit but the ball mill is operated in closed circuit with the cyclone classifiers which serve to classify the mill discharge material, returning the oversize to the ball mill. The system comprises monitoring devices for sensing the cyclone classifier feed density and any one or combinations of the following conditions of the grinding circuit: (1) rod mill sound, (2) ball mill sound, (3) pump box level, and (4) cyclone overflow particle size and density.

Abstract: The pressure at the breast box which is dependent on the dehydration capacity of the stock is measured and a measurement signal obtained which is used to regulate the paper machine. The pressure can be measured from the stock in the breast box, or where the pressure on the underside of the fleece on the suction roll is dependent on the pressure in the box, the pressure on the underside of the fleece can be used to obtain the measurement signal. Various components of the machine can be regulated by the obtained signal to produce a uniform paper.

Abstract: Apparatus for crushing swarf and like materials having a circuit for controlling the operation thereof which provides for operating the crusher for selected time durations in order to insure processing of a load of material, and including means for temporarily interrupting the operating cycle in response to any of a plurality of abnormal conditions and for shutting down the crusher if the abnormal conditions are not corrected within a predetermined time interval.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for controlling pulp refiners where a feed forward algorithm compensates for the time delay in the effective action of the base refiners which are coupled to a high frequency compensating tickler refiner by a machine chest which has a significant time lag. In addition, efficiency of the control system is enhanced by providing a simple control method for a complex series parallel matrix of base refiners where the change of specific energy is easily accomplished by a distribution algorithm.