Abstract: Subject matter disclosed herein may relate to energy harvesting piezoelectric modules as may be used, for example, in power supplies for tire pressure monitoring systems.

Abstract: A resonance frequency vibration power harvester comprises an elongate body, a first vibration energy harvester device and a weight. The elongate body includes a first end, a second end and an interior channel extending through at least a portion of the elongate body between the first end and the second end. The second end of the elongate body is for connecting to a vibration source such that the first end is cantilevered. The first vibration energy harvester device is attached adjacent the first end of the elongate body, and the weight is joined to the interior channel to adjust a resonant frequency of the elongate body.

Abstract: An energy harvesting apparatus and method. In one form the apparatus makes use of a pair of flexible beams that are supported at first ends thereof from a base. Second ends of each of the beams are operatively coupled to rigid links. The rigid links are in turn operatively coupled to a mass component that is free to move linearly in a path generally parallel to the longitudinal axes of the flexible beams. Movement of the mass component in response to vibration forces causes a twisting moment to be applied at the second end of each flexible beam. This causes a uniform flexing of each of the flexible beams. A piezoceramic material layer on each beam generates electrical signals in response to the flexing motion of the beam.

Abstract: A micro-electromechanical package includes a casing and a microelectronic circuit. At least one portion of the casing includes a piezoelectric material arranged such that, in use, dynamically changing mechanical strain in the at least one portion produces an electrical charge usable as a power source by the microelectronic circuit.

Abstract: The invention describes a sensor comprising an element package 2 including piezoelectric elements with an upper area 6 and a lower area 7. A preload sleeve 3 surrounds the said upper area 6 of the said element package 2, while an insulation sleeve 1 sits between the upper area 6 of the said element package 2 and the said preload sleeve 3. An outer housing 4 partially or fully surrounds the said preload sleeve 3 and the lower area 7 of the said element package 2. An insulation part 5 sits between the said lower area 7 of the element package 2 and the said outer housing 4, whereas the said upper area 6 of the said element package 2, the said insulation sleeve 1 and the said preload sleeve 3 have conical shapes and have conforming surfaces. Due to the conical size of the insulation sleeve 1, the load during a shock measurement is distributed on a larger surface area resulting in a reduced compression of the said insulation sleeve. Thereby, the maximum range of the sensor is increased.

Abstract: A power generator includes a first terminal; a second terminal surrounding the first terminal; piezoelectric elements disposed radially around the terminals, one end of each element being connected to the terminals; and masses connected to the other ends of the elements.

Abstract: A driving device, comprises: an electro-mechanical conversion element enabled to expand and contract in response to input of an electrical signal; and a frictional member that is frictionally-engaged with the electro-mechanical conversion element and that is mounted on the electro-mechanical conversion element movably along a longitudinal direction of the electro-mechanical conversion element.

Abstract: A telemetry unit (100) is provided for mounting inside a pneumatic tyre. The unit (100) includes a piezoelectric power generator for supplying power to the unit (100). A piezoelectric element (114) is supported in a housing (112) with an actuator 136 arranged for contact with the element (114), to deflect the element (114) in response to external forces acting on the actuator (136) during rotation of the tire. For every rotation of the tire, cyclic pulses of electrical charge are generated by the deflection of the element (114). The charge is stored and utilized under a power consumption protocol to operate pressure and temperature sensors and to transmit data from the unit (100). The telemetry circuitry is mounted for movement with the actuator (136) and therefore contributes to the actuating mass acting on the element (114).

Abstract: Provided are an electric power generating apparatus for a movement type equipment and a self-generation system having the same. The electric power generating apparatus for a movement type equipment includes: a piezoelectric beam having an end fixed to a movement type equipment and other end with a mass; and a rectifier unit for rectifying and storing electric energy generated due to deformation of the piezoelectric beam. The self-generation system includes: a movement type equipment; and an electric power generating apparatus for a movement type equipment including a piezoelectric beam having an end fixed to a movement type equipment and other end with a mass, and a rectifier unit for rectifying and storing electric energy generated due to deformation of the piezoelectric beam.

Abstract: It relates to a vibration sensor arrangement (1).

Abstract: A challenge to be met by the present invention is to provide a vibration detection sensor which can be applied to various instruments or fields requiring accurate detection and measurement of vibration. A vibration detection sensor (100) has a substrate (2), and a cable-shaped piezoelectric element (1) connected directly to at least one end of the substrate. The cable-shaped piezoelectric element (1) has along a radial direction thereof a core electrode (3), a piezoelectric member (5) disposed around the core electrode, an outer electrode (7) disposed around the piezoelectric member, and a sheathing layer (9) disposed around the outer electrode.

Abstract: A driving apparatus comprises: an electromechanical conversion element that expands and contracts in an extending direction of a given fiducial line; a driving shaft mounted on one end of the electromechanical conversion element in the extending direction; a driven member frictionally engaged with the driving shaft; a holder that supports the electromechanical conversion element from lateral sides with respect to extending direction; and an urging member that urges the electromechanical conversion element in the extending direction.

Abstract: A driving device includes an electro-mechanical transducer having first and second end portions opposite to each other in an expansion/contraction direction, a stationary member coupled to the first end portion of the electro-mechanical transducer, a vibration friction portion coupled to the second end portion of the electro-mechanical transducer, and a rod-shaped moving portion frictionally coupled to the vibration friction portion, whereby moving the moving portion in the expansion/contraction direction of the electro-mechanical transducer. The vibration friction portion is made of a material having a vibration transfer rate of 4900 meters/second or more. The moving portion is made of a material which has a vibration transfer rate of 4900 meters/second or more and which is different from that of the vibration friction portion.

Abstract: An entrapment detecting system includes a detection portion provided at an opening/closing apparatus for detecting an acceleration thereof on the basis of an output from a piezoelectric sensor for outputting a voltage corresponding to the acceleration and a control portion for judging whether or not an object is entrapped by the opening/closing apparatus on the basis of a detected result of the detection portion. The detection portion includes a current control portion connected to the control portion in series as a closed circuit whereby electricity is supplied from the control portion to the current control portion. The current control portion changes a consumed current of the detection portion on the basis of the output from the piezoelectric sensor. The control portion judges whether or not the object is entrapped on the basis of the consumed current of the detection portion changed by the current control portion.

Abstract: A piezoelectric drive device has a piezoelectric actuator that has a vibrator with a piezoelectric element, and a rotor that is rotated by the vibrator, an elastic device that can store the rotational energy of the rotor as elastic energy, and a driven body that is rotated by the elastic energy stored by the elastic device.

Abstract: A piezoelectric transducer that excites longitudinal vibration has a piezoelectric element, and a reinforcing member that is laminated with and affixed to the piezoelectric element and has a first void part. The first void part includes the center part of a location where strain produced by longitudinal vibration in the piezoelectric transducer or the reinforcing member or piezoelectric element is greatest.

Abstract: A linear drive for driving a moveably mounted object comprises at least one piezoelectric actuator that can be driven by a control device. The piezoelectric actuator has a piezoelectric element held by a holding body and a transducer coupled to said element. A mechanical frictional engagement is embodied for transmitting a driving force between the transducer and the object requiring to be moved. The control device controls the piezoelectric actuator in such a way that, exploiting the mass inertia of the object, the object will be moved compliantly by the transducer during an excursion of the piezoelectric element in the direction of motion and, in the opposite direction, the transducer will slide across the object. A simple and economic linear drive is realized in that way. The transducer is coupled purely passively by the frictional engagement. It is not necessary to provide an additional device for coupling.

Abstract: The method manufactures a liquid ejection head comprising: a plurality of nozzles which eject liquid; a plurality of pressure chambers which are connected to the nozzles, respectively; a diaphragm which forms wall faces of the pressure chambers; and piezoelectric elements which are disposed on the diaphragm at positions corresponding to the pressure chambers and each are formed of at least a piezoelectric material and electrodes overlapping each other.

Abstract: A linear actuator using a metal beam-type piezoelectric material, and an apparatus and a method for actuating the same. The piezoelectric actuator includes: a moving member having a predetermined length and moving in a forward or a backward direction; and a piezoelectric portion contacting the moving member and moving the moving member linearly using a vibration generated when a piezoelectric element contracts or expands in response to an electrical signal.

Abstract: The present subject matter discloses apparatus and methodologies for fabricating apparatus for harvesting power from environmentally induced vibrations. Piezoelectric devices and structures (1600) are disclosed that employ constant force spring or flexure arrangements (1512) in balanced opposition configurations (1510, 1534) to enhance the power harvesting capabilities of the piezoelectric devices (1600). Power harvesting devices and systems in accordance with the subject technology may concurrently operate as sensors in motion sensitive applications thus providing self-powered monitoring capabilities.

Abstract: A method for generating power from acceleration of a device is provided. The method including: applying a force to a piezoelectric member due to the acceleration; and sustaining a strain in the piezoelectric member resulting from the applied force so as to increase a time of power output from the piezoelectric member. The device can be a munition.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to sensors that use wide band gap piezoelectric films such as aluminum nitride and zinc oxide. The films can be deposited with chemical and physical methods and etched or micro machined into miniature and micro sensing elements. Various piezoelectric sensing structures such as compression mode and cantilever-type accelerometers, diaphragm-type pressure sensors, and micro sensor arrays can be manufactured with the sensing elements. They can be used in the measurements of vibration, shock, dynamic pressure, stress, and high resolution ultrasound non-destructive test at high temperature up to 800-1000° C.

Abstract: Devices employing electroactive polymer actuators are disclosed. The devices include pumps, valves, cameras (where electroactive polymer actuators control either one or both of zoom and focus), vibrators (for inclusion in cell phones, game console controls, etc.) and audio speakers. These devices advantageously incorporate the actuator configurations described. The devices generally incorporate a diaphragm-type actuation having a central section of material that is less flexible than adjacent material.

Abstract: A ring-shaped percussion transducer for converting a striking impact into a representative electrical pulse triggering signal is suitable for mounting on the center axis of a percussion instrument. In a preferred embodiment, the transducer is formed of a piezo electric material of ring shape; protected on the top and bottom by thinner ring shaped washers; enclosed in a protective coating and mounted along the center axis of a percussion device which when struck transmits vibrations to the percussion transducer. The percussion transducer is connected to conventional downstream electronics so as to produce a sound responsive to the striking impact.

Abstract: The piezoelectric element of an engine knock sensor is held between upper and lower ring-shaped bases by two identical clips that extend through the piezoelectric element and engage each base. Each clip has a ring-shaped flange engaging a groove circumscribing the inner wall of one of the bases, with the flanges of the clips engaging opposite bases. Also, each clip has three legs that engage a groove in the opposite base. Each clip leg is disposed between two legs of the other clip.

Abstract: An acceleration sensor includes a weight and a vibrator that supports the weight at its center of gravity. When acceleration is applied to the weight, stress equivalent to the applied acceleration is generated in the vibrator. As the vibrator is arranged to support the weight at its center of gravity, a characteristic relationship is observed between the acceleration, such as angular acceleration or translational acceleration, and the size of electric charges and the polarity. By taking advantage of this relationship, different types of acceleration can be easily detected.

Abstract: An electronic tone generation system including a plurality of separate, portable, handheld transmitters, or batons, that are provided as “instruments” to one or more players. Each baton can be activated to send a signal, preferably a wireless signal, to a single receiver which produces an output signal fed to a tone generator, preferably a MIDI tone generator, which produces audible sounds via an amplifier and speakers. For example, the batons can correspond to different musical notes as played by a selected musical instrument and the batons can be played in concert to produce a musical or other audible presentation. Alternatively, selected batons can be designated to play in one voice, while others batons are set to play other voices.

Abstract: Disclosed is a small-sized vibration type gyrosensor device of high sensitivity provided with a cantilevered oscillator. A cantilevered oscillator 11, provided with a lower electrode, a piezoelectric film and an upper electrode, formed on a single-crystal silicon substrate by a thin film forming process, includes, as an upper electrode, a driving electrode 6a, formed along the length of the oscillator 11 for applying the voltage for causing oscillations of the oscillator 11, and first and second detection electrodes 6b, 6c, formed on both sides of the driving electrode 6a parallel to the longitudinal direction of the oscillator, without contacting with the driving electrode 6a. With a width W0 of the driving electrode 6a, a width W1 of the first detection electrode 6b, a width W2 of the second detection electrode 6c and with W=W0+W1+W2, the condition of 0.5<(W0/W)<1 is to be met.

Abstract: A knock sensor is constructed by putting and fitting components including an annular piezoelectric element, terminal plate, insulating sheet and weight onto a base consisting of a flange portion and a tubular portion, forming a groove part on a tip outer circumferential surface of the tubular portion, fitting a stopper ring functioning to apply an axial preload to the components onto the tubular portion, and caulking fixedly the stopper ring and the tubular portion into the groove part.

Abstract: A piezo-electric type of assembly for effecting and interfacing relative motion between two surfaces. The assembly consisting of a first and a second transducer to be driven by electrical signals. Both transducers are coupled at one end to a low inertia member that is to make contact with a second surface. The first transducer controls this contact by moving the low inertial member relative to a high inertia member. The second transducer is coupled at the other end to a first surface. While the low inertia member is making contact with the second surface, activation of the second transducer causes relative motion between the first surface and the second surface due to frictional contact. The second transducer is reset while the first transducer causes momentary break of contact. The operation of this cycle has many applications.

Abstract: The present invention provides a tuning fork shaped oscillator, an angular velocity sensor element, and an angular velocity sensor with improved breaking strength with respect to CI and drive power, CI stability, and frequency stability. The present invention relates to a tuning fork shaped crystal oscillator of a configuration wherein two tuning fork shaped crystal elements that have been formed by wet etching during the process of forming the external shape of a tuning fork, in such a manner that the longitudinal direction of the tuning fork is aligned on the Y-axis of the crystalline axes (XYZ) and also the lateral direction thereof is aligned on the X-axis, are bonded together with the ±X-axis directions thereof oriented in opposite directions; and the right side surface of each of the two tuning fork shaped crystal elements is the +X face of the crystal when the two tuning fork shaped crystal elements are viewed in an upright attitude.

Abstract: A compact, high-sensitivity acceleration sensor that is prevented from being affected by factors other than acceleration, such as a change in temperature, has a bimorph acceleration-sensor element including first and second resonators attached to opposite sides of a base plate with respect to a direction in which acceleration is applied. One longitudinal end of the acceleration-sensor element is fixed such that the first and second resonators bend in the same direction in response to the acceleration. Changes in frequency or changes in impedance in the first and second resonators caused by the bending of the acceleration-sensor element are differentially detected in order to detect the acceleration. The acceleration-sensor element is bendable about a central bending plane in response to the acceleration, the central bending plane being positioned at a central portion of the base plate with respect to the application direction of acceleration.

Abstract: A piezoelectric vibrator 2 that generates an electric charge according to a stress and a weight 1 provided on the piezoelectric vibrator 2 are included. The piezoelectric vibrator 2 has multiple pairs of sensing electrodes 3a and 3b, and 4a and 4b, and the sensing electrodes 3a and 3b, and 4a and 4b are respectively connected in parallel so that capacitances Cd1 and Cd2 made of the sensing electrodes may be connected in parallel. It is thus possible to double the charge sensitivity with keeping the voltage sensitivity.

Abstract: In a piezoelectric power generation device and a piezoelectric ceramics member used in the device excellent in its power generation efficiency in which the polarization of piezoelectric ceramics elements is set to the same direction and an extremely thin metallic electrode is sandwiched in between the piezoelectric ceramics elements so that a current output obtained in the piezoelectric power generation device can be improved substantially to about two times as high as a current output obtained by a usual piezoelectric power generation device and the parasitic resonance of the electrode can be prevented, the piezoelectric power generation device generates power by applying a distortion deformation to piezoelectric ceramics members formed in plate shapes.

Abstract: A motion sensing system utilizing piezoelectric laminates with predetermined surface electrode patterns disposed thereon utilizes a frequency selector to pass motion waves of predetermined frequencies and an electrical circuit for processing the electrical signals for transmission to an activating device for appropriate activation. In particular, the frequency selector is a low frequency bandpass filter for free-fall acceleration wave frequencies. By directing appropriate action, the present invention increases the applicability of the device upon which it is mounted (e.g., for military or other hostile environment use), decreases the possibility of damage, and lengthens its useful life.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an acoustic vector sensor, also called particle velocity sensor. <111> direction poled, shear mode, relaxor single crystals are used as the sensing elements. In addition, these crystal plates are cut at a special orientation such that they provide zero or minimum responses in the transverse directions, but have a maximum piezoelectric response in sensing direction. The piezoelectric sensor contains a proof mass, a base, and an aforementioned relaxor crystal. Three of the sensors are mounted orthogonally with a rigid case, and they are designated to sense the acoustic particle velocity in three designated directions, say X, Y, and Z. To solve the adverse lateral constraint problem (also known as clamping effect) associated with the relaxor crystal; reduced bonding area between the proof mass and the relaxor crystal are introduced.

Abstract: A knock sensor of the invention includes a base having a cylindrical part mounted on a vibration generating part and a flange part, an annular piezoelectric element fitted to the cylindrical part and for converting a knocking vibration of the vibration generating part into an electric signal to detect it, electrodes respectively provided to be in contact with both surfaces of the piezoelectric element, terminal plates disposed to be in contact with the respective electrodes and for extracting an output of the piezoelectric element to outside, and a hold unit for pressure holding the piezoelectric element, the electrodes and the terminal plates to the flange part, in which the electrodes are provided to be in partial contact with the piezoelectric element, and an electric insulating material having an almost equal thickness to the electrode is provided on a portion of the piezoelectric element which is not in contact with the electrode.

Abstract: This invention relates to a power source apparatus using piezoelectric elements. A conventional power source apparatus using the piezoelectric element has an ability of generating less electricity, and therefore, has been applicable only to equipment which operates with low power consumption. To solve the problems of the conventional power source apparatus, the inventor has devised a “power source apparatus” and disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Registration No. 3074105. However, the devised power generating device has the Zener diode used as the trigger circuit determining the quantity of the charged electricity. Therefore, it is necessary to operate the trigger circuit all the time, consequently to use too much electricity to operate. The electrical power consumption therefor is unignorable compared with the electric energy generated by the piezoelectric element.

Abstract: A suspended-load backpack designed to permit the load to move relative to the backpack frame during walking and running so that the large movements between the load and the frame of the backpack reduce the fluctuations of absolute vertical motion of the load. Because the hip (and thus the pack frame) go up a down a good deal during walking, a large relative movement between the frame and the load reduces the absolute excursion of the load. This movement may be, in turn, transferred to a motor through, for example, a rack and pinion gear, to convert the mechanical movement to electrical energy. The movement may also be converted to electrical energy by using an electroactive polymer (EAP) to connect the suspended load to the frame. Such designs allow the load to move in a controlled fashion to prevent the patient from losing his or her balance as the load moves up and down along the backpack frame.

Abstract: An acceleration sensor includes a piezoelectric element and support frames for supporting the ends of the piezoelectric element in the longitudinal direction. The piezoelectric element is formed by stacking an even number of piezoelectric layers greater than or equal to four layers. Electrodes are provided in between the layers and on the front and back faces of the piezoelectric element. The interlayer electrodes including a segmented electrode and lead electrodes are alternately stacked with the piezoelectric layers therebetween. The interlayer electrode in the middle in the thickness direction is a segmented electrode. The piezoelectric layers are polarized in the thickness direction so that charge having the same polarity is extracted from the electrodes when the acceleration is applied. Also, the center portion and both end portions of each piezoelectric layer are polarized in opposite directions.

Abstract: A vibration sensor for direct or indirect mounting on a vibrating component has a housing, a pressure sleeve having a central bore and a piezoelectric disk situated between two insulator disks and two contact disks, a seismic mass acting on the disks by way of a spring element. The spring element is designed with a ring shape and has a projection on its inside ring area. On the outside circumference of the pressure sleeve there is a recess which is designed to correspond to the projection and is formed to accommodate the projection on the spring element.

Abstract: A piezoelectric device connected to a vibration source converts vibration energy to electrical current. A plurality of pairs of oppositely polarized piezoelectric wafers deflect to produce an electrical current. Each pair of wafers are arranged back-to-back and electrically joined together. The plurality of pairs of wafers are each connected to a set of micro-machined parts. Each pair of wafers form a bimorph, configured as a cantilevered beam attached to a set of parts to form an element. Each cantilevered beam has a mass weighted first end and is fixedly attached to one or more flexible sheaths on a second end. A plurality of elements form a cell unit. A plurality of cell units form an array. The electrical current produced varies by the number of elements per cell unit, and/or with the number of cell units per array.

Abstract: A reinforcing structure for an automobile's central rearview mirror which includes an electronic vibration-dampening device. The reinforcing structure includes Piezo electric elements attached to a support structure, a clamping mechanism to stabilize the reflective mirror element and electronics including LEDs to dissipate energy extracted from the mirror. The vibration-dampening features include Piezo electric crystals attached to a support structure to press against the central rearview mirror housing and a circuit card with various components to dissipate unwanted vibration. Also, the invention includes a spring loaded, pivoted clamping system to further stabilize the entire structure. The invention achieves dampening mainly through the application of an inertial dampening system that utilizes Piezo crystals and weights to adequately absorb excess vibration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a broadband transducer which comprises a tail mass located at a first end of the transducer, an active compliant driver section positioned adjacent the tail mass, a first center mass positioned adjacent an end of the active compliant driver section, a first passive compliant member positioned adjacent the first center mass, and a head mass located generally adjacent a second end of the transducer, which second end is opposed to the first end. In one embodiment, the head mass is proximate the second end and another center mass and a second passive compliant members are interposed between the first center mass and the head mass. In another embodiment, a quarter-wave matching layer which forms another mass component and a second passive compliant member component, is interposed between the head mass and the second end.

Abstract: An acceleration sensor for detecting an acceleration caused by an object oscillated in an oscillation direction, comprises a sensor casing having a center axis that is positioned in coaxial alignment with the oscillation direction to receive the acceleration, an oscillation plate and a piezoelectric element. The sensor casing has first and second circular inner surfaces opposing to and spaced apart along the center axis from each other at a first space distance, and a third cylindrical inner surface connected at one end with the first inner surface and at the other end with the second inner surface to define a cylindrical closed space. The oscillation plate is accommodated in the closed space of the sensor casing and has a central portion securely supported by the sensor casing and a peripheral portion integrally formed with the central portion and extending radially outwardly of the central portion.

Abstract: An acceleration sensor includes a piezoelectric single-plate having a weight part and a detection part. The piezoelectric single-plate is, for example, an X-cut plate of LiNbO3.

Abstract: Disclosed are coriolis force driven piezoelectric gyroscope systems which each comprise two substantially orthogonally oriented elements projecting from a mass. Each substantially orthogonally oriented element has a pair of electrodes present thereupon, wherein the electrodes in a pair thereof are oriented substantially parallel to one another. In use rotation about an axis oriented perpendicular to a plane formed by two substantially orthogonally oriented elements while an extension inducing driving voltage is applied across a pair of electrodes on one thereof. An output voltage, which is related to the rotation rate, is sensed across the pair of electrodes on the other substantially orthogonally oriented element.

Abstract: A piezoelectric device connected to a vibration source converts vibration energy to electrical current. A plurality of pairs of oppositely polarized piezoelectric wafers deflect to produce an electrical current. Each pair of wafers are arranged back-to-back and electrically joined together. The plurality of pairs of wafers are each connected to a set of micro-machined parts. Each pair of wafers form a bimorph, configured as a cantilevered beam attached to a set of parts to form an element. Each cantilevered beam has a mass weighted first end and is fixedly attached to one or more flexible sheaths on a second end. A plurality of elements form a cell unit. A plurality of cell units form an array. The electrical current produced varies by the number of elements per cell unit, and/or with the number of cell units per array.

Abstract: A communication receiver (400) minimizes a combined local and global mean square error for signal equalization. A base station (101) or a mobile station (102-104) may include a plurality of antennas (292) for receiving a plurality of signals transmitted from a common source. The plurality of signals carry a common stream of data symbols. A pre-processing block (299) processes the received signals to produce a plurality of processed received signals (298). A signal equalizer (401) minimizes a combined local and global MSE over the processed received signals (298) to produce a combined signal (499). A decoder decodes the combined signal (499) to retrieve the stream of data symbols. A processor is configured for combining a local MSE and a global MSE in accordance with an adjustable weighting factor &agr; to produce the combined local and global MSE.

Abstract: A piezoelectric type acceleration sensor which is small in size and has a high charge sensitivity and large static capacitance includes a piezoelectric element having a laminate of more than three piezoelectric layers. Electrodes are provided between the piezoelectric layers and the top and bottom surfaces of the laminate. The piezoelectric element is supported at opposed ends. Adjacent ones of the piezoelectric layers are polarized so that charge having the same polarity is accumulated at the electrode interposed the adjacent ones.