Abstract: An apparatus for checking thickness dimensions in a semiconductor wafer (1) during grinding operations includes an optical probe (3) which transmits infrared radiations on the surface (2) being machined of the wafer (1), and detects beams that are reflected by said surface, by an opposite surface (2?) of the wafer and/or by surfaces (2?, 2??) separating different layers in the wafer. The beam of emitted and reflected radiations travels along a path (4) with known and constant discontinuities, in part through the air (15) and in part through a cushion (30) of low flow liquid, which flows with substantially laminar flow. A support and positioning element (7) for the optical probe includes hydraulic ducts (22,25) that generate the liquid cushion. A method for checking the thickness dimensions includes the generation of the liquid cushion at the path along which the beam of emitted and reflected radiations travels.

Abstract: A fast switching arbitrary frequency light source for broadband spectroscopic applications. The light source may operate near 1.6 um based on sideband tuning using an electro-optic modulator driven by an arbitrary waveform generator. A Fabry-Perot filter cavity selects a single sideband of the light source. The finesse (FSR/??FWHM) of the filter cavity may be chosen to enable rapid frequency switching at rates up to 5 MHz over a frequency range of 40 GHz (1.3 cm?1). The bandwidth, speed and spectral purity are high enough for spectroscopic applications where rapid and discrete frequency scans are needed. Significant signal-to-noise advantages may be realized using the rapid and broadband scanning features of this system in many areas of spectroscopy, e.g., process monitoring and control, reaction dynamics, and remote sensing (e.g., greenhouse gas monitoring, biological/chemical agent screening).

Abstract: A method for estimating a chemical composition of a material in a borehole penetrating the earth, the method includes: placing an analysis unit into the borehole; placing a sample of the material onto an enhanced surface of the analysis unit, the enhanced surface having a feature configured to increase an electric susceptibility of the sample at an interface between the sample and the enhanced surface; illuminating the sample at the interface with a first light beam and a second light beam; measuring sum frequency light generated from the illuminating; and analyzing the sum frequency light to estimate the chemical composition of the material.

Abstract: Provided is a terahertz wave apparatus. The terahertz wave apparatus includes: a wavelength-fixed laser emitting a first laser light having a fixed first wavelength; a wavelength-swept laser emitting a second laser light having a tunable second wavelength; a coupler coupling the first laser light with the second laser light; and a generator converting a mixed light emitted from the coupler into a terahertz wave, wherein a frequency of the terahertz wave is continuously tunable.

Abstract: A method for generating a deselect mapping for a focal plane array according to one embodiment includes gathering a data set for a focal plane array when exposed to light or radiation from a first known target; analyzing the data set for determining which pixels or subpixels of the focal plane array to add to a deselect mapping; adding the pixels or subpixels to the deselect mapping based on the analysis; and storing the deselect mapping. A method for gathering data using a focal plane array according to another embodiment includes deselecting pixels or subpixels based on a deselect mapping; gathering a data set using pixels or subpixels in a focal plane array that are not deselected upon exposure thereof to light or radiation from a target of interest; and outputting the data set.

Abstract: Disclosed is an open-path optical sensor. Typically, the optical sensor directs UV radiation from a source assembly to a detector assembly along a monitoring path. The source assembly emits UV radiation corresponding to a signal channel and to a reference channel. The detector assembly detects UV radiation corresponding to the signal channel and to the reference channel. The detector assembly is in communication with a data acquisition system, which compares the intensity of the detected UV radiation corresponding to the signal channel to the intensity of the UV radiation corresponding to the reference channel.

Abstract: A method of determining a steam quality of a wet steam located in an interior of a steam turbine includes emitting from an optical probe a plurality of wavelengths through the wet steam, measuring with the optical probe a wet steam intensity corresponding to each of the plurality of wavelengths emitted through the wet steam, determining an intensity ratio vector by dividing the wet steam intensity by a corresponding dry steam intensity for each of the plurality of wavelengths, successively applying scaling factors to the intensity ratio vector to obtain a scaled intensity ratio vector, calculating a suitable value for each of the scaling factors to obtain a plurality of residuals, determining a minimum residual of the plurality of residuals, determining a droplet size distribution by calculating the droplet number density corresponding to the minimum residual, and determining the steam quality based on the droplet size distribution.

Abstract: A glass pane (1) has an inner side (6) and an outer side (5) and a detector (10) located on the inner side (6) for electromagnetic radiation which, coming from the outer side (5), passes through the glass pane (1) and can be detected by means of the detector. The glass pane (1) is a composite pane, in particular a glass pane of composite safety glass of a motor vehicle, with an inner pane (3) and an outer pane (2), which are joined to each other with the aid of a film (4) arranged between the inner pane (3) and the outer pane (2). In order also to obtain a sufficient intensity of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the glass pane (1) and detectable by the detector (10) in glass panes with a small transmission coefficient, it is proposed that the beam path of the electromagnetic radiation leading to the detector (10) penetrate only the material of the outer pane (2) and pass through the plane of the inner pane (3) in the region of a continuous hole (7).

Abstract: A system for imaging a distribution of an absorbent material within an absorbent article. The system includes a radiation source and a detector positioned such that the absorbent article is situated between the radiation source and the detector. The absorbent article includes an absorbent material having a spatial distribution within the absorbent article. Infrared radiation within a particular wavelength range (e.g., 3 ?m to 3.2 ?m) is more likely to be absorbed by the absorbent material than by other materials within the absorbent article. The radiation source is configured to generate infrared radiation incident on the absorbent article. The detector is configured to detect a quantity of the infrared radiation within the particular wavelength range that was transmitted through the absorbent article. The radiation source is further configured to generate data indicative of the spatial distribution of the absorbent material based on the detected quantity of the infrared radiation.

Abstract: Apparatus for detection of infrared radiation emitted from a taggant following excitation of the taggant sample measures the decay time of the radiation used. If the decay characteristic is accurately measured, the particular taggant can be accurately identified. The apparatus comprises an electronic controller, light-emitting diodes, a photo-detector, a first amplifier, a three-way sampling switch, filter/stores, second amplifiers and an output display. The infrared emission is excited by repeatedly illuminating the taggant for a period of microseconds every few milliseconds. When the light source is turned off, the sample continues radiating for a few milliseconds. The emission is detected by photo-detector sensitive to the 800 to 1000 nm waveband thereby rejecting interference from visible light sources.

Abstract: A method of large-scale active THz imaging using a combination of a compact high power THz source (>1 watt), an optional optical system, and a camera for the detection of reflected or transmitted THz radiation, without the need for the burdensome power source or detector cooling systems required by similar prior art such devices. With such a system, one is able to image, for example, a whole person in seconds or less, whereas at present, using low power sources and scanning techniques, it takes several minutes or even hours to image even a 1 cm×1 cm area of skin.

Abstract: A system and method for determining characteristics of a multiphase flow in a well/pipe are disclosed. The disclosed system and method use an optical immersion probe including a flow gap across which two or more types of radiation are transmitted in order to measure absorptions of two or more substances within the multiphase flow. Primarily, broadband ultraviolet (UV) and/or near infrared radiations (NIR) are utilized with the probe to gather absorption data at and/or around at least one of the water peaks and at and/or around one or more oil or oil-condensate peaks. This data may be utilized to calculate the water-cut of the multiphase flow over a wider range of gas volume fractions. Additionally, pressure ports having pressure sensors being located on the optical immersion probe for determining the impact pressures and flow rates of different phases of the multiphase flow may also be used.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tomography arrangement with a tubular measuring chamber and a monitoring facility. This monitoring facility includes at least one first video camera focusing on the measuring chamber and at least partially optically recording the same, said first video camera operating in the non-visible light wave range, in order to record moving images and an image output unit for outputting the moving images as well as a first illumination facility focusing on the measuring chamber, which, during operation, illuminates the measuring chamber in the same light wave region, in which light wave range the first video camera operates. The invention also relates to a method for monitoring persons.

Abstract: A terahertz-wave generating element includes a waveguide including an electro-optic crystal; an optical coupling member that extracts a terahertz wave, which is generated from the electro-optic crystal as a result of light propagating through the waveguide, to a space; and at least two electrodes that cause a first-order electro-optic effect in the electro-optic crystal by applying an electric field to the waveguide so as to change a propagation state of the light propagating through the waveguide. A crystal axis of the electro-optic crystal of the waveguide is set such that the terahertz wave generated by a second-order nonlinear optical process and the light propagating through the waveguide are phase-matched.

Abstract: A method that uses corrected areas integrated at two different wavelength ranges, 1402-1324 cm?1 and 735-715 cm?1. The invention uses the reduced form of FTIR spectral integration. The invention provides reliable data in the variety of applications regardless of FTIR spectral instability occurring unexpectedly, such as loading sample thickness, sample cell location changes of FTIR light source passes, volume changes during cooling procedure, existence of emulsified water, moisture building on the surface of FTIR crystals.

Abstract: An electronic device having one or more sensors is provided. The sensors may include any suitable type of sensor, including for example a proximity sensor, an ambient light sensor, or any other suitable type of sensor that emits or receives radiation (e.g., light waves) from the environment. The electronic device may include openings through which radiation may reach the sensors while keeping the sensors hidden from view. In some embodiments, the sensors may be placed underneath an opening used for an audio receiver such that radiation is piped to the sensors using a light path or a chamfered surface along the opening. In some embodiments, the sensors may be embedded in a screen such that the radiation emitted by the sensors exits the screen instead of being reflected on the screen (e.g., to provide content displays).

Abstract: A solution for analyzing characteristics of compounds and materials (e.g., chemical composition, specific quantity, thickness, etc.) via THz time domain spectrometry is disclosed. In one embodiment, a spectrometry system includes: a portable housing including: a portable power source; a laser source connected to the portable power source; a terahertz (THz) emitter located within the portable housing and optically connected to the laser source via an optical array including a rotary delay stage, the THz emitter configured to emit THz radiation directed to interact with a material sample; a detector optically connected to the optical array and configured to obtain waveform data from the interaction between the THz radiation and the material sample; and a computing device communicatively connected to the detector and configured to process the waveform data to determine a characteristic of the material sample.

Abstract: A tunable laser source that includes multiple gain elements and uses a spatial light modulator in an external cavity to produce spectrally tunable output is claimed. Several designs of the external cavity are described, targeting different performance characteristics and different manufacturing costs for the device. Compared to existing devices, the tunable laser source produces high output power, wide tuning range, fast tuning rate, and high spectral resolution.

Abstract: Two-color (two-photon) excitation with two confocal excitation beams is demonstrated with a Raman shifter as excitation light source. Two-color excitation fluorescence is obtained from Coumarin 6H dye sample (peak absorption=394 nm, peak fluorescence=490 nm) that is excited using the first two Stokes outputs (683 nm, 954 nm, two-color excitation=398 nm) of a Raman shifter pumped by a 6.5 nsec pulsed 532 nm-Nd:YAG laser (Repetition rate=10 Hz). The two Stokes pulses overlap for a few nanoseconds and two-color fluorescence is generateven with focusing objectives of low numerical apertures (NA?0.4). We observed the linear dependence of the two-color fluorescence signal with the product of the average intensities of the two Stokes excitation beams. The two-color fluorescence distribution is strongly localized around the common focus of the confocal excitation beams.

Abstract: A remote sensing system includes a first light source, a second light source, two image capturing devices and a processing unit. The first light source is configured for emitting infrared light of a first central wavelength. The second light source is configured for emitting infrared light of a second central wavelength. The two image capturing devices is configured for capturing images of the first and second light sources. The image capturing devices each includes an infrared sensitive image sensor and an infrared pass filter having two passbands for respectively allowing the infrared light of the first and second central wavelengths to pass therethrough. The processing unit is configured for analyzing the images captured by the image capturing devices thereby determining positions of the light sources relative to the image capturing devices.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating, projecting or correlating thermal spectra use digital micro-mirror devices (DMDs) to controllably modulate input radiation such as long wave infrared light. An optical system for creating an output spectrum based upon an input light suitably includes a grating configured receive the input light and to spread the input light by wavelength into an input spectrum. A digital micro-mirror device (DMD) is configured to receive the input spectrum and to controllably activate mirrors in the DMD corresponding to selected wavelengths of the input light. Portions of the input light having selected wavelengths can be extracted from remaining portions of the input light for the output spectrum.

Abstract: Infrared imaging at wavelengths longer than the silicon bandgap energy (>1100 nm) typically require expensive focal plane arrays fabricated from compound semiconductors (InSb or HgCdTe) or use of slower silicon microbolometer technology. Furthermore, these technologies are available in relatively small array sizes, whereas silicon focal plane arrays are easily available with 10 megapixels or more array size. A new technique is disclosed to up convert infrared light to wavelengths detectable by silicon focal plane arrays, or other detector technologies, thereby enabling a low-cost, high pixel count infrared imaging system.

Abstract: Apparatus for detection of infrared radiation emitted from a taggant following excitation of the taggant sample measures the decay time of the radiation used. If the decay characteristic is accurately measured, the particular taggant can be accurately identified. The apparatus comprises an electronic controller, light-emitting diodes, a photo-detector, a first amplifier, a three-way sampling switch, filter/stores, second amplifiers and an output display. The infrared emission is excited by repeatedly illuminating the taggant for a period of microseconds every few milliseconds. When the light source is turned off, the sample continues radiating for a few milliseconds. The emission is detected by photo-detector sensitive to the 800 to 1000 nm waveband thereby rejecting interference from visible light sources.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for capturing cosmic background radiation and for converting cosmic background radiation into electricity. An antenna is configured so as to capture cosmic background radiation. An electrostatic electron multiplier is connected to the antenna. A high voltage power supply is connected to the electrostatic electron multiplier whereby cosmic background radiation is converted to electricity.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a dual-beam NDIR gas sensor for detecting water vapor by obtaining a variant sensor components domain (“G0”) when there is no water vapor gas in the sample chamber, obtaining a physics measurement domain (“G”) for a set of known concentrations of the water vapor gas in the sample chamber, the known concentrations being measurable quantities exceeding zero, using G to calculate a G0i from a known concentration of water vapor in the sample chamber for each of multiple master calibration curves, and then selecting the master calibration curve with the lowest difference between its G0i and the G0 of the NDIR gas sensor as the calibration curve.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to gas leak detection. The techniques can be deployed, for example, in compact, handheld portable devices usable for detecting leaks in space-confined applications. The devices generally include a non-laser light source and thermal imaging camera that allow for detection of a target gas (or gasses) that absorbs at least some of the light source's wavelengths of operation. The light source can be implemented, for example, with an incoherent infrared (IR) light source, such as a resonance lamp configured with a gas cell containing a volume of a gas that, when excited by electric discharge, emits a wavelength that is absorbed by the target gas.

Abstract: A Scanning Time-Resolved Emission (S-TRE) microscope or system includes an optical system configured to collect light from emissions of light generated by a device under test (DUT). A scanning system is configured to permit the emissions of light to be collected from positions across the DUT in accordance with a scan pattern. A timing photodetector is configured to detect a single photon or photons of the emissions of light from the particular positions across the DUT such that the emissions of light are correlated to the positions to create a time-dependent map of the emissions of light across the DUT.

Abstract: A spectrophone assembly comprises a single detector chamber, a plurality of lasers, a gas inlet for supplying a gas sample to the single detector chamber, and at least one microphone. The detector chamber has an internal geometry arranged to be simultaneously acoustically resonant at a plurality of different resonant frequencies. Each laser operates at a different wavelength and is positioned to emit radiation into the single detector chamber, and is operable to emit radiation that is amplitude modulated at a frequency rate corresponding to a particular resonant frequency different from the resonant frequency of each other laser, simultaneously with each other laser. The microphone(s) are positioned in the single detector chamber so that each microphone is located at or near a maximum of a corresponding acoustic resonance defined by the internal geometry of the detector chamber.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to gas leak detection. The techniques can be deployed, for example, in compact, handheld portable devices usable for detecting leaks in space-confined applications. The devices generally include an unstablized laser and thermal imaging camera that allow for detection of gas that absorbs at least some of the wavelength of operation of the unstablized laser. The devices can be operated at a low-power density for safety and/or may be configured to mitigate wavelength hopping associated with unstablized laser light sources.

Abstract: Disclosed is an open-path optical sensor. Typically, the optical sensor directs UV radiation from a source assembly to a detector assembly along a monitoring path. The source assembly emits UV radiation corresponding to a signal channel and to a reference channel. The detector assembly detects UV radiation corresponding to the signal channel and to the reference channel. The detector assembly is in communication with a data acquisition system, which compares the intensity of the detected UV radiation corresponding to the signal channel to the intensity of the UV radiation corresponding to the reference channel.

Abstract: A technique and apparatus for detection of infrared radiation emitted from a taggant material sample following the excitation of the sample are described. The decay time of the radiation is a function of the particular taggant being used and so, if the decay characteristic or signature is accurately measured, the particular taggant can be accurately identified. The apparatus comprises an electronic controller (10), a pair (12) of illuminating light-emitting diodes, a photo-detector (14), a first amplifier (16), a three-way sampling switch (18), filter/stores (20)(a-c), second amplifiers (22)(a-c) and an output display (26). The infrared emission is excited by repeatedly illuminating the material for a period of microseconds every few milliseconds using a very intense source of infrared light. This light is supplied by the pair of 940 nm, light-emitting diodes (12). Once this light source has been turned off, the sample continues radiating infrared light for a few milliseconds.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to gas leak detection. The techniques can be deployed, for example, in compact, handheld portable devices usable for detecting leaks in space-confined applications. The devices generally include a non-laser light source and thermal imaging camera that allow for detection of a target gas (or gasses) that absorbs at least some of the light source's wavelengths of operation. The light source can be implemented, for example, with an incoherent infrared (IR) light source, such as a resonance lamp configured with a gas cell containing a volume of a gas that, when excited by electric discharge, emits a wavelength that is absorbed by the target gas.

Abstract: An imaging system for imaging an object, including: a support member adapted to receive the object in an immobilized state; a removable phosphor plate assembly adapted to respond to ionizing radiation by emitting visible light; first imaging means for imaging the immobilized object in a first imaging mode to capture a first image; second imaging means for imaging the immobilized object in a second imaging mode, different from the first imaging mode, to capture a second image; and third imaging means for imaging the immobilized object in a third imaging mode, different from the first and second imaging modes, to capture a third image, wherein the first imaging mode uses the phosphor plate assembly and is selected from the group: x-ray mode and low energy radio isotope mode; the second imaging mode uses the phosphor plate assembly and a high energy radio isotope mode, and the third imaging mode is selected from the group: bright-field mode, fluorescence mode and luminescence mode.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for imaging a subject animal. The method comprises the steps of treating the animal with an x-ray contrast agent and an imaging agent; supporting the animal in an immobilized state on a support member; acquiring an x-ray anatomical image of the animal; acquiring an optical, dark-field image of the animal; and registering the x-ray anatomical image and the optical image, whereby features of the optical image can be observed in relation to features of the anatomical image.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a lifetime of charge carriers that has a measuring probe and a component for directing ultraviolet radiation to a measuring position. The measuring probe also includes at least one electrode provided at a predetermined spatial relationship to the measuring position. A microwave source is adapted to direct microwave radiation to the measuring position, a microwave detector is adapted to measure an alteration of an intensity of microwave radiation reflected at the measuring position in response to the ultraviolet radiation and a semiconductor structure holder is adapted to receive a semiconductor structure and to provide an electric contact to a portion of the semiconductor structure. Additionally, a device for moving the substrate holder relative to the measuring probe is provided for positioning at least one portion of the semiconductor structure at the measuring position.

Abstract: NDIR gas sensing methodology is advanced which renders the output of an NDIR gas sensor, when implemented with this new methodology, to remain stable or drift-free over time. Furthermore, the output of such a sensor will also be independent of the temperature of an environ wherein the sensor is in physical contact. This method utilizes the same narrow band-pass spectral filter for the detection of the gas of interest for both the signal and the reference channels. By so doing, the two channels always receive radiation of the same spectral content from the infrared source of the sensor convoluted with that from any external elements exposed to the sensor. While the same sample chamber through which the gas of interest to be detected flows is shared by the two channels, the detector package for the reference channel is hermetically sealed with 100% of the gas to be detected instead of 100% N2 as for the signal detector.

Abstract: Provided is a terahertz wave apparatus. The terahertz wave apparatus includes: a wavelength-fixed laser emitting a first laser light having a fixed first wavelength; a wavelength-swept laser emitting a second laser light having a tunable second wavelength; a coupler coupling the first laser light with the second laser light; and a generator converting a mixed light emitted from the coupler into a terahertz wave, wherein a frequency of the terahertz wave is continuously tunable.

Abstract: A spectrometer includes: a lighting device (LSRC) configured to generate a light beam covering a wavelength band, a probe configured so that the light beam coming from the lighting device interacts with a fluid to be analyzed, and a spectrum analyzing device configured to receive the light beam after it has interacted with the fluid to be analyzed, and to provide light intensity measurements for various ranges of wavelengths. The lighting device includes several light-emitting components (1a-1c) emitting light in various ranges of wavelengths, and a mixing optical component (3) fixed onto the emitting surface of the light-emitting components (1a-1g), to combine the light flows emitted by the light-emitting components into a resulting light beam covering the wavelength band, and guide the resulting light flow to the probe.

Abstract: A system for imaging a distribution of an absorbent material within an absorbent article. The system includes a radiation source and a detector positioned such that the absorbent article is situated between the radiation source and the detector. The absorbent article includes an absorbent material having a spatial distribution within the absorbent article. Infrared radiation within a particular wavelength range (e.g., 3 ?m to 3.2 ?m) is more likely to be absorbed by the absorbent material than by other materials within the absorbent article. The radiation source is configured to generate infrared radiation incident on the absorbent article. The detector is configured to detect a quantity of the infrared radiation within the particular wavelength range that was transmitted through the absorbent article. The radiation source is further configured to generate data indicative of the spatial distribution of the absorbent material based on the detected quantity of the infrared radiation.

Abstract: A compact, background-free, balanced cross-correlator enables (a) the detection of a timing error between two ultrashort pulses with (sub-)femtosecond resolution and (b) the timing synchronization of ultrashort pulse lasers using the output signal of the detector to close a phase-locked loop and can therefore serve as an integral part of femtosecond timing distribution and synchronization systems.

Abstract: A system for the detection and analysis of at least one volatile substance in breath samples of a subject, including at least one source of infrared radiation adapted to the wavelength range of specific absorption peaks of said substances, a plurality of reflecting surfaces of said radiation adapted for collimation onto at least one detector providing a plurality of electrical output signals corresponding to the transmission of said radiation within wavelength intervals corresponding to said absorption peaks, at least one measuring cell including a mechanical support structure defining the position of said source, reflecting surfaces and detector, adapted to the reception and disposal of said breath sample, and exposing it to said radiation, at least one electronic signal processing unit with capacity to analyse said signals with respect to pre-programmed information concerning infrared absorption spectra of said substances.

Abstract: An inspection apparatus includes a terahertz wave detection portion, a waveform shaping portion configured to shape a first answer signal with respect to a terahertz wave by using a signal acquired in the above-described terahertz wave detection portion, a measurement condition acquisition portion configured to acquire a first measurement condition, an answer signal storage portion configured to store second answer signals corresponding to measurement conditions, a selection portion configured to select the above-described second answer signal from the above-described answer signal storage portion, and a signal processing portion configured to conduct deconvolution with respect to the above-described first answer signal on the basis of the above-described second answer signal.

Abstract: A mid infrared spectrometer comprises a high brightness broadband source that generates an output with a broad spectral range in the order of hundreds of wave numbers, a wavelength dispersive element and a detector. In one embodiment, the source comprises an array of semiconductor laser devices operating simultaneously. Each device emits light at wavelength different from the wavelengths emitted by the other devices in the array and the devices are arranged so that the combined output continuously covers the broad spectral range. In another embodiment, each of the lasers in the array is a quantum cascade laser device. In still another embodiment, the quantum cascade laser devices in the array are operated in the regime of Risken-Nummedal-Graham-Haken (RNGH) instabilities. In yet another embodiment, each of the lasers in the array is a mode-locked quantum cascade laser device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for analyzing cells in real-time which incorporates a wavelength-tunable light source/infrared ray (IR) sensor and can be used to observe and analyze the IR-related characteristics of adherent cells or non-adherent cells. The Apparatus for analyzing cells in real-time in accordance with the present invention can be used to quantify specific materials in a cell and measure the metabolism of a cell. In addition, the apparatus for analyzing cells in real-time in accordance with the present invention can be configured to have a visible light microscope coupled thereto, and in this configuration, it can be used to locate a cell of interest.

Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing, identifying or imaging an target including first and second laser beams coupled to a pair of photoconductive switches to produce CW signals in one or more bands in a range of frequencies greater than 100 GHz focused on and transmitted through or reflected from the target; and a detector for acquiring spectral information from signals received from the target and using a multi-spectral heterodyne process to generate an electrical signal representative of some characteristics of the target. The lasers are tuned to different frequencies and a frequency shifter in the path of one laser beam allows the terahertz beam to be finely adjusted in one or more selected frequency bands.

Abstract: A system and method for non-invasively inspecting one or more vessels capable of transmitting IR light containing liquid is provided, which uses a near-infrared (NIR) imaging device in combination with one or two NIR light sources, a diffuser plate, and an optical wavelength selecting means is provided for selecting one or more wavelength bands. In addition, the system may further comprise a computer processing means, a computer database containing known absorbance values, and a computer application, such that the system may compare the collected spectroscopic data to known spectroscopic data, and identify the liquid contained within the inspected vessel. The inspection method of the present invention measures a transmission or reflection image of one or more vessels being inspected at one or more narrow wavelength intervals in the NIR spectral range that corresponds to a peak absorbance wavelength of water, organic liquids, and explosive compositions.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a terahertz wave includes a dispersing section 103 for chirping the terahertz wave 104 generated from a generating section 101. A detecting section 102 detects waveform information on the terahertz wave chirped by the dispersing section 103. As a result, it is possible to acquire frequency information included in the waveform information. Therefore, it is possible to acquire spectral information including amplitude information of each frequency component and intensity information on each frequency or wavelength from the time waveform without Fourier-transforming the time waveform.

Abstract: A device for optical measuring of grains for analysis of the quality of the grains, comprises a feeder which is arranged to feed at least one grain in a direction of transport, a light source which is arranged to illuminate the grain along a line, a detector which is arranged to detect reflection from the surfaces of the grain and an analyzer which is arranged to analyze the detected reflection in order to determine a height profile of the grain along the line and to determine three-dimensional surface topographical information on the grain based on a plurality of determined height profiles as the grain is transported. The device further comprises an arrangement used in generating a two-dimensional image and the analyzer is arranged to determine a quality of the grain based on the three-dimensional surface information and the two-dimensional image of the same grain.

Abstract: An object that might be at least partially obscured is imaged. Frequency-entangled photons are generated. The frequency-entangled photons include photons having first and second frequencies. Those photons having the first frequency can pass through the obscuration and illuminate the object. Photons scattered by the object and those photons having the second frequency are used to form an image by considering coincidences in time of arrival.

Abstract: The invention relates to an infrared measuring device, especially for the spectrometry of aqueous systems. Said device comprises at least one measuring unit, especially a measuring cell, also comprising at least one ATR-body and at least one infrared light source. The measuring unit contains at least one ATR-body which comprises at least two planar, substantially parallel limiting surfaces and which is transparent with respect to measuring radiation and which has an index of refraction which is greater than that of the medium which is arranged next to at least one limiting surface and which is to be examined, especially larger or equal to 1.5. The IR-measuring radiation on at least one of the planar, parallel limiting surfaces of the ATR-body can be totally reflected in an attenuated manner by at least six times.