Abstract: An apparatus for determining axial spacing between conductive rings of a slip ring assembly includes a signal generator that generates an incident signal, a plurality of conductive rings axially spaced along a shaft where the plurality of conductive rings includes a first conductive ring and a second conductive ring that are axially spaced at a first axial distance. The shaft and the plurality of conductive rings are submerged in a bath of a liquid or encased in an epoxy. A first twisted wire pair is electronically coupled at to the signal generator and to inputs of the first and second conductive rings. A second twisted wire pair is electronically coupled at one end to outputs of the first and second conductive rings. A method for determining axial spacing between conductive rings of a slip ring assembly is also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrostatic precipitator may have a set of collector electrodes and a set of repelling electrodes. The conductive portions of the collector electrodes and/or the repelling may be arranged in segments. The segments may have differing electrical properties or may be electrically isolated to facilitate differing potentials along an airflow path. The differing potentials results in differing electric field strengths along the airflow path.

Abstract: A method for producing steam while concurrently reducing emissions. The method includes combusting fuel and an oxidant stream having a high concentration of oxygen in a combustion zone having multiple combustion chambers and heat exchangers to produce a flue gas. The flue gas is subsequently cleaned in a dry flue gas cleaning chamber by contacting it with a dry adsorbent. In one embodiment, the method advantageously regenerates the dry adsorbent so that the dry adsorbent can be subsequently recycled back into the dry gas flue chamber.

Abstract: A submersible liquid-vapor generator (LVG) includes an evaporator portion in heat transfer communication with a heat energy source. The LVG also includes a magnetic field apparatus coupled in flow communication with the evaporator portion. The LVG further includes a condenser portion coupled in flow communication with the magnetic field apparatus. The LVG also includes a hybrid working fluid including nanoparticles. The evaporator portion, the magnetic field portion, and the condenser portion at least partially define a hybrid working vapor flow path. The LVG further includes an electrically non-conductive wick structure coupled in flow communication with the evaporator portion and the condenser portion. The wick structure at least partially defines a hybrid working liquid flow path extending between the condenser portion and the evaporator portion.

Abstract: A linear motor includes a case, a magnet assembly and a coil assembly. The case is disposed along a first direction. The magnet assembly includes at least two first magnets, among which the first magnets are disposed corresponding to and between two first magnetic yokes, respectively. The coil assembly includes a winding coil having an exposed portion, among which the exposed portion is extended along a second direction and disposed between the two first magnetic yokes, and the exposed portion is at least partially overlapped with the two first magnets in a third direction. As a result, the coil assembly and the case are driven to reciprocate along the first direction by the winding coil due to the magnetic force, thereby solving the magnetic disturbing issue, enhancing the driving force of the linear motor, and optimizing the mechanical rigidity.

Abstract: A heat engine that utilizes a controllable heat source that includes a body comprising a dopant that has an affinity for a fuel species, preferably a hydrogen isotope. The production of heat by the heat source can be modulated by the application of electric and/or magnetic fields to the body. The hear engine includes safety features that prevent excessive heat generation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for storing energy using an electrically charged gas. The method includes the steps of compressing the electrically charged gas in a compression chamber using external force to generate compressed charged gas; storing the compressed charged gas received from the compression chamber in a containment chamber; transferring a portion of compressed charged gas into the energy recovery unit at high pressure; and expanding the compressed electrically charged gas to regenerate energy in the energy recovery unit.

Abstract: The present application provides a reactor for: converting feedstock material into gases; or disassociating or reforming a chemical compound; and/a a mixture to its constituent elements; and/to other chemical forms, and; finally a heating device. The reactor comprises a heating device for discharging an ionized gas into the reactor, a feedstock feeder for injecting the feedstock material into the reactor, and a shell forming a chamber that encloses a portion of the heating device and a portion of the feedstock feeder. The application also provides a method for converting hydrocarbon material into synthetic gases. The method comprises: providing the hydrocarbon material to a burner inserted into a reactor, a second step of supplying ionized gases into the reactor, and a third step of subjecting the burner to a flame of the ionized gases such that molecules of the hydrocarbon material are dissociated to forming synthetic gas.

Abstract: Particulated structures and their method of manufacture for use in an electrical generator employing gas-mediated charge transfer are disclosed. The structures comprise a multiplicity of particles which contain voids between first and second opposing surfaces of said particles. At least a portion of said opposing surfaces are modified such that the charge transferability of said first opposing surfaces differs from the charge transferability of said second opposing surfaces.

Abstract: A ferrofluid electric motor and methods are presented. A magnetic field is generated by an electromagnet, a flow of a ferrofluid is induced in response to the magnetic field, and a turbine is rotated by the flow of the ferrofluid.

Abstract: A method for measuring the resistivity of geologic formations is described. An electromagnetic field may be generated using at least one stationary long-range transmitter. The frequency of the electromagnetic field may be between and/or including the ULF/ELF range. At least one component of the electromagnetic field may be measured by land, marine, submarine, and/or airborne receiver. A conductivity distribution may be determined based on the at least one measured component. The determined conductivity distribution may be correlated with geological formations and/or hydrocarbon deposits.

Abstract: A reactor cooling system for cooling a nuclear reactor using nitrogen comprising a refrigeration unit for cooling and compressing nitrogen gas into liquid nitrogen, a liquids storage tank to store liquid nitrogen, the tank in fluid communication with the refrigeration unit, a heat exchanger drop system in fluid communication with the liquids storage tank, adjacent to the nuclear reactor, wherein the nitrogen absorbs heat by becoming gaseous, a tank for receiving and holding nitrogen gas in fluid communication with the heat exchanger and in fluid communication with the refrigeration unit, and where the system is a closed-loop drop system.

Abstract: A method of operating a Coriolis mass flowmeter in which common or even great forces for oscillation excitation can be guaranteed, and at the same time, with which the risk of flashover is reduced in explosion-proof surroundings is implemented using an actuator assembly (4) that has at least a first conductor (11) with windings (12) and at least a second conductor (13) with windings (14), the windings of the conductors being arranged parallel to one another and insulated from one another at least in the area of their windings (12, 14), in which the first conductor and the second conductor are supplied with current that is at least temporarily in the same direction in the operating state, and a common magnetic field is created in which partial magnetic fields of the conductors are structurally superimposed.

Abstract: A downhole salinity measurement and logging sensor system has multiple cells, each to measure conductivity, temperature and pressure of fluids at depths of interest in a wellbore. The multiple cells protect against effects of non-homogeneous wellbore fluids. The system also determines salinity of the liquid in the wellbore from conductance measurements, and stores the salinity data along with the temperature and pressure readings from the well. The sensors of conductivity, temperature and pressure are made using micro-fabrication technologies, and the system is packaged to comply with harsh downhole environments. The system may be deployed in the well with coiled tubing (CT), wireline or vehicles with a robotic system. The system can be deployed with an onboard memory, or with wireline surface access for real time access to measurement data or programming the device.

Abstract: A method for the isotopic separation of at least two different isotopes of a body in gaseous form by: (a) converting into the form of a gas (SF6, UF6 or MoF6) the body of interest containing the sought isotope; (b) creating a flow of said gas at supersonic speed, of the laminar or slightly turbulent type; (c) exciting the molecules by laser; (d) inhibiting, by means of a laser, the nucleation of one of the isotopologs, thus forming less massive aggregates of said isotopolog than the aggregates formed by the molecules of the other isotopolog; (e) ionizing the molecules and aggregates of said gas; (f) submitting the ionized molecules and aggregates of molecules to an electromagnetic field to make the ionized molecules and aggregates of one of the isotopologs migrate towards the outside of the flow; and (g) retrieving the part of the gas flow with the highest concentration in the sought isotope.

Abstract: An electric current-spin current conversion device according to the invention performs conversion between electric current and spin current utilizing the spin Hall effect or the inverse spin Hall effect of a 5d transition metal. A spin accumulation apparatus according to the invention includes a non-magnetic body in which injected spins are accumulated and an injection unit that injects spins into the non-magnetic body, wherein said injection unit comprises said electric current-spin current conversion device provided on said non-magnetic body, and an electric power source that supplies an electric current to said electric current-spin current conversion device in such a way that a spin current flowing toward said non-magnetic body is generated by the spin Hall effect.

Abstract: An embodiment uses liquid nitrogen, the densest and highly transportable form of nitrogen, and the cold nitrogen gas it produces when released from its container, for emergency cooling of fuel rods and nuclear reaction chambers.

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally directed to a method, system and an apparatus that includes a hollow canister including a top portion and a bottom portion, the top portion including a top opening and the bottom portion including a bottom opening. The hollow canister additional includes an inner compartment within the hollow canister, the inner compartment being porous to allow fluid transfer across the inner compartment, a neutral buoyancy device, a variable buoyancy device, and a thermoelectric module lining an inner portion of the hollow canister. The thermoelectric module generates electricity based on a temperature difference of between an interior temperature the hollow canister and an exterior temperature on a periphery of the hollow canister.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a system for receiving wireless power includes a magnetic core and a plurality of layers of electrical conductors wrapped around the magnetic core. Each electrical conductor includes a first endpoint and a second endpoint; the first endpoint and the second endpoint are electrically connected to a circuit to provide power thereto, and two of the electrical conductors are electrically insulated from each other between the first endpoint and the second endpoint.

Abstract: A system and methods for magnetically managing combustion are presented. Fuel is injected into a magnetic field at least partially enclosed in a combustion chamber, and a combustion region comprising electrically conductive species is produced by combusting the fuel. The combustion region is magnetically controlled using the magnetic field operating on the electrically conductive species.

Abstract: A process for producing NO gas from a feed flow of air or oxygen enriched air, by means of moving an electric arc through the air flow by using a magnetic field and AC or DC currents, in a reactor, wherein a pressure lower than 1 bar is applied, wherein the temperature in the exited arc is adjusted to be within the range of 3000 to 5000 Kelvin, and wherein the air flow is quenched by applying a spray of fine water droplets upstream or just downstream the arc, excess air feed or bypassed air to obtain a stable NO-containing plasma having a temperature below 2000 Kelvin.

Abstract: Disclosed is a high-power, fully-superconducting electric machine and major subcomponents including a dual (twin) superconducting, counter rotating, sub-scale bypass fan machine, 13-stage switched reluctance turbo-motor, electric compressor, annular ion-plasma combustor with electromagnetic electrodes, and a five stage superconducting counter-rotating turbine power generation machine which is capable of developing 2.5 MW per stage.

Abstract: A method for controlling the pressure and/or the flow rate of a fluid includes withdrawing flow energy from a fluid flowing through a pipeline (15). This energy is converted at least partially into electrical energy and used for the electrical control (65) of the flow rate and/or the pressure of a fluid. The device for controlling the flow rate and/or pressure of a fluid in a pipeline (20) has at least one electric generator (35), which is developed for the withdrawal of flow energy from a flowing fluid and for converting this energy at least partially into electrical energy. The device has a control mechanism (65) for controlling the flow rate and/or pressure of a fluid in a pipeline (20) with an electric driving mechanism supplied by the generator (35).

Abstract: A plasma interaction simulator is presented. The simulator magnetically induces multiple distinct flows of plasma within a physical plasma vessel. The plasma flows collide with each other at flow interaction boundaries where discontinuities arising due to differences between the flows give rise to interactions. Sensors can be incorporated into the plasma simulator to observe and collect data about the plasma flow interactions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a multistage magnetic fluid sealing apparatus for superconducting rotating machines. According to the present invention, the magnetic fluid sealing apparatus, which is provided with a first magnetic fluid chamber and a second magnetic fluid chamber that are arranged in a multi-stage manner so as to contain a magnetic fluid capable of sealing the inner portion of a superconducting rotating machines, is installed on one surface of the superconducting rotating machines. The free magnetic fluid sealing apparatus of the invention configured to have a dual structure enables two to three fluid lines to be installed in the superconducting rotating machines.

Abstract: An electro-hydrodynamic system that extracts energy from a gas stream, which includes an injector that injects a first species of particles having the same polarity into the gas stream, wherein particle movement with the gas stream is opposed by a first electric field; an electric field generator that generates a second electric field opposing the first, such that the net electric field at a predetermined distance downstream from the injector is approximately zero; an upstream collector that collects a second species of particles having a polarity opposite the first particle species; a downstream collector that collects the charged particle; and a load coupled between the downstream collector and the upstream collector, wherein the load converts the kinetic energy of the gas stream into electric power.

Abstract: A magnetohydrodynamic energy conversion device with an electrically conductive working fluid flowing through a conduit in a magnetic field has permanent magnets aligned for maximum field density for inducing an electric current in the fluid and a multistage cooling system for cryogenically cooling the magnets whereby heat is removed from the device at successive cooling stages having respective different coolants, e.g., water, liquid nitrogen and liquid helium, to maintain the magnets at temperatures low enough to produce high tesla magnetic flux densities in the presence of a high temperature working fluid.

Abstract: The XCL Power Producer works by moving molecules to said bodies and continues to move at uniform velocities acted upon vacuum pressures by force, which creates an acceleration of energy production. Produces 45,000 volts @ 300 amps every 4 minutes for a 14 year cycle, continually, as a main power source or back-up system. Clean, renewable, nonradioactive energy with zero emissions and few moving parts, installed at reduced footprints. This innovation of molecular energy has a capacitor, diploid magnetron technology, oscillator and photo cell, producing sign waves typically higher than alternating current technologies today, allowing the power to travel up to 1,891 miles. Due to its conservative use of oil and methane hydrate crystalline, it produces more energy at longer intervals, reducing costs of manufacturing, production, and consumption.

Abstract: A system and method for generating power, comprises providing a fuel stream and an oxygen stream to a magnetohydrodynamic generator so as to generate electric power and a first exhaust stream comprising CO2 and water; and providing the first exhaust stream to an expansion generator so as to generate electric power and a second exhaust stream comprising CO2 and water at a lower temperature and pressure than the first exhaust steam. The system and method may include the step of separating air upstream of the magnetohydrodynamic generator so as to generate the oxygen stream and may include the step of condensing the second exhaust stream so as to generate water and a wet CO2 stream. The wet CO2 stream may be condensed so as to generate water and a dry CO2 stream, which may be stored underground.

Abstract: A chaotic vibration energy harvester includes a body forming a fluid chamber. At least one coil surrounds at least a portion of the fluid chamber. A ferromagnetic fluid is located within the fluid chamber. The ferromagnetic fluid occupies less than an entirety of the fluid chamber such that the ferromagnetic fluid forms a free floating mass that moves within the fluid chamber relative to the at least one coil. Movement of the body causes movement of the mass of ferromagnetic fluid relative to the at least one coil, which changes magnetic flux within a volume surrounded by the at least one coil and induces a current in the at least one coil.

Abstract: A combined magnetohydrodynamic and electrochemical method for namely electric power generation through a hydrogen-oxygen fusion in a hydrogen fuel cell uses an electrolytic process of decomposing water to hydrogen and oxygen in a spiral magnetic electrolyser under the surface of a water environment, where the dynamization of the water environment in the water supply system of the spiral magnetic electrolyser is induced by negative pressure resulting from water being decomposed at the outlet of the spiral magnetic electrolyser. A combined magnetohydrodynamic and electrochemical facility for namely electric power generation comprising a hydrogen fuel cell including at least one spiral magnetic electrolyser (1), with its inlet (2) submerged under the surface of a water environment (3). Connected to the outlet (4) of such positioned spiral magnetic electrolyser (1) is a gas separator (5) separating produced hydrogen from oxygen and at least one hydrogen fuel cell (6) with an outlet for water (7).

Abstract: A section of riser casing urges drilling mud through the riser, either upward from the sea floor to reduce head pressure or downward toward the wellbore. The section of riser casing may use an electromagnet, two or more electrodes, or a combination of electromagnets and electrodes to urge drilling mud having electrohydrodynamic properties through the riser casing.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating electricity are disclosed. A ferroliquid having magnetic dipoles is confined in a conduit which is endless and can have a spiral configuration. The conduit has an electric coil wrapped around it. A temperature difference and a first magnetic field are applied to the liquid, thereby both moving and aligning the dipoles of the ferroliquid. The aligned dipoles create a second magnetic field which interacts with the coil to generate an emf therein.

Abstract: A closed-cycle system and method of electrical power generation uses steam to transport charge carriers through an MHD generator. Water droplets, fine particles or mixtures thereof are used as the charge carriers. The fine particles are sufficiently small to allow the particles to pass through pumps and other equipment in the flow path with little or no damage, thereby eliminating the need to remove and re-inject a seed material, or treat it prior to discharge to the environment. The high operating temperatures of prior art MHD generators are avoided, thereby allowing more economical and readily available materials to be used. The system and method also allows the MHD generator to be used as the bottoming cycle in a single-loop power generation system, with a conventional steam turbine-generator used as the topping cycle, resulting in an increased heat rate with reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants, and with reduced heat rejection to the environment per unit of electricity produced.

Abstract: A system for electro-hydrodynamically extracting energy from wind includes an upstream collector that is biased at an electric potential and induces an electric field. An injector introduces a particle into the electric field. The wind drag on the particle is at least partially opposed by a force of the electric field on the particle. A sensor monitors an ambient atmospheric condition, and a controller changes a parameter of the injector in response to a change in the atmospheric condition.

Abstract: Provided are magnetohydrodynamic stirrers comprising a conduit or cavity having at least two electrodes disposed in such an orientation that, upon the application of a potential or current across the electrode pair within a magnetic field, secondary flows such as chaotic advection is generated.

Abstract: A microelectrical mechanical system (MEMS) microgenerator cell and array is disclosed. The MEMS microgenerator cell of the present invention is effective in the conversion of thermal energy to electrical energy. In accordance with the present invention, an explosive material is loaded into a chamber. A diaphragm seals the chamber, containing a plasma material. The explosive material is subsequently heated to its ignition temperature thereby raising the pressure in the chamber until the diaphragm ruptures. The rupture of the diaphragm results in the flow of plasma out of the chamber. Upon exiting the chamber, the plasma is forced to flow between two parallel rectangular electrodes. A magnetic field is applied in a direction orthogonal to both the plasma flow and the electrodes, thereby generating an electromagnetic field sufficient to a power source for MEMS devices.

Abstract: An energy harvesting system for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy uses an electrostatic arrangement based upon the interaction between conductive microfluidic droplets and dielectric-coated electrodes in combination with an electromagnetic arrangement based upon the interaction between magnetic elements and coils, with the two arrangements disposed in an interleaved configuration that provides a degree of synergy to the overall system in the form of providing spacings between adjacent elements and providing a bias voltage source for the electrostatic arrangement from the energy created by the electromagnetic arrangement.

Abstract: A device for converting thermal energy to electrical energy by moving magnetised ferrofluid or magnetic nanoparticle fluid through a specially-shaped hermetically sealed conduit coiled with insulated conducting wires. The moving fluid creates a changing magnetic flux through the coils. Usable current is generated in the induction circuit. The conduit carrying the magnetic fluid is coiled in a special shape around a shaped magnet or magnet assembly with plates. Convection currents occur in the fluid.

Abstract: Supersonic Magnetic Advanced Generation Jet Electric Turbine (S-MAGJET) described herein, and a subsonic derivative, MAGJET, integrate a gas power turbine, superconducting electric power and propulsion generation, and magnetic power flux field systems along with an ion plasma annular injection combustor which utilizes alternative petroleum-based fuel and combustion cycles to create a hybrid turbine turbomachine for aerospace propulsion. The propulsion unit is able to achieve a dramatic increase in horsepower, combustion and propulsion efficiency, and weight reduction. In addition, the turbomachinery structures may be disposed within an exo-skeleton architecture that achieves an increase in thrust to weight ratio with a concomitant increase in fuel efficiency and power generation over traditional gas turbine technology today. The engine continuously adjusts the temperature, pressure and mass airflow requirements using an electromagnetic power management system architecture.

Abstract: An actuator includes a fixed including a substrate, electrodes disposed on a surface of the substrate, and an insulating layer disposed on the surface of the substrate to cover the electrodes. The actuator includes an electrically conductive, liquid member disposed on and contacting a surface of the insulating layer, a movable body contacting the liquid member, a retaining device configured to adhere the liquid member to the movable body, a device configured to apply potential to each of the electrodes, and a controller configured to control the device.

Abstract: A magneto-plasma-dynamic (MPD) generator, comprising: a conveying duct shaped for conveying a high velocity, conductive fluid; a magnetic field generator arranged to generate a magnetic field across the conveying duct, substantially perpendicular to the direction of travel of the fluid, such that the fluid passes through the magnetic field (2) when conveyed by the duct; electrodes provided in the conveying duct to conduct a current induced in the fluid as it is conveyed by the conveying duct through the magnetic field; and an electrode supplying mechanism configured to supply a conductive liquid for replenishing the electrodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a gaseous fossil fuel fired, indirectly heated, Brayton closed cycle comprising an alkali metal seeded noble gases that is rendered non-equilibrium, electrically conducting in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electric power generator with zero emissions from the combustion products, including physical separation and sequestration of the carbon dioxide (CO2) what is emitted from the fossil fuel, with said cycle combined with a Rankine steam turbine bottoming cycle to compress the noble gas, while another optional new or existing Rankine steam cycle is placed in parallel and separate from the MHD cycle, and it is fired by the solid char remaining if the MHD cycle is fired with the devolatilized coal, and/or with solid coal culm, and/or unburned carbon in coal power plant waste ash, in order to achieve high efficiency at low capital, low operating, and low fuel costs.

Abstract: An electrochemically driveable actuator according to one embodiment includes a nanoporous carbon aerogel composition capable of exhibiting charge-induced reversible strain when wetted by an electrolyte and a voltage is applied thereto. An electrochemically driven actuator according to another embodiment includes a nanoporous carbon aerogel composition wetted by an electrolyte; and a mechanism for causing charge-induced reversible strain of the composition. A method for electrochemically actuating an object according to one embodiment includes causing charge-induced reversible strain of a nanoporous carbon aerogel composition wetted with an electrolyte to actuate the object by the strain.

Abstract: The present invention is a magnetic pump assembly for integration with a mechanically flexible thermal spreader. The assembly may include a casing which may be connectable to a mechanically flexible substrate of the thermal spreader. The assembly may further include a plurality of magnets which may be integrated with and enclosed by the casing. The magnets may be suitable for applying a magnetic field to an electrically-conductive liquid, and may be implemented in combination with electrodes, which may be integrated with the substrate and may be suitable for generating an electrical current flow through the liquid. The magnets and electrodes may combine to provide a pumping force for circulating the liquid within an internal channel of an electrically-conductive cooling loop of the substrate. The assembly may further include a thermally-conductive rigid metal insert integrated with the casing. The assembly may promote local thermal conductivity of the thermal spreader.

Abstract: A magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) generator has a conveying duct shaped for conveying a high velocity, conductive fluid; a magnetic field generator arranged to generate a magnetic field across the conveying duct, substantially perpendicular to the direction of travel of the fluid, such that the fluid passes through the magnetic field when conveyed by the duct; electrodes arranged to conduct a current induced in the fluid as it is conveyed by the conveying duct through the magnetic field; and a fluid break-down circuit arranged to electrically break-down the fluid by developing an additional voltage across the electrodes.

Abstract: A standard 4-pole electric motor stator with capacitive plates in-line with the magnetic poles, but electrically 90° out of phase, produces two Lorentz force geometries 90° out of phase with each other (i.e., vertical, horizontal). An alternating source electrically rotates this pair of Lorentz geometries producing a propagating electromagnetic wave at the source frequency within the vacant internal cavity. Any charged particle within the cavity and along its axis will be accelerated or decelerated from an initial velocity via the Lorentz force. The rotating geometry provides for the coupling of the Lorentz force through a current loop and diamagnetism, providing acceleration and deceleration of non-charged particles. The force coupling is dependent upon the material's electromagnetic properties, the frequencies generated by the capacitive stator, and the velocity of the particles within the capacitive stator's influence.

Abstract: A process for gasifying hydrocarbon-containing materials and separating the resultant stream into hydrogen gas and other useful products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a micro generator system which uses temperature difference (about 5˜10° C.) between skin and outside environment to allow an engine to drive microfluid flow as well as pass nanomagnetic particles within microfluid through coli to produce an inducing electricity.

Abstract: A magnetohydrodynamic energy conversion device with an electrically conductive working fluid flowing through a conduit in a magnetic field has permanent magnets aligned for maximum field density for inducing an electric current in the fluid and a multistage cooling system for cryogenically cooling the magnets whereby heat is removed from the device at successive cooling stages having respective different coolants, e.g., water, liquid nitrogen and liquid helium, to maintain the magnets at temperatures low enough to produce high tesla magnetic flux densities in the presence of a high temperature working fluid.