Abstract: Tilters 2, are made of an electrotiltable material comprising an electroshearable material having a unidirectional gradient of responsivity, such as piezoelectric ceramic. Responsive to an activating electrical signal, tilters 2, tilt surfaces 26, with large side strain and negligible side stress. Forcible tilt provides forceful positioning of objects such as rollers, optical elements, and fluids. Tilting combined with a normal force of traction 16, forcefully moves a roller 12. Rollers pass tilting power to objects 14, in tractive contact such as a motor shaft 14. Alternating activation sense and tilting gradient 10 giving zero tilt at support surfaces 7, provide rigidity with negligible stress. Other embodiments use tilt to position optical elements, vary the flow resistance of fluid in a duct, and bunch charged particles. The actuator's tiltable surface 26 has an optical or acoustic element 52 attached for changing the angle at which radiation interacts with the element.

Abstract: To provide electrical isolation to piezoelectric parallel shear mode elements in wavefront phase modulators arrays, the functionality of the mounting configuration is increased. The mounting configuration involves embedding a respective interface electrode affixed to a second face of each piezoelectric element of the array in an insulating ridge. This allows the ridge to provide electrical isolation to interface electrodes affixed to adjacent elements. A first surface of every element is electrically connected to a common potential source by a suitable means. Electrically connecting the first surface of every adjacent element in the array to a common potential source avoids electrical interference between adjacent elements. By increasing the functionality of the ridges and making judicious use of common potential interconnects between adjacent elements, extraneous components, such as electrical insulators can be eliminated. This facilitates implementation of piezoelectric wavefront phase modulator arrays.

Abstract: This invention is for a single lamina biaxial transducer made of an electrodeformable material. Several methods form making biaxial transducers are taught. The biaxial transducer has responsivity vectors which are directed along radial lines from the axis and change in in intensity with distance from the axis so that when an electric field is applied the transducer will biaxially deform. The biaxial lamina can be stacked with a common electrode between them. Biaxers can be used for reducing stress between layers in bodies. They are also useful in deforming bodies and for making pumps.

Abstract: A piezoelectric plate polarized in the direction of its thickness and a base plate having a rigidity lower than that of the piezoelectric plate are joined together. A plurality of parallel grooves are cut through the piezoelectric plate into the base plate so that the grooves are separated from each other by side walls each having an upper portion formed of the piezoelectric plate and a lower portion formed of the base plate. A top plate is attached to the upper surface of the piezoelectric plate to close the upper open ends of the grooves. A nozzle plate provided with a plurality of ink jets is attached to one end of the assembly of the base plate, the piezoelectric plate and the top plate so that the ink jets correspond respectively to the grooves to form pressure chambers. Electrodes are formed by depositing a metal over bottom surface of the grooves and side surfaces of the side walls.

Abstract: A piezoelectric ink droplet ejecting device drivable with a low voltage, simple in structure, less costly to manufacture and capable of producing printed data with high resolution. A piezoelectric ink droplet ejecting device has a plurality of ink ejectors each composed of a piezoelectric transducer for varying the volume of an ink passage to eject ink out of the ink passage. A single piezoelectric ceramic panel which is polarized in a thickness direction has a plurality of through holes parallel to the polarized direction. The through holes serve as ink passages. When a driving electric field is applied in a direction perpendicular to the polarized direction, the piezoelectric ceramic panel is elastically deformed under thickness shear effect, thus varying the volume of the ink passages to eject ink droplets therefrom.

Abstract: This invention is for a single lamina twisting transducer made of an electrodeformable material. The twisting transducer has responsivity vectors which are curved or circular in nature so that when an electric field is applied the transducer will twist, exserting an angular force rather than a linear force as prior art transducers do. The twisting lamina can be stacked with a common electrode between them. The transducers can be used in actuators to provide angular forces in actuators. When combined in actuator stacks with linear transducers the actuator stack can be controlled in six degrees of freedom. Thus accurate moving and positioning of objects can be accomplished by use of such an actuator stack. Further since such an actuator stack is sensitive to accelerations in six degrees of freedom it can be used in making an accelerometer. Other uses for twisting actuators are for motors and rotational positioning of objects.

Abstract: A sidewall actuated channel array for a high density ink jet printhead. The sidewall actuator includes a top wall, a bottom wall and at least one elongated liquid confining channel defined by the top wall, the bottom wall and sidewalls. The actuator sidewall is comprised of a first actuator sidewall section formed of a piezoelectric material poled in a first direction perpendicular to a first channel and attached to the top wall, a second actuator sidewall section attached to the first sidewall section and the bottom wall, and means for applying an electric field across the first actuator sidewall section and perpendicular to the direction of polarization. When the electric field is applied across the first sidewall section, the actuator sidewall engages in a motion which produces an ink ejecting pressure pulse in the channel.

Abstract: A method of producing an ink-jet type printer head wherein a plurality of plate-shaped piezoelectric members are stuck onto the surface of a low-rigidity member so that they are disposed adjacent to the low-rigidity member. A plurality of grooves extending from the surfaces of the piezoelectric members to the inside of the low-rigidity member are defined by grinding in parallel at given intervals inclusive of positions at which the grooves extend through joints between the adjacent piezoelectric members. In addition, posts are formed on both sides of each of the grooves and electrodes are disposed on both inner sides of each groove. A roof is stuck on the surfaces of the piezoelectric members so as to define a plurality of pressure chambers having one end in which a plurality of nozzles are formed.

Abstract: A vibration gyro having a substantially H-shaped vibrator, driving piezo-electric elements, detecting piezo-electric elements which detects Corioli's force generated when an angular velocity is applied to said vibration gyro during the vibration by the driving elements, and a supporting member supporting the vibrator, characterized in that the detecting elements are formed of a torsional piezo-electric material.

Abstract: An acoustic delay line includes electrodes on a monolithic piezoceramic substrate, which serve as electro-acoustic transducers for the delay line. The distance between said transducers defines the transit time, and thus the delay path. Each transducer may have electrodes on the same side of the substrate, in which case thickness of the substrate is less than or equal to one-half the wavelength of the highest frequency to be transmitted in the substrate, so as to prevent the formation of higher modes. Alternatively, each transducer may have congruent electrodes on opposite sides of the substrate, in which case the thickness of the substrate is less than or equal to the wavelength of the highest frequency to be transmitted. The substrate is polarized substantially parallel to the equipotential lines which arise in the substrate upon the application of a voltage to the electrodes.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator includes a pair of piezoelectric members which are oriented to shear laterally toward each other in the presence of an applied voltage. A hinge having translational members (which act similarly to a rack) and a rotating member (which acts similarly to a pinion) is attached to the top of the piezoelectric members with one translational attached to a respective one of the piezoelectric members. A driven member attached radially outward from the rotating member will then move through an arc when the piezoelectric members laterally shear. An object, such as a mirror, when carried by the distal end of the driven member, will then be actuated.

Abstract: A transducer and method for imparting vibrational signals to a structure are disclosed. In one embodiment, a set of piezoelectric disks are constructed in conjunction with a deformable housing to impart controlled distortions to the structure, such as to a well pipe string. Torsional forces are applied to the structure due to the orientation of the piezoelectric material relative to the electric field applied thereto. The piezoelectric material is placed in layers, with the polarization axis orthogonal to the direction of the electric field. Alternate layers are oriented in opposing directions, and alternating electrodes are connected together, so that each layer cooperates with the others to twist the housing in the same direction. To improve transmission, the apparatus can be tuned to a frequency determined by a spectrum analysis of the pipe string.

Abstract: A vibrating crystal transducer for measuring temperature is disclosed. The crystal includes a single elongated vibrating beam that has a torsional mode resonant frequency that is a function of the temperature of the crystal. The torsional moments of the crystal are reverse symmetric with respect to a nodal line on the beam. The beam is contained in a frame that is secured to a sensor frame member. The beam is attached to the frame by a pair of opposed mounting posts that are in line with the nodal line on the beam. The beam, the beam frame (16) and the mounting posts are formed out of an integral section of crystalline material. When the beam is vibrated, the reverse symmetrically opposed torsional moments along the beam cancel each other out and, consequently, no torsional energy is transmitted through the mounting posts to the beam frame or the sensor frame.

Abstract: A piezoelectric transducer comprising first and second members in axial alignment and spaced apart, the first and second members being mutually displaceable toward and away from each other, and a transducer assembly disposed between the first and second members. The assembly includes a stationary means (first member), a piezoelectric element facing the stationary means on its entire surface, and a force converting means (second member) for generating a transverse force in direction radially outward from a center axis, facing the piezoelectric element at entire surface. The stationary means, the piezoelectric element and the force converting means are contained sequentially between the first and the second member.

Abstract: A vibrating crystal transducer for measuring temperature including a bonding area from which three or more tines extend. The tines have a torsional mode resonant frequency that is a function of temperature. Electrodes on the transducer excite the tines into vibration so that the torsional moments of the adjacent edges of the adjacent tines are reverse symmetric. When the tines are vibrated, the reverse symmetrical vibrational moments of the individual tines cancel so that there is no torsional moment, or twisting, within the area between the points where the tines intersect, which is the area defined by the bonding area. Since the bonding area does not serve as a sink for torsional energy, torsional energy is not lost through the bonding area so that the transducer has a relatively high quality factor and torsional vibration of the transducer cannot cause the transducer to eventually work loose of a mounting pad to which it is attached.

Abstract: A piezoelectric ink jet print head including a common laminar piezoelectric element disposed for activating two or mor ink jetting devices each of which has an ink chamber for ejecting a droplet of ink. The laminar piezoelectric element consists of a plurality of piezoelectric ceramic layers and a plurality of electrode layers which are alternately laminated on each other. Each piezoelectric ceramic layer is polarized in a polarizing direction perpendicular to the direction of lamination of the piezoelectric ceramic and electrode layers. A voltage is applied selectively to the electrode layers for displacing at least one of the piezoelectric ceramic layers in the polarizing direction, so as to change the volume of the ink chamber of a selected one of the ink jetting devices.

Abstract: In an ultrasonic motor which uses, as a stator, a longitudinal-torsional composite vibrator in which longitudinal and torsional piezoelectric elements are sandwiched between two blocks, and urges a rotor against the stator, a member is arranged on a piezoelectric element side of the block located near the rotor, so that an inertial mass of the member becomes larger with respect to torsional vibration than that of a rotor side.

Abstract: A rotation-detecting apparatus includes a U-shaped support member, a rod at least one end of which is held to the support member, a vibrating sheet mounted to the rod, piezoelectric ceramic sheets mounted on the vibrating sheet, a torsion detector for detecting the rotation of the vibrating member relative to the rod, and an oscillator circuit for activating the piezoelectric sheets to vibrate the vibrating sheet. The Coriolis force produced on the vibrating sheet is converted into a twist of the rod and detected.

Abstract: A piezoelectric device or actuator (30) includes dimorph stack (32) attached to support (34). Affixed to the apex of stack (32) is friction surface (36) which is held in contact with the external friction surface of a positionable object (38).

Abstract: A pulsed droplet ink jet printer has at least one channel communicating with a nozzle. The side wall of the channel is formed as a shear mode piezo-electric actuator comprising an unpoled crystalline material. Electrodes applied to the actuator enable an electric field to be applied such that the actuator moves in transversely of the field to change the liquid pressure in the channel and thereby eject a droplet through the nozzle. The actuator can be made in two parts so as to deform, in cross section, to a chevron formation.

Abstract: A piezoelectric motor having a cylindrical outer motor casing formed by a separable two part housing that encloses and supports 3 piezoelectric actuators and a group of rotatable components. The rotatable components include a rotating output shaft that extends from the housing for coupling a load thereto, three drive rollers that engage the output shaft and are evenly spaced thereabout, and an idler ring assembly that secures the drive rollers about the output shaft when the motor is assembled. The housing has six piezoelectric stacks mounted in a fixed position to interior surfaces of the housing. Each stack is cylindrical with one flat end attached to the housing and the other flat end having a truncated cone shaped crown roller mounted thereon.

Abstract: A high density multi-channel array, electrically pulsed droplet deposition apparatus comprises a bottom sheet of piezoelectric material poled in a direction normal to said sheet and formed with a plurality of parallel channels mutually spaced in an array direction normal to the length of said channels. Each channel is defined by a pair of facing side walls and a bottom surface extending between the respective side walls. A top sheet facing said bottom surfaces of said channels and bonded to said side walls closes the channels at their tops. Each of at least some of the side walls include electrodes on opposite sides thereof to form shear mode actuators for effecting droplet expulsion from the channels associated with the actuators.

Abstract: There is disclosed an improved electromechanical resonator for use in multiresonator mechanical bandpass filters. The resonator is constructed using two resonator rods attached to a ceramic transducer which is substantially centrally located. The thus-formed electromechanical resonator resonates at the desired frequency in the third torsional mode, which is characterized by three motional nodes. Support pins are attached at the two outer nodes to provide physical support, and are also used for signal and ground connections, while the ceramic is positioned on or near the center node, which maximizes the achievable electromechanical coupling. Multiresonator mechanical bandpass filters which use such third-mode electromechanical resonators in conjunction with second-mode interior resonators have improved spurious rejection.

Abstract: A pulsed droplet ink jet printer has at least one channel communicating with a nozzle. The side wall of the channel is formed as a shear mode piezo-electric actuator. Electrodes applied to the actuator enable an electric field to be applied such that the actuator moves in the direction of the field to change the liquid pressure in the channel and thereby eject a droplet through the nozzle. The actuator can be made in two parts so as to deform, in cross section, to a chevron formation.

Abstract: Dither motor apparatus for oscillating a structure, such as a laser gyroscope 10, about a dither axis "A". The dither motor apparatus includes a support 18 that passes through an opening 16 within the gyroscope. The apparatus further includes a plurality of piezoelectric elements 22 individual ones of which are interposed between an outer surface of the support and an inner surface of the opening such that an outer surface of each of the elements is rigidly coupled to the inner surface of the opening and an inner surface of each of the elements is rigidly coupled to the outer surface of the support.

Abstract: A vibrator for exciting substantially elliptical motion and an ultrasonic motor employing such a vibrator. A vibrator includes a resonant member having a central hole defined therein and a circumferential portion, a first piezoelectric member for exciting circumferential shearing vibration in the resonant member such that the circumferential portion and the hole are positioned at antinodes of the circumferential shearing vibration about the hole, and a second piezoelectric member for exciting vertical vibration or flexural vibration in the resonant member in a direction different from the direction in which the circumferential shearing vibration is excited by the first piezoelectric member. An ultrasonic vibrator has a moving element held against the resonant member in the vibrator.

Abstract: A stator includes piezoelectric vibrators of piezoelectric ceramic put between a long metal block and a short metal block, which are fixed with screw threads at opposite ends of a bolt. When a high frequency alternating current voltage is applied to the piezoelectric vibrators, elliptic compounded vibration, progressive vibration and so on, which is torsional vibration due to the screw threads of the bolt compounded with longitudinal vibration due to the expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric vibrators, is generated on the end surface and the side surface of the stator. A driven member is engaged on the end surface or the side surface of the stator and is driven by the elliptic vibration.

Abstract: An ultrasonic motor has a longitudinal-torsional composite transducer, a stator constituted by an ultrasonic vibrator sandwiching the transducer, and a rotor urged against the stator. The stator excites longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic vibrations to rotate the rotor by a frictional force. The motor includes a vibration adjusting rod for matching resonance frequencies of longitudinal and torsional ultrasonic vibrations of the stator with each other.

Abstract: In the present invention, a stator consists of a piezoelectric vibrator having divided electrodes on at least one end, alternating current voltage is applied to each of the divided electrodes of one end and one electrode or each of the divided electrodes of the other end of the stator, and a member to be driven is placed on the end or side portion of the stator. The member is reversibly driven by a reversible circumferential progressive wave produced on the end and side portions.

Abstract: In a method for use in assembling an annular shear accelerometer (10), a nested combination of an expandable force ring (14), a crystal (16), and a mass element (18) is formed, and the force ring (14) is wedge to exert radially tensile force thereon. The force ring (14) and mass element (18) thereby cooperate to exert radially compressive force on the crystal (16), thus effecting friction locks between the radially adjacent pairs of elements which make up the nested combination (14, 16, 18).

Abstract: A torsion transducer for providing electrical position and angular velocity signals for a device driven in a bidirectional partial rotational mode, such as commonly found in the rotary actuator arm of a disc drive for rotating computer memories. The torsion transducer comprises a torsion bar in the form of a wire, with one end attached to the rotating element of the actuator arm and the other to a piezoelectric transducer operating in the shear mode, which is anchored to the stationary frame of the device. As the torsion bar is twisted by the angular motion of the rotary element, torque is applied to the piezoelectric transducer, which then generates an electrical signal that can be processed to represent position and angular velocity of the rotary elements of the actuator arm.

Abstract: A stator is composed by two metal blocks, a piezoelectric vibrator and vibrators, and two electrodes, in which one electrode is divided in two at least, the metal blocks, the piezoelectric vibrator or vibrators and two electrodes are fixed by means of a bolt or means of adhesive thing, and a member to be driven composed on the nut or the end or side portion of the stator.

Abstract: A pulsed droplet ink jet printer has relatively long thin ink channels extending in parallel between an ink manifold 13, and a nozzle plate 5 providing a nozzle 6 for each channel. Side walls 11 may be formed substantially entirely of piezo-electric material so as to be displaceable transversely into a selected channel on the application of an electric field. This transverse displacement produces an acoustic wave in the channel which results in the ejection of an ink droplet. The side walls may deflect in shear mode to a cross-section of chevron formation. Usefully, it is arranged that both side walls adjoining the selected channel are displaced inwardly of the channel to cooperate in droplet ejection. Under this arrangement, the channels are assigned alternately to first and second groups of channels, only one group of channels being capable of actuation at any one instant.

Abstract: An ultrasonic driven type motor in which an ultrasonic torsional vibrator is activated to generate a forward turning torque for driving a rotor synchronously with the expansion of at least one piezoelectric actuator provided between the vibrator and the rotor, and to generate a return turning torque synchronously with the constriction of the piezoelectric actuator, and the piezoelectric actuator has a coupling control characteristic so that only the forward turning torque is selectively transmitted to the rotor.

Abstract: A pulsed droplet ink jet printer has at least one channel communicating with a nozzle. The side wall of the channel is formed as a shear mode piezo-electric actuator. Electrodes applied to the actuator enable an electric field to be applied such that the actuator moves in the direction of the field to change the liquid pressure in the channel and thereby eject a droplet through the nozzle. The actuator can be made in two parts so as to deform, in cross section, to a chevron formation.

Abstract: In the shear mode piezoelectric transducer for an ink jet system described in the specification, a piezoelectric plate is polarized parallel to the plane of the plate and in directions extending away from the center of the pressure chamber with which the transducer is used, and electrodes mounted on opposite surfaces of the plate impose electric fields orthogonal to the direction of polarization. The resulting shear motion of the transducer decreases the volume of the pressure chamber, ejecting a drop of ink from an orifice communicating with the pressure chamber. The piezeelectric plate used in the transducer is prepared by imposing electric fields within the plate in the direction parallel to the plane of the plate between electrodes mounted on opposite sides of the plate in the central region of the pressure chamber and electrodes mounted on opposite sides of the plate in the peripheral regions of the pressure chamber.

Abstract: An ultrasonic vibrator comprises torsional electrostrictive transducers for torsional vibration, longitudinal electrostrictive transducers for longitudinal vibration, and two metallic members firmly, coaxially and integrally holding the torsional electrostrictive transducers and the longitudinal electrostrictive transducers therebetween. An altered section is formed in one of the metallic members in such a shape that makes the torsional resonant frequency and the longitudinal resonant frequency coincide with each other. A voltage or an electric current having a controlled amplitude and/or a controlled relative phase is applied to the electrostrictive transducers to generate composite vibrations of various modes.

Abstract: A dynamic mount and actuator for a laser mirror 20 comprising three piezoelectric motors 40 mounted 120.degree. apart on a motor-mount member 32. Each motor 40 comprises a rectangular block 44 composed of horizontal layers of electroded piezoelectric wafers 46, adjacent layers being bonded together. The one-axis movements of each shear motor 40 are amplified by and transmitted to an axially extending flex-joint assembly 36 which is formed with two universal-type flex joints 102,104 therein.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for rapidly and accurately positioning an optical surface comprises at least one piezoelectric element 10 with an optical surface 16 located thereon and means 12,30 for applying an electric field to the piezoelectric element 10. The piezoelectric element 10 is piezoelectrically polarized along a first axis and the electric field is supplied along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis. Thus, piezoelectric shear deformation of the piezoelectric element occurs and there is rotation of the optical surface 16 about a third axis which is perpendicular to both the first and second axes. The deformation is sufficient to alter the direction of incident radiation and to alter the direction and distribution of diffracted incident radiation after interaction with the optical surface 16. Varying the magnitude of the electric field alters the magnitude of the deformation thereby accurately positioning the optical surface 16.

Abstract: Viscosity of small fluid samples is measured by coupling an ultrasonically energized shear transducer to a fluid sample through a polymeric coupling layer having a thickness and shear impedance such as to produce a zero total reflection coefficient at least at one particular viscosity. In general, the thickness will be slightly greater than one-quarter wavelength. The use of the coupling layer produces a large increase in sensitivity, eliminates the need for sophisticated and expensive electronic circuitry, and makes it possible to determine viscosity by very simple circuitry responsive to transducer current.

Abstract: A pressure transducer for measuring the internal combustion chamber pressure of an internal combustion engine includes a pair of piezoelectric flat plates loaded in shear mode on opposite sides of a central stamp element connected to the plunger of a pressure responsive membrane, pressure distribution elements bearing externally on the piezoelectric plates, abutment elements bearing externally on the pressure distribution elements, and a prestress spring surrounding the abutment elements and applying compressive forces to the distribution elements and for retaining the piezoelectric plates in place. And, the abutment elements are connected to the housing such that the axial force exerted against the stamp element by the pressure to be measured exerts a thrust on both piezoelectric plates which thrust is absorbed by the abutment elements and transferred to an end of the housing confronting the pressure to be measured.

Abstract: The sensor has two sheets (18, 20) of polarized polymeric piezoelectric material secured together with their main uniaxial mode aligned with axis (16). These are connected to an electric oscillator to induce mechanical oscillation of the assembly (10). A third sheet (22) of like material is secured to the sheets (18, 20) but has its main uniaxial mode transverse to the axis (16). Twisting of the assembly due to rotation causes substantial alteration of the voltage induced in the third sheet (22), the voltage being proportional to the rate of rotation.

Abstract: A torsional mode ultrasonic vibrator is formed by integrally combining a piezoelectric thickness vibrating element and a cylindrical torsional mode resonator. Furthermore, a torsional mode piezoelectric motor is provided in such a manner that a rotor and a stator are pressed to each other so that a rotational torque can be generated by the vibration at the contacting surfaces therebetween and a piezoelectric thickness vibrator and a torsional mode ultrasonic vibrator formed by an integral combination of a torsion coupler and a torsional mode ultrasonic resonator are used as the source of the ultrasonic vibration.

Abstract: In the present invention, a plurality of electrodes are formed on the two surfaces of a circular member of electrostrictive material, and every adjacent electrodes are simultaneously so polarized as to be mutually reverse in the circumferential direction.

Abstract: Acoustic well logging method and system employing a bender-type transducer as a point source of an acoustic shear wave. The bender-type transducer includes opposed unrestricted planar surfaces mounted within a liquid filled compartment within the tool. The unrestricted surfaces of the transducer are spaced longitudinally along the axis of the tool and exposed to the coupling liquid. One or more bender-type transducers may also be employed as acoustic receivers in the tools. The active surfaces of the receiving transducers are oriented in substantially the same direction as the active surfaces of the transmitting transducer.

Abstract: An ultrasonic motor having a cantilever type longitudinal/torsional vibration coupling element with a beam and a rotor rotated by the vibration of the beam. The rotor is provided with contacting surface for only contacting the beam in the outer peripheral portion of the surface of the beam away from the torsional vibration axis of the beam.

Abstract: A single piezoelectric transducer is used to drive an array of drop-on-demand ink jet ejectors. This is accomplished by utilizing a plurality of electrodes which divide the piezoelectric transducer into discrete, deformable sections, each section corresponding to an ejector.

Abstract: A piezoelectric filter of the energy-trapped type which utilizes thickness shear mode is disclosed, wherein first and second resonator units are connected in a cascade manner. Each of the resonator units includes a piezoelectric plate which has a slit formed therein and a pair of front electrodes on the front thereof and a pair of back electrodes on the back thereof, with the slit lying between each pair of the electrodes. The pair of back electrodes of the second resonator unit are electrically connected to each other. The first and second resonator units are positioned so that the back electrodes of one of the two units face against those of the other, and then mechanically coupled together through the use of an electrically nonconductive adhesive. The back electrodes of the first and second resonator units are led commonly outwardly, while the pair of the front electrodes of the first resonator unit form an input electrode and an output electrode.

Abstract: A torsional-mode resonator is produced by using an extensional mode transducer on a piece of material such as a metal bar where the transducer lies at an angle between the longitudinal axis of the material and the transverse axis. Placing the midpoint of the transducer at approximately the midpoint of the material such as the bar, optimizes the torsional effect. Further optimization may be obtained by making the transducer in the shape of a rhomboid.

Abstract: A vibratory angular rate sensing system may have one pair of tines forming an angle of about 60 degrees, resulting from the crystalline orientation of the Z-cut quartz wafer of the system. In one configuration each of the tines is provided with a mass offset from the axis of the associated tine, a pivot extends through the plane of symmetry of the tines and may be connected to a dummy reaction mass. The resonant system is suspended from a mounting frame by a pair of suspension bridges. A second embodiment of the invention features two groups of tines, each group including two pairs of tines arranged in the form of a cross. Again, an offset mass is associated with the free end of each tine and each group of tines is secured to its frame by a suspension bridge.