Abstract: Provided is a PWM driving circuit and a PWM driving method. The PWM driving circuit includes a dimmer switching unit turning on a first switch to apply a first reference signal varied according to an input voltage of a system when an output voltage level of a dimmer is a reference level or less, and turning on a second switch to apply a second reference signal, unrelated to the input voltage of the system, when the output voltage level of the dimmer is more than the reference level, an error amplification unit comparing the first reference signal or the second reference signal with an output detection signal to amplify an error and outputting an error amplification signal, and a PWM control signal generating unit comparing the error amplification signal of the error amplification unit with a predetermined reference waveform to output a PWM control signal.

Abstract: A backlight unit includes a plurality of light sources, a boost circuit, a plurality of balance circuits, and a plurality of first resistors. The boost circuit boosts an input alternating current voltage and applies a driving alternating current voltage to the light sources. Each of the balance circuits includes a first capacitor and is disposed between an output terminal of the boost circuit and the light sources. Each of the first resistors connects two balance circuits among the balance circuits.

Abstract: An X-ray tube assembly is provided including an emitter configured to emit an electron beam, an emitter focusing electrode, an extraction electrode, and a downstream focusing electrode. The emitter focusing electrode is disposed proximate to the emitter and outward of the emitter in an axial direction. The extraction electrode is disposed downstream of the emitter and the emitter focusing electrode. The extraction electrode has a negative bias voltage setting at which the extraction electrode has a negative bias voltage with respect to the emitter. The downstream focusing electrode is disposed downstream of the extraction electrode, and has a positive bias voltage with respect to the emitter. When the extraction electrode is at the negative bias voltage setting, the electron beam is emitted from an emission area that is smaller than a maximum emission area from which electrons may be emitted.

Abstract: A controller controls an illumination device of a motor vehicle including at least one light source. The controller includes at least one first stage that provides electric energy for supplying power to the illumination device. At least one second stage forwards the electric energy to the light source. The first stage includes intelligence for controlling the illuminating device, a first supplier for supplying the illumination device with control signals, a generator for generating a constant intermediate voltage, and a second supplier for supplying the second stage with the intermediate voltage. The second stage includes a converter for conversion of the intermediate voltage into a supply voltage suitable for supplying the power to the light source, a third supplier for supplying the light source with the supply voltage, and a mechanism for controlling the light source in dependency on the control signals. Also, an illumination device for a motor vehicle includes the controller.

Abstract: A driver for driving a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is formed of a plurality of LED controllers connected in series between a power supply and a reference voltage. Each controller drives one or more LEDs directly connected to it. Each controller has a voltage input terminal coupled to an output terminal of an adjacent upstream controller, and an output terminal coupled to the voltage input terminal of an adjacent downstream controller. Each controller has a normally-on bypass switch coupled between its voltage input terminal and the voltage input terminal of the adjacent upstream controller. The bypass switch completely bypasses the adjacent upstream controller when the adjacent downstream controller detects that its input voltage is below a threshold insufficient to drive the LED in the adjacent upstream controller. The bypass switch is turned off if the voltage is above the threshold.

Abstract: An electrostatic deflection circuit and method of an electronic beam measuring apparatus which can achieve the high precision of the electronic beam measuring and contribute to the simplification of the structure of the apparatus is provided. In an analog arithmetic circuit included in an analog operation part constituting an electrostatic deflection circuit, output voltages of multipliers are added and output by an adder. When the magnification is low, as the side of an ordinarily closed contact is closed driven by a relay driving circuit, the output of the adder is amplified by a high gain amplifier with a high amplification factor and applied to an electrostatic deflecting board. When the magnification is high, the side of an ordinarily open contact is closed and it is amplified by a low gain amplifier with a low amplification factor and applied to the electrostatic deflecting board in the same way.

Abstract: An insulating frame of a deflection yoke is fixed to a funnel with a metal band and a metal screw. A partition formed so as to be integrated with a holder holding a magnet ring of a CPU includes a first partition provided on a first axis so as to hide the metal screw when the deflection yoke is seen from the holder side along a tube axis, and a second partition provided on a second axis orthogonal to the first axis. A height H1 of the first partition, a height H2 of the second partition, a minimum height Hmin of the partition, a height HM of a pull of a magnet ring on a side closest to the deflection yoke, and an outer circumferential edge diameter RM of the magnet ring excluding the pull satisfy relationships: H1>H2, HM?H2>10 mm, and Hmin>RM. Because of this, a discharge between a metal band and a metal screw that fix the deflection yoke, and a velocity modulation coil can be prevented without decreasing the operability of the rotation adjustment of the magnet ring of the CPU.

Abstract: A deflection coil for deflecting an electron beam emitted from an electron gun is provided outside a cathode-ray tube in which the electron gun is housed, and a phosphor screen is formed. The cathode-ray tube further includes a velocity modulation coil for modulating a horizontal scanning velocity of an electron beam, a first magnetic substance surrounding an outer circumference of the cathode-ray tube from outside the velocity modulation coil, and a second magnetic substance surrounding the outer circumference of the cathode-ray tube between the deflection coil and the first magnetic substance. Because of this, the sensitivity of velocity modulation can be enhanced effectively with a simple configuration while deflection distortion is prevented.

Abstract: The invention concerns a control circuit for an electron tube display comprising a deflection coil, the deflection coil being part of a scanning circuit and being coupled to a coil of a transformer powering a high voltage generator used to accelerate an electron beam, a phase locked loop being used to keep in phase the flyback pulses produced by the scanning circuit and the video signal synchronisation pulses, and comprising an electron beam current measuring circuit, a compensation circuit for compensating the phase difference between the flyback pulses and the video signal synchronisation pulses as a function of the measured current.

Abstract: A ballast (1) for feeding a fluorescent lamp (9), comprising power supply means (2) for supplying a stabilised power to the lamp (9), dimming means (3) for adjusting said power, a voltmeter (5) which is capable of measuring the voltage across the lamp (9), comparator means (6) which are capable of comparing the measured voltage with a threshold value, contact breaker means (7) which are capable of interrupting the power supply to the lamp (9) when the measured voltage is higher than the threshold value for a predetermined period of time, as well as adjusting means (4) which are capable of adjusting the magnitude of the threshold value in dependence on the power.

Abstract: Openings 2C01 and 2C03, which are formed by dividing pins 531 and 5033, are formed on a side section 2C of a horizontal deflection coil 2 within a range of 20 to 35% of a length of the horizontal deflection coil 2 from a larger diameter flange 2B and within an angle of 10 to 25 degrees to an X-axis. Other openings 2C02 and 2C04, which are formed by dividing pins 5032 and 5034, are formed on the side section 2C of the horizontal deflection coil 2 within a range of 55 to 70% of a length of the horizontal deflection coil 2 from the larger diameter flange 2B and within an angle of 25 to 40 degrees to the X-axis.

Abstract: A color display device includes a color cathode ray tube having a phosphor screen, a color selection electrode and an electron gun for projecting plural in-line electron beams toward the phosphor screen, a deflection device for deflecting the electron beams horizontally and vertically, an electron beam correction apparatus including a correction coil wound around the tube axis, a deflection circuit for driving the deflection device, and an electron beam correction circuit for supplying to the electron beam correction apparatus a generally rectangular-wave signal having a period equal to two times a period of the vertical deflection of the electron beams and in synchronism with the vertical deflection of the electron beams.

Abstract: A deflection method and circuit for symmetrical horizontal scanning in a television tube utilizes a vertical deflection coil and an auxiliary vertical deflection coil. The vertical deflection coil is energized with a sawtooth vertical scanning current having a first slope during vertical trace to generate a first vertical deflection field. The auxiliary vertical deflection coil is energized with a sawtooth vertical auxiliary current having a line frequency and a second slope during horizontal trace equal but opposite to the first slope of the vertical scanning current to generate a second vertical deflection field. The first and second vertical deflection fields are superimposed in the tube to produce a stepped vertical deflection field.

Abstract: In a dual direction horizontal bi-directional scan circuit, deterioration of the picture quality is prevented, while linearity is improved without supplying wasteful deflecting current, and pin distortion is corrected. The deflecting current in the going scan and in the returning scan are supplied to each deflecting coil by first and second resonance circuits, and capacitors substantially the same in capacitance are provided in the first and second resonance circuits to bias the deflecting voltage so that the terminal voltage and the power source voltage of the capacitors are synchronized to the vertical synchronizing signals to produce a parabolic modulation.

Abstract: A winding of a transformer is wound around a core bead that surrounds a wire conducting a horizontal deflection current. Close to a time when zero crossing occurs in the horizontal deflection current, at the center of horizontal trace, the core of the transformer changes from being saturated to being nonsaturated and a pulse is produced in the transformer. The pulse triggers a one-shot multivibrator arrangement that produces a reset pulse. A horizontal rate parabolic voltage generator is responsive to the reset pulse for generating a horizontal rate parabolic voltage that is coupled to an auxiliary coil mounted on a cathode ray tube to produce, for example, a vertical convergence error correction current.

Abstract: An improved electron deflection system for a light valve of the type used in Schlieren dark field projectors is disclosed. The deflection system eliminates one set (D box 25) of three sets of deflection electrodes used in such projectors. This is accomplished by modifying the d.c. voltages and a.c. voltages applied to the deflection electrodes. A quadrupole d.c. voltage is added to the first control box set of electrodes (61, 62) and a second quadrupole voltage of opposite sense is added to the focus deflection box set of electrodes (63, 65). This modifies the vertical and horizontal beam angles differentially and the vertical and horizontal beam trajectories differentially in a manner to compensate for the composite effects of spherical aberrations, deflection focusing aberrations, and the static starfish lens generated by the interaction of the square box electrode structure against the round drift ring assembly (21) of the deflection system.

Abstract: A hybrid CRT display includes vector generated portions for alpha-numeric data and normal raster scan portions for symbol data. A deflection yoke for a CRT is driven by a single horizontal amplifier having switching means which operate the amplifier in three modes necessary to achieve the hybrid display, enhanced by resonant retrace during raster scanning.

Abstract: An electronic optical objective applicable to electrolithographic devices for microlithography in particular in semiconductor and integrated circuits fabrication. The objective comprises an electromagnetic lens formed by two polepieces, one of which is of soft iron and the other of ferrite, spaced from each other by an airgap. It further comprises two deflectors, one of which is placed in a longitudinal zone of weak magnetic field and the other is placed in a longitudinal zone of strong magnetic field. These two deflectors are identical and offset from each other by a certain angle, for example from 215.degree. to 225.degree..

Abstract: A combined fine focusing micro lens array and micro deflector assembly for use in electron beam tubes of the fly's eye type is provided. The assembly comprises a fine focusing micro lens array sub-assembly formed from a plurality of spaced-apart stacked parallel thin planar apertured silicon semiconductor lens plates each having an array of micro lens aperture openings. The lens plates each have highly conductive surfaces and are secured to glass rods for holding the plates in stacked parallel spaced-apart relationship with the apertures axially aligned in parallel. A micro deflector assembly is adjacent to the micro lens array sub-assembly. A micro deflector element axially aligned with each respective fine focusing lens element serves for deflecting an electron beam passing through along orthogonal x-y directional axes of movement normal to the electron beam path.

Abstract: Electron optics apparatus, for use in electron-beam lithography, electron-beam-addressable memory tubes and the like, utilizes a tri-potential collimating condenser lens and a multi-element matrix lens of the "flys eye" type with coarse deflection elements positioned therebetween to deflect the collimated electron beam from the condenser lens to the appropriate aperture in the matrix of lenslets. The condenser lens electrode and matrix lens electrode closest to one another, as well as the coarse deflection electrodes therebetween, are substantially the only elements in the apparatus which float at a relatively high electrical potential, thereby simplifying the requirements of peripheral circuitry while retaining the advantages of the "flys eye" matrix lens.

Abstract: A color television camera having at least two pick-up tubes while the electromagnetic deflection and the electrostatic focussing is done in spatially removed places. A voltage source for supplying the anodes of the pick-up tubes is not stabilized but by affecting the deflection, registration of the line raster is maintained for voltage variations. Control of the voltage source offers the possibility for electronic "zooming" of the scene to be recorded.

Abstract: An input signal is converted into a dc voltage proportional to the frequency of the input signal in a frequency-voltage converter, while saw tooth waves are generated in a saw tooth wave generator triggered with the input signal. The dc voltage is applied to a variable resistance circuit where the resistance is changed corresponding to the dc voltage. The period of such saw tooth waves is controlled with the variable resistance circuit so that the saw tooth waves may follow the input signal frequency for automatically indicating at all times a desired number of waveforms on the screen of a cathode-ray tube. The variable resistance circuit may be controlled with means for free running operation of the saw tooth wave generator during the absence of the input signal.

Abstract: Circuitry utilizing either composite sync or separated sync data provides self-stepping capability for the vertical scan of a CRT alphanumeric display. A counter counts horizontal sync pulses for varying the vertical scan rate between rows of characters in steps, and is synchronized with the beginning of each frame by the vertical sync pulse. Alphanumeric data can be displayed with any desired spacing between rows without change of character format and with minimum effect on the size of the displayed characters.

Abstract: Deflection system for a cathode ray tube used in synthetic generators of curves comprising a vertical deflection device and a horizontal deflection device. Each of the devices comprises a main loop with a main deflection coil producing a deflection having a high amplitude with a slow variation and a secondary loop with a secondary coil producing a deflection having a low amplitude with a rapid variation; the main loop is fed by a deflection signal and produces an error signal feeding the secondary loop. Compensation for the delay and for the faults inserted by the main loop and use of only one deflection signal for each device is provided.