Abstract: A power supply system for driving a light source includes a transformer including a primary winding and a plurality of secondary windings including an output bias winding, a control bias winding, and an RF bias winding, the output bias winding being electrically coupled to and configured to supply electrical power to the light source, a control circuit electrically coupled to and configured to receive electrical power from the control bias winding; and an RF communication circuit electrically coupled to and configured to receive electrical power from the RF bias winding.

Abstract: A switch device includes first and second switch units that are coupled respectively to first and second output terminals. Each of the first and second switch units includes a plurality of diodes and at least one semiconductor-controlled rectifier (SCR), where at least one of the diodes and one of the at least one SCR cooperatively permit a current to flow therethrough to a corresponding one of the first and second output terminals when each thereof operates in an ON state, and where at least one of the diodes and one of the at least one SCR cooperatively permit a current to flow therethrough from a corresponding one of the first and second output terminals when each thereof operates in an ON state.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling the brightness and luminance of a light, such as an LED. The embodiment may vary the brightness and luminance of the LED in a variety of ways to achieve a variety of effects. The exemplary embodiment may vary the rate at which the LED's luminance changes, such that an observer perceives the change in the LED's brightness to be smooth and linear as a function of time, regardless of the ambient light level. Changes to the LED's luminance may be time-constrained and/or constrained by a maximum or minimum rate of change.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling the brightness and luminance of a light, such as an LED. The embodiment may vary the brightness and luminance of the LED in a variety of ways to achieve a variety of effects. The exemplary embodiment may vary the rate at which the LED's luminance changes, such that an observer perceives the change in the LED's brightness to be smooth and linear as a function of time, regardless of the ambient light level. Changes to the LED's luminance may be time-constrained and/or constrained by a maximum or minimum rate of change.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling the brightness and luminance of a light, such as an LED. The embodiment may vary the brightness and luminance of the LED in a variety of ways to achieve a variety of effects. The exemplary embodiment may vary the rate at which the LED's luminance changes, such that an observer perceives the change in the LED's brightness to be smooth and linear as a function of time, regardless of the ambient light level. Changes to the LED's luminance may be time-constrained and/or constrained by a maximum or minimum rate of change.

Abstract: A method and circuit for generating independent top and bottom corner correction using a single fourth order function is described. The top and bottom corner correction signal may be included in an east-west corrected voltage to correct an asymmetry of a picture with respect to a horizontal axis and a vertical axis of the picture. Two switch signals based on a ramping voltage, which is used to sweep an electron beam, and two clock signals control a sample-and-hold circuit. The sample-and-hold circuit is arranged to sample a fourth order voltage during a top portion and a bottom portion of the ramping voltage and provide two independent correction voltages Vout—top and Vout—bottom. The correction voltages are then provided for top and bottom corner correction to the east-west corrected voltage.

Abstract: Circuit means absorbing counter-electromotive voltage generated by a vertical deflection yoke coil DY while scanning period is provided in a vertical deflection driving circuit of PWM method. Because a MOS transistor TR4 for pumping-up switching is on while scanning period Tt′, current flows through a channel: a diode D3 connected between source and drain of a MOS transistor TR1 for driving, a capacitor C3 for pumping-up, TR4, and a ground line (GND line) so that counter-electromotive voltage Va of power source side is absorbed. On the other hand, it is possible to detect retracing period Tr′ and to make a pumping-up circuit on by providing the comparators 23 and 24 for pumping-up.

Abstract: In a magnetically insulated line oscillator device having a cathode 11, a surrounding slow wave structure 15 has a tapered configuration so that the effective cavity depth in the slow wave structure 15 progressively diminishes along a part of the length of the device towards the power output end of the device.

Abstract: A broad-band traveling-wave tube is provided, which contains a cylindrical waveguide made of a plurality of pole pieces and a plurality of spacers alternately arranged along its axis. A helix is placed in the waveguide to extend along the axis of the waveguide. The helix is held by helix supports not to be contacted with the waveguide. The inner wall of the waveguide has a plurality of offsets arranged at intervals along the axis of the waveguide. A bore-diameter-varying portion can be created inside a waveguide without mounting vanes.

Abstract: A four cavity, efficient magnetically insulated line oscillator (C4-E MILO) having seven vanes and six cavities formed within a tube-like structure surrounding a cathode. The C4-E MILO has a primary slow wave structure which is comprised of four vanes and the four cavities located near a microwave exit end of the tube-like structure. The primary slow wave structure is the four cavity (C4) portion of the magnetically insulated line oscillator (MILO). An RF choke is provided which is comprised of three of the vanes and two of the cavities. The RF choke is located near a pulsed power source portion of the tube-like structure surrounding the cathode. The RF choke increases feedback in the primary slow wave structure, prevents microwaves generated in the primary slow wave structure from propagating towards the pulsed power source and modifies downstream electron current so as to enhance microwave power generation.

Abstract: A helix travelling-wave tube of the present invention includes a helix wave delay circuit having velocity tapers for improving a beam efficiency and reducing backward wave oscillation. The tube allows a small signal and a large signal synchronous voltage to coincide or be extremely close to each other and thereby allows its circuit to have a minimum length. The tube is therefore small size and light weight and involves a minimum of gain variation against voltage variation.

Abstract: The invention is directed to the reduction of an electron beam transport problem during microwave generation in plasma-assisted microwave sources. A small, e.g., <200 gauss, secondary magnetic field is positioned in association with a slow-wave structure (SWS) of the sources to reduce the radial divergence of electron bunches in the sources' electron beams. The secondary magnetic field exerts radial forces on diverging electrons to supplement radial forces of a primary magnetic field and radial forces of an electrostatic field. The primary magnetic field is generated by electron movement in the electron beam and the electrostatic field is generated by ions which are created as the electron beam transits an ionizable gas in the plasma-assisted source. The addition of the secondary magnetic field can be implemented with a coil that is positioned to direct at least a portion of its magnetic field through a passage of the SWS.

Abstract: Tips of emitters are protruded over a control electrode in a field emission cathode. The cathode is a part of an input cavity, and an anode facing the cathode is also a part of the input cavity. A voltage which is in the vicinity of a threshold value or less than the threshold value is applied across the control electrode and the emitters, so that an emission current is modulated in density by a RF input signal.

Abstract: Microwave amplifiers are disclosed having a hollow helix slow-wave structure coupled directly to input and output waveguides. This helix-waveguide coupling structure couples the TEM mode of the helix to the TE10 mode of the rectangular waveguides and also defines ports communicating with the helix interior. Heating of the helix during high-power operation can be removed by cooling liquid pumped through the helix via these ports. The helix is surrounded by a cylindrical housing containing a low-pressure ionizable gas which forms a plasma channel that focuses the electron beam without the need for surrounding magnetic structures. A plasma cathode electron gun is arranged to inject an electron beam through the helix. Backflowing ions from the housing are harmlessly absorbed into the face of the plasma cathode. The microwave amplifier is converted to a backward wave oscillator by coupling a load to one of the waveguides.

Abstract: A deflection method and circuit for symmetrical horizontal scanning in a television tube utilizes a vertical deflection coil and an auxiliary vertical deflection coil. The vertical deflection coil is energized with a sawtooth vertical scanning current having a first slope during vertical trace to generate a first vertical deflection field. The auxiliary vertical deflection coil is energized with a sawtooth vertical auxiliary current having a line frequency and a second slope during horizontal trace equal but opposite to the first slope of the vertical scanning current to generate a second vertical deflection field. The first and second vertical deflection fields are superimposed in the tube to produce a stepped vertical deflection field.

Abstract: The present invention provides a double helix coupled vane forward wave crossed-field amplifier utilizing backwall cooling and vane channel cooling in the RF slow wave circuit. Backwall channel cooling is provided for the majority of the anode vanes. Additional cooling is provided exclusively for the output vanes via individual coolant carrying passages in each output vane. The coolant carrying passages are machined into each standard double helix coupled output vane to create a vane channel in the shape of a "U". A tube formed in a corresponding U-shape is inserted and brazed to the machined vane. The vane assembly is then attached to the anode body of which the backwall has holes formed to accept the tubes from each vane. Divided backwall coolant channels are brazed to the outside of the anode, thereby placing in fluid communication the coolant channels to the tubes.

Abstract: A non-concentric matrix support for a crossed-field device is provided. The crossed-field device comprises a cathode, a plurality of anode vanes radially disposed around the cathode, and an interaction region defined between the cathode and innermost tips of the anode vanes. The cathode matrix support is concentrically coupled to the cathode, and has an axis of symmetry parallel to an associated axis of symmetry of the anode vanes, and offset from the axis of symmetry of the anode vanes by a predetermined amount. The non-concentric matrix support further comprises an end-hat disposed at both axial ends thereof with each respective one of the end-hats being uniformly spaced from the anode vanes. In an embodiment, the offset is approximately 0.008 inches.

Abstract: A focusing system for an electron beam within an RF amplification tube is provided. The focusing system comprises a plurality of magnetic polepieces each having a centrally disposed aperture, and a plurality of electrically conductive non-magnetic plates alternatingly and integrally provided with the polepieces, the non-magnetic plates each having a centrally disposed aperture. The apertures of the polepieces are aligned with the apertures of the non-magnetic plates to provide a beam tunnel through which the electron beam travels. At least one permanent magnet is coupled to the polepieces, the magnet having magnetic flux which flows through the magnetic polepieces to provide an axial magnetic field within the beam tunnel. The diameter of the beam tunnel is selected to be greater than a separation distance between adjacent ones of said polepieces, and the axial magnetic field varies substantially across a cross section of the beam tunnel.

Abstract: Multiple radio frequency (RF) outlet ports are provided along the side of a slow wave tube to establish a distributed RF output in response to the transmission of an e.sup.- beam through the tube. The tube has a periodically rippled inner surface, and the outlet ports are spaced along the tube by substantially integral numbers of ripple periods. When implemented as a backward wave oscillator, RF power is extracted during a single pass through the tube; a travelling wave tube amplifier implementation is also possible. The separation of the RF extraction from the absorption of the e.sup.- beam at the end of the tube eliminates RF reflections and permits water cooling of the e.sup.- beam absorber. The RF extraction ports are also preferably configured as built-in mode converters from a TM.sub.01 cylindrical tube mode to a TE.sub.10 rectangular extraction mode, with four symmetrically arranged rectangular extraction waveguides at each extraction location combining their energies into a single TE.sub.10 output.

Abstract: A travelling-wave tube (TWT) for a satellite communication system includes a cathode current regulator which compares a sensed I.sub.K signal with a cathode current reference to form an cathode current error signal, and controls the cathode current in response to the cathode current error signal. Helix arc protection is provided by a helix current shut-down, which compares the helix current with a particular reference, and shuts the TWT supply down when helix current flows. Desirable high efficiency TWTs have a small input drive range between maximum TWT output and a defocussed condition, in which beam current flows in the helix. Sudden changes in path attenuation may result in an RF overdrive condition, and cause helix current flow, and undesirably shut down the TWT. A helix current limiter senses the helix current, and compares it with a reference which represents less helix current than that which causes shutdown, to produce a helix current error signal.

Abstract: A helical slow-wave circuit assembly includes a helix, P-BN pillars, a metal cylinder, artificial diamond films, and intermediate films. The helix constitutes a slow-wave circuit of the electromagnetic wave with respect to an electron flow and generates an electromagnetic wave that travels as a current flows. The P-BN pillars are disposed equidistantly around the helix in a direction along which the electromagnetic wave travels, and contains at least nitrogen. The metal cylinder supports the helix therein through the P-BN pillars. The artificial diamond films are formed on outer circumferential surfaces of the P-BN pillars. The intermediate layers are formed between the P-BN pillars and the artificial diamond films and prevents diffusion of nitrogen from the P-BN pillars to the diamond films.

Abstract: A first modulating wave current synchronized with a vertical sync signal and, having the same period as the vertical sync signal, is superposed on a horizontal deflection current caused to flow through a horizontal deflection coil of a CRT, and a second modulating wave current synchronized with a horizontal sync signal and, having the same period as the horizontal sync signal, is superposed on a vertical deflection current caused to flow through a vertical deflection coil of the CRT. The polarity and the amplitude of each of the first and second modulating wave currents are controlled by an adjustment circuit to correct a rotational distortion of a display area with respect to the displayed position of this area.

Abstract: The present invention provides a double helix coupled vane forward wave crossed-field amplifier utilizing individually cooled vanes in the RF slow-wave circuit. Specifically, a double helix coupled vane is machined to create a channel in the shape of a "U" on one side of the vane. A vane coolant tube formed in a corresponding U-shape is inserted and brazed to the machined vane. The vane assembly is then attached to the anode body of which the backwall has holes formed to accept the coolant tubes from each vane. Divided backwall coolant channels are brazed to the outside of the anode, thereby placing in fluid communication the coolant channels to the vane coolant tube. Accordingly, coolant is cycled through each vane tube and individual vanes of the anode are thus cooled.

Abstract: A crossed-field amplifier (CFA) includes a cylindrical cathode having an emitting surface coaxially disposed within an annular anode structure. The cathode has at least one circumferential groove disposed in the emitting surface. The grooves are relatively deep in comparison with their width. The grooves provide a phase smoothing of the rotating electron cloud spokes operative during crossed-field interaction. CFA noise is reduced by removal of the out-of-phase electrons. Due to their deeply cycloiding paths, these out-of-phase electrons become trapped in the grooves within a region generally shielded from the electric field of the CFA.

Abstract: A method for bonding thermally-mismatched elements of a traveling wave tube employs a metallic plate of undulating character. The plate is located at the region of the interface between tube elements formed of materials of materially-differing thermal character such as the ceramic termination piece and an adjacent sever pole piece of copper. Through either a brazing or a sintering process, pluralities of bonds are formed at points of tangency between the plate and the two elements of differing thermal expansion coefficients. As a result, a good heat flow path, accompanied by a more stable r.f. interface, is formed between the materials that is not subject to fracture as are prior art diffusion bonds.

Abstract: A loss button for a traveling wave tube. The front and rear planar surfaces of the ceramic pill-shaped button body are of coated metallic composition. The periphery is uncoated to permit r.f. energy to enter the button through thee cavity of the planar, metallic spacer into which the button is inserted. By coating the body surfaces, the button itself acts as a resonant cavity for attenuation of a predetermined bandwidth so that the dimensional changes that occur during heating to the surrounding and adjacent metallic elements, including the cavity in the spacer for receiving the button and the adjacent braze washers, will not affect the attenuation band of the tube.

Abstract: A cathode for a secondary emission structure comprised of a superconductive material is described. In one embodiment the cathode comprises a layer of a superconductive material such as yttrium barium cupric oxide, or rare earth substituted neodymium cupric oxides. The layer may be bonded to a metal electrode or preferably the cathode consist of a superconductive or conductive oxide. The use of a superconductive material provides a cathode having suitable secondary emission characteristics and, furthermore, which being conductive at room temperatures, as well as, temperatures of operation of the cathode, obviating the need for a use of a very thin film of a secondary emission material.

Abstract: An integral polepiece RF amplification tube for amplifying a millimeter wave RF signal is provided which has a laminate structure comprising a plurality of magnetic and non-magnetic conductive plates which are alternatingly and integrally formed together. The tube has substantially planar surfaces, which permit the attachment of a heat sink thereto. The non-magnetic plates each have a slot which provides a resonant cavity, and a portion of the magnetic plates have a notch which couples the cavities. A magnetic field induced into the tube provides focusing to an electron beam projected through a tunnel which passes through each of the cavities. The amplification tube can be configured for use as a coupled cavity traveling wave tube or a klystron.

Abstract: A variable frequency microwave furnace system (10) designed to allow modulation of the frequency of the microwaves introduced into a furnace cavity (34) for testing or other selected applications. The variable frequency microwave furnace system (10) includes a microwave signal generator (12) or microwave voltage-controlled oscillator (14) for generating a low-power microwave signal for input to the microwave furnace. A first amplifier (18) may be provided to amplify the magnitude of the signal output from the microwave signal generator (12) or the microwave voltage-controlled oscillator (14). A second amplifier (20) is provided for processing the signal output by the first amplifier (18). The second amplifier (20) outputs the microwave signal input to the furnace cavity (34). In the preferred embodiment, the second amplifier (20) is a traveling-wave tube (TWT). A power supply (22) is provided for operation of the second amplifier (20).

Abstract: The RF amplifier has a single waveguiding structure extending longitudinally in a direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves, in which density of an injected current flow is not RF modulated, and a transverse E-field component vector of the electromagnetic waves interacts with the electron flow by electron transit time effects. The waveguiding structure comprises a metallic top strip 1 and a metallic ground strip 2 held apart by two ceramic supports 3 which integrate the two strips into a vacuum tight enclosure together with two RF transparent dielectric windows 4 and 5 which represent the amplifier input and output respectively. Electron flow is generated in a linear current injection system by electronic emitters providing a cathodic source of electron flow which is injected into the waveguiding structure, with a flow vector orientation transverse to the direction of propagation of said electromagnetic waves.

Abstract: A side pin cushion circuit for keeping exact the period corresponding to the frequency of a synchronizing signal so as to prevent a pin cushion distortion in a cathode ray tube displayer.

Abstract: A cathode of a crossed field device includes a first electrode and a second electrode disposed about and dielectrically spaced from the first electrode. In a preferred embodiment the electrode comprises a pair of electrodes, a first one of the pair being a masking electrode disposed about and dielectrically spaced from the first electrode and a second one of the pair being an emitter electrode disposed about and dielectrically spaced from the masking electrode.

Abstract: A traveling wave tube structure is used for propagation of an electron beam, and includes a metal tube member having an inner surface defining a hollow space, a helix member provided in the hollow space, and a plurality of supporting rods provided between the inner surface and the helix member and circumferentially spaced at predetermined angles from one another. Each of the supporting rods is formed from a quartz rod member covered with a substance selected from the group consisting of boron nitride and artificial diamond. The quartz contributes mechanical strength while the named covering substances are especially beneficial due to their dielectric constants and thermal conductivities.

Abstract: An electron tube for achieving high power at high frequency with high efficiency, including an input coupler, a ribbon-shaped electron beam and a traveling wave output coupler. The input coupler is a lumped constant resonant circuit that modulates a field emitter array cathode at microwave frequency. A bunched ribbon electron beam is emitted from the cathode in periodic bursts at the desired frequency. The beam has a ribbon configuration to eliminate limitations inherent in round beam devices. The traveling wave coupler efficiently extracts energy from the electron beam, and includes a waveguide with a slot therethrough for receiving the electron beam. The ribbon beam is tilted at an angle with respect to the traveling wave coupler so that the electron beam couples in-phase with the traveling wave in the waveguide. The traveling wave coupler thus extracts energy from the electron beam over the entire width of the beam.

Abstract: A crossed-field amplifier tube is constructed in which there is substantially no direct RF coupling between the output of the slow-wave structure on the anode and the input of the slow-wave structure of the cathode to thereby obtain a cathode-driven tube which is capable of RF pulsed operation into a linear accelerator cavity which presents a mismatched load, a short circuit impedance, at initiation and termination of the RF pulse without breaking into oscillation. During the RF pulse, the tube operates into a substantially matched load and provides high peak and average power.

Abstract: A traveling wave tube (10) includes a coupled cavity type slow wave structure (100) having a driver stage (52) and an output section (101) with a primary section (64) and a velocity taper section (82) which in combinattion produce maximum signal gain at a predetermined frequency. A gain flattening section (104) is preferably disposed between the driver stage (52) and the primary section (64) of the output section (101), and is designed to operate at a reduced phase velocity selected to produce minimum or negative signal gain at approximately the predetermined frequency. The gain characteristics of the driver stage (52), gain flattening section (104), primary section (64), and velocity taper section (82) combine to produce minimum signal gain variation over an operating frequency range which spans the predetermined frequency, and expand the bandwidth of the traveling wave tube (10).

Abstract: Disclosed is a travelling-wave tube with helix. The helix is mounted in a metal sleeve and is held in a centered position by at least three dielectric rods. Parts of the helix are in contact with the rods. The helix is made out of a thin strip of a metal that is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Instead of having a rectangular cross-section, the thin strip now has a T-shaped cross-section, at least at all the parts of the helix that are in contact with the rods. The base of the T is brazed to the rods. This structure prevents the risk of electric arcs at the facing brazing beads on two consecutive turns of the helix. The disclosure can be applied to travelling-wave tubes operating in wide bandwidth and at high peak power and/or mean power values.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the construction of helix travelling wave tubes in which the helix is supported by insulating dielectric supports, wherein the dielectric supports, in turn, are supported by support-forming elements which project from the internal wall of the vacuum-tight casing surrounding the set, towards the helix, thus reducing the radial dimensions of the dielectric supports. In most of the embodiments, these novel support-forming elements are made of metallic material. The disclosed method greatly simplifies the construction of delay lines with low dispersion for travelling wave tubes with very great bandwidth while, at the same time, increasing the precision of assembly that can be obtained. An additional advantage of the reduction of the radial dimensions of the dielectric lies in an improvement of the possibilities of thermal conduction from the helix to the casing that surrounds the set.

Abstract: Two windings of a flyback transformer in a horizontal deflection circuit are inductively coupled with opposite polarity to a source of horizontal rate retrace pulses. The windings have a common junction coupled to ground. A circuit energized by the retrace pulses generates modulated currents of opposite polarity. Conduction of each current is controlled by a switch circuit including a semiconductor switch and two diodes. The switch circuits are coupled to one another at a junction, and the junction is coupled to an energy storage capacitance. One of the diodes conducts positively valued portions of the respective current through the energy storage capacitance and the other of the diodes conducts negatively valued portions of the respective current through the semiconductor switch. Each semiconductor switch is a current discharge path.

Abstract: This amplifier stage comprises a microwave tube wherein an electron beam (3) is made to interact with a microwave having a frequency variable within a given useful range, the velocity of the electrons of the beam being determined by a cathode voltage (V.sub.k) applied to the tube and the microwave being propagated in said delay structure (4) that imposes a phase velocity close to the velocity of the electron beam on said microwave. The cathode voltage is a variable voltage, regulated as a function of said frequency, said voltage varying with the frequency to modify the velocity of the electrons of the beam in such a way that, for every frequency of said useful range of frequencies, the corresponding velocity of these electrons remains essentially, but not precisely, identical to the phase velocity of the microwave. Thus, the dispersivity in frequency of the delay structure is compensated for, and the output power delivered by the tube is thus kept essentially constant.

Abstract: A microwave tube provided with at least one axial part, supported by at least three spacers and fitted cold into a coaxial envelope. The internal surface of the envelope or the external surface of the part comprises a relief designed to block a spacer so that the assembly formed by the part and the spacers is clamped in the envelope. The blocking is obtained by a relative shift between at least one spacer and the surface comprising the relief. The axial part may be the gun or the collector of a longitudinal-interaction tube or the delay line of a travelling-wave tube.

Abstract: This invention pertains to a travelling wave tube with a helix-type delay line attached to a sleeve through the use of boron nitride dielectric supports, which have a layer of insulating material with a secondary emission coefficient greater than 1, such as aluminum or beryllium oxide, for example.

Abstract: In a travelling-wave tube (20), a cylindrically-shaped slow-wave circuit cavity-defining member (34) is supported by and is thermomechanically bonded to a tubularly-configured vacuum wall member (32). The bonded joint comprises a pair of arcuate grooves (52) extending lengthwise of the slow-wave circuit and positioned diametrically opposite one another about the axis of the tube. A helical or wavy spring (54, 58) lies in each groove and is resiliently biased in intimate mechanical and thermal contact between the groove and the vacuum wall. The helical spring, in particular, can be used as a conduit for exhaust of gases from the travelling-wave tube during its fabrication.

Abstract: A radio frequency amplifier having a slow wave structure supported adjacent an electron beam by a support structure. The support structure includes at least one structural support member, having a supporting rod, and a dielectric material disposed on an outer surface portion of the supporting rod. The dielectric material is different from the material of the supporting rod. More particularly the dielectric material is electrically insulating having either a resistivity which reduces upon impingement of electrons from the electron beam or a secondary emission ratio that is substantially unity. The supporting rod has high thermal conductivity and is preferably boron nitride. The dielectric material is preferably titania, magnesia or beryllia.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns microwave tubes and, more particularly, travelling wave tubes wherein the region under vacuum is isolated from the external HF input/output circuits by vacuum-tight windows. The disclosed window consists of a ceramic cylinder, the two ends of which bear metallic flexible rings. This window is brazed to the cylindrical chamber of the part under vacuum by means of a clearance machined in the chamber, so that the chamber and the window are integrated and coaxial. The HF transmission through the window is achieved by means of an antenna formed by a metallic strip mounted, at right angles, on a metallic cylinder that fits the chamber. The device can be applied to power microwave tubes and, notably, to travelling wave tubes.

Abstract: In a peniotron, a hollow electron beam is generated from a cathode gun assembly and a DC magnetic field is applied to the electron beam from solenoid coils. Thus, each electron of the electron beam is gyrated into a resonant cavity and into propagating waveguide sections which are maintained in auto-resonant conditions so that the electrons interact with an electromagnetic waves of TE mode not only in the resonant cavity section but also in a waveguide section. Accordingly, the electromagnetic wave is oscillated in the resonant waveguide section and amplified in the propagating waveguide section in such a manner that the level of the electromagnetic wave in the resonant cavity section is far less than the output power from said propagating waveguide.

Abstract: In a travelling wave tube, the delay line of which is coupled to a transmission line of an external microwave circuit by a coupling pin having a coupling surface that faces an end surface of the transmission line, a microwave window extends between the coupling surface of the coupling pin and the end surface of the transmission line. This window is permeable to the microwave energy and impermeable to the gases. It is fixed imperviously to the travelling wave tube.

Abstract: A travelling-wave tube has a cylindrical sleeve containing a delay line and a coupling device between the delay line and an external microwave circuit for removal or injection of microwave energy. This external circuit comprises a transmission line possessing a conductive internal core. A conductive part is placed at one end of the delay line. It has a coupling pin that projects inwards into the sleeve and is brazed to an end of the delay line. The conductive part is brazed to the sleeve. The coupling between the delay line and the external circuit is made between the part and the internal conductive core of the transmission line. This coupling is without contact, a narrow gap being prepared between the external surface of the part located on the side of the coupling pin and the internal conductive core.

Abstract: A spark gap apparatus triggerable by application of a microwave pulse. The apparatus includes a first electrode including a microwave waveguide, and a second electrode spaced from the first electrode. A microwave generator is connected to supply microwave pulses to the waveguide. A main current circuit to be switched is connected to the electrodes. The first and second electrodes include components for causing the simultaneous existence of a number of spark channels therebetween in response to coupling of a microwave pulse to the waveguide so that coupling of the pulse to the waveguide results in switching of the main current circuit. A method of using the spark gap apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: A travelling wave tube which amplifies a signal and includes an electron gun, a D.C. voltage generator, an electron accelerator and delay structure loaded with dielectric material. The electron gun is at approximately ground potential and emits an electron beam. The D.C. voltage generator generates a very high D.C. voltage. The electron accelerator receives the high D.C. voltage from the D.C. voltage generator and accelerates the electrons in the electron beam. The delay structure is at approximately the same high D.C. voltage as the electron accelerator and includes an input port and an output port, the signal being received in the input port, travelling through the delay structure, and being output at the output port. The rf input and output windows are insulated from the high DC potential of the delay structure by dielectric wave guides.