Abstract: A system and method for using unrecoverable energy in a battery cell is disclosed in this application. A system includes a battery cell, the battery cell includes an excess amount of cathode or anode that can function as half cells in an emergency. A user, such as a pilot, can command a controller to utilize unrecoverable energy based on battery data presented to the user.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method with battery state estimation includes estimating a current state of charge (SOC) of a target battery by correcting a first electrochemical model corresponding to the target battery using a first voltage difference between a measured voltage of the target battery and an estimated voltage of the target battery that is estimated by the first electrochemical model, estimating an end SOC of the target battery by correcting a second electrochemical model using a second voltage difference between an estimated voltage of a virtual battery that is estimated by the second electrochemical model and a preset voltage, and estimating a relative SOC (RSOC) of the target battery based on the current SOC and the end SOC of the target battery, wherein the second electrochemical model is based on the virtual battery corresponding to the target battery being discharged to reach the preset voltage.

Abstract: Described herein are methods, systems, and devices for estimating remaining longevity of an IMD powered by a battery that at any given time has a battery voltage (BV) and a remaining battery capacity (RBC). Such a method can include estimating the RBC using a first technique when the battery is operating within a t least one of one or more plateau regions, estimating the RBC using a second technique, that differs from the first technique when the battery is operating within a decline region, and estimating the remaining longevity of the IMD based on at least one of the estimates of the RBC. Additionally, historical battery data can be stored and used to estimate the RBC, e.g., when the battery is operating within a heavy usage and recovery period. RBC estimation can also depend on whether the IMD is close to its recommended replacement time (RRT).

Abstract: A vehicle battery charger and a vehicle battery charging system are described and illustrated, and can include a controller enabling a user to enter a time of day at which the vehicle battery charger or system begins and/or ends charging of the vehicle battery. The vehicle battery charger can be separate from the vehicle, can be at least partially integrated into the vehicle, can include a transmitter and/or a receiver capable of communication with a controller that is remote from the vehicle and vehicle charger, and can be controlled by a user or another party (e.g., a power utility) to control battery charging based upon a time of day, cost of power, or other factors.

Abstract: Embodiments of a method and/or system for charging one or more electric vehicles (e.g., based on one or more reserved charging sessions; for charging an electric vehicle during a scheduled time period; etc.) can include: receiving a reservation request (e.g., a reservation request including one or more reservation parameters; etc.); scheduling a reserved charging session based on the reservation request (e.g., based on reservation parameters from the reservation request; etc.); determining a check in at an Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE) for the reserved charging session; and/or causing the EVSE to charge the electric vehicle based on the reserved charging session (e.g., during the scheduled time period; etc.). Embodiments can support load management across groups of vehicles, offline access control, and improved user interfaces with improved security for facilitating charging sessions.

Abstract: A power management and selection system for a class 8 tractor trailer, directs excess solar and vehicular charge capacity to an auxiliary load by measuring available charge capacity from a reefer power system including a reefer battery, solar panel and charge controller for moderating solar power to the reefer batter, and measuring available charge capacity from a cab vehicle power system including a propulsion system battery and alternator. Charge logic, in a selector configured for switching charge capacity to the auxiliary load, determines which of the reefer power system and cab vehicle power system has the most potential excess charge capacity, and directs the determined excess charge capacity to the auxiliary load, while the measured available charge capacity remains sufficient for powering the respective reefer power system or cab vehicle power system.

Abstract: An air conditioner includes: a secondary battery which is chargeable with electric power supplied from outside of a vehicle and store the electric power for running the vehicle; an air conditioning unit which performs air conditioning in a vehicle interior of the vehicle; a timer for managing a time for operating the air conditioning unit; and a control unit which sets a charging prohibition time period for prohibiting charging of the secondary battery for a time period set by a user.

Abstract: It is desirable to facilitate maintenance of a battery of a vehicle. Ideally, any non-optimal action performed on the battery—for instance excessive charging—should be identified such that an appropriate recommendation for a battery maintenance operation can be provided. For instance, a user of the vehicle may be instructed to charge the battery less often. Thus, in an embodiment, a device such as an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), will monitor one or more operational properties of the battery. Thereafter, the monitored property is evaluated by the ECU to determine an effect that the monitored property has on the lifetime of the battery. Based on this evaluation, the ECU performs an action with aim to prolong the lifetime of the battery, such as instructing a user of the vehicle to perform a particular action.

Abstract: A battery management system for integrated management of high and low voltage batteries may include: a control unit; a low voltage monitoring unit connected to the control unit, and configured to transmit a monitoring result for a low voltage battery to the control unit; and a high voltage monitoring unit including a plurality of sensing ICs connected to each other in a daisy chain manner, wherein at least one sensing IC of the plurality of sensing ICs is connected to the low voltage monitoring unit, and transmits a monitoring result for a high voltage battery to the control unit through the low voltage monitoring unit.

Abstract: A battery charger system includes a first circuit configured to connect to a power bus and a second set of battery cells, and a second circuit configured to connect to the power bus and a first set of battery cells. The first circuit including a first switch to electrically connect or disconnect the first circuit to the power bus and the second set of battery cells. The second circuit includes a second switch to electrically connect or disconnect the second circuit to the power bus and the first set of battery cells. The system includes a third circuit configured to connect the first set of battery cells to the second set of battery cells. The third circuit includes a third switch to electrically connect or disconnect the first set of battery cells to the second set of battery cells. A battery charger process and an aircraft-based power system is disclosed as well.

Abstract: A battery unit for a favor inhaler includes a chargeable and dischargeable power supply, a connection part capable of electrically connecting to an external charger, and a controller configured to perform control regarding at least the power supply, wherein when an accumulated value of a connection time period to the charger exceeds a first predetermined time period, the controller determines that the power supply has been degraded.

Abstract: The present invention provides a battery control system (10) including a storage unit (11) that stores a lower limit of an SOH secured on a target date in a plurality of battery systems, a deterioration rate calculation unit (12) that calculates a deterioration rate indicated by a reduced amount of the SOH per unit cumulative charge amount [Wh] or unit cumulative discharge amount [Wh] for each battery system, an SOH specifying unit (13) that specifies the SOH at a reference timing in each of the battery systems, a state calculation unit (14) that calculates a cumulative charge amount or a cumulative discharge amount that is available from the reference timing to the target date under a condition that the SOH on the target date reaches the lower limit of the SOH, based on the target date, the lower limit of the SOH, the deterioration rate, and the SOH at the reference timing, for each battery system, a priority determination unit (15) that determines a priority of charging/discharging for the plurality of batt

Abstract: A monitoring device includes: an acquisition unit configured to acquire information regarding whether a learning model is in a first mode or in a second mode, the learning model configured to detect a state of an energy storage device; and a change unit configured to change an operation of a balancer circuit from a predetermined state in a case where the learning model is in the first mode, the balancer circuit configured to balance a voltage of the energy storage device.

Abstract: A power management method comprises a step A of specifying a charging power supply used for charging of a storage battery apparatus, a step B of monitoring a storage capacity of the storage battery apparatus, and a step C of limiting, until the storage capacity becomes a predetermined threshold or less, the charging of the storage battery apparatus which uses a second charging power supply different from a first charging power supply when the charging power supply is the first charging power supply.

Abstract: A vehicle includes: a battery; a sensor configured to detect at least one of a charging state, a discharging state, or a performance state of the battery; a display configured to display the state of the battery; and a controller configured to judge a cause of discharge of the battery based on the detection result of the sensor, to determine at least one of the charging voltage, charging current, or charging time of the battery based on the determination result, and to control the display to display a charging mode of the battery based on the determined charging voltage, charging current, or charging time.

Abstract: A system includes a state of charge (SOC) calculation module configured to calculate an SOC of a battery cell based on a measured current of the battery cell and an overpotential calculation module configured to receive the measured current and output lagged currents based on the measured current and respective time constants, output a weighted measured current and weighted lagged currents based on a plurality of weighting factors, wherein a sum of the plurality of weighting factors is 1, calculate an equivalent constant current corresponding to the measured current based on the weighted measured current and the weighted lag currents, and calculate an overpotential of the battery cell based on the equivalent constant current. The system is configured to output a predicted voltage of the battery cell based on the calculated SOC and the calculated overpotential of the battery cell.

Abstract: Based on a voltage of a secondary battery detected by a voltage measurement unit, a residual capacity is acquired from a correlation between the voltage and the residual capacity of the secondary battery stored in a memory, and a state of charge (SOC) which is a ratio of the residual capacity to a reference capacity is obtained. The reference capacity is set to a prescribed amount less than a residual capacity at full charge. Further, an information processing unit determines an abnormality of a module based on a comparison between the SOC and an SOC obtained by another method.

Abstract: Onboard engine control for vehicles is disclosed herein. An example method includes determining a moving average of duty cycle periods for a power component of a vehicle for recent power load events, each of the duty cycle periods having both on-time portions and off-time portions; and when the on-time portions of the moving average are above a predetermined percentage, an engine of the vehicle remains in an on-state condition, further wherein when a current off-time period of the power component exceeds a value equal to a predetermined multiplier applied to the off-time portions, the engine is placed in an off-state condition.

Abstract: An in-vehicle backup control apparatus includes a discharge circuit that discharges a power storage unit and a control unit that controls the discharge circuit. The control unit sets either one of a superimposable voltage or a supply completion voltage as an interruption threshold value, the superimposable voltage being set as a voltage condition of the power storage unit when electric power is supplied simultaneously to a plurality of target loads during an abnormal state, and the supply completion voltage being set in association with one of the plurality of target loads. The control unit interrupts or delays the supply of electric power to the one of the plurality of target loads to prohibit the plurality of target loads from simultaneously operating if a charge voltage of the power storage unit reaches a value less than or equal to the interruption threshold value during the abnormal state.

Abstract: A server (16) arranged to automatically detect replacement of a vehicle battery (6) associated with a vehicle engine (5) comprises: a communications device (20) configured to receive vehicle battery voltage measurements from a telematics device (10) connected to or incorporating a voltage monitoring unit for the vehicle battery (6); and one or more processors (18) configured to process the vehicle battery voltage measurements. The processor(s) (18) monitor the voltage measurements in a first time window corresponding to an engine off state and assess when the voltage measurements in the first time window indicate a step change in voltage magnitude at a given time. The step change is then used to automatically identify a vehicle battery replacement event.

Abstract: A diagnosis device determines diagnoses one of primary and secondary board temperature sensors as abnormal, in response to a condition that a state in which a primary temperature sensor value and a secondary temperature sensor value deviate from each other by a predetermined value or more continues for a predetermined duration or more; performs torque limitation to limit a torque inputted from an engine to an automatic transmission, during driving in a predetermined travel section based on a predetermined condition, after the one of the primary and secondary board temperature sensors is diagnosed as abnormal; and performs transmission shift restriction to restrict shifting of the automatic transmission along with the torque limitation, in response to a condition that the one of the primary and secondary board temperature sensors continues to be diagnosed as still abnormal after the driving in the predetermined travel section is completed.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to systems and methods by which the lifetime, e.g., remaining life or amount of life used, of variable use items, such as rechargeable batteries, battery relays, vehicles and power tools, can be determined that takes into account the conditions of the use of the item. The systems and methods involve an algorithm that can be described as accumulating points based on the real time utilization of the item, e.g., rechargeable battery, battery relay, vehicle, or power tool, and when an agreed-upon number of points have been accumulated, the item can be considered to be at end of life or end of warranty.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for determining a charging time length of a battery, applied to an electronic device, including: acquiring a current charging state type of the battery in response to detecting that the battery of the electronic device enters a charging state; determining a charging stage of the battery, wherein the charging stage includes a constant current charging stage and a constant voltage charging stage; and determining the charging time length required by the battery according to the charging state type and the charging stage.

Abstract: An ECU is configured to execute SOC estimation control for estimating an SOC of a battery. The ECU obtains “first voltage” indicating an OCV of the battery in the SOC estimation control. The ECU controls an engine and a PCU such that the battery is charged with an amount of electric power equal to or larger than a prescribed amount, when the first voltage is within a voltage range where hysteresis occurs. The ECU obtains “second voltage” indicating an OCV of the charged battery, and estimates the SOC of the battery from the second voltage.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a battery management system, and a method and apparatus for transmitting information. The method includes: determining, from a plurality of slave nodes, a fault slave node that communicates abnormally with a master node in the battery management system; selecting a target slave node from the plurality of slave nodes, wherein the target slave node is a slave node that communicates normally with both the master node and the fault slave node; transmitting frequency conversion information to the target slave node, so that the target slave node forwards the frequency conversion information to the fault slave node, and the fault slave node performs a frequency conversion based on the frequency conversion information; and transmitting information with the fault slave node using a frequency after the frequency conversion. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the reliability of wireless communication in the battery management system can be improved.

Abstract: Disclosed are an automobile, and a power battery pack equalization method and device, the method comprises the following steps: acquiring a high voltage inflection point of the charging curve of a battery cell of the power battery pack and acquiring the capacity of the battery cell according to the high voltage inflection point of the battery cell, and equalizing the battery cell according to the capacity of the battery cell. Hence, equalization management of the power battery pack can be realized, thereby improving the use ratio of the power battery pack and prolonging the service life of the power battery pack.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating an electric energy storage device are described. The systems and methods may generate a state of charge estimate that is based on negative electrode plating. An overall state of charge may be determined from the state of charge estimate that is based on negative electrode plating and a state of charge estimate that is not based on negative electrode plating.

Abstract: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technologies are being adopted to reduce peak demand and to take over as energy sources during grid instability. It is necessary to estimate attributes of electric vehicle trips and residual battery charge in order to correctly predict spatio-temporal availability of energy from EVs to form a micro grid. However, it may not be feasible to get the required attributes for all vehicles in a city-scale traffic scenario. Embodiments of the present disclosure and system address the problem of accurately estimating the local energy reserve that is available from parked EVs during a given time of the day. In addition, the system also determines which neighborhoods have the potential to form micro grids using the parked EVs during a given time period. This will help grid operator(s) to plan and design smart grids which can create EV-powered micro grids in neighborhoods during periods of peak demand or during disruptions.

Abstract: A vehicle battery charger and a vehicle battery charging system are described and illustrated, and can include a controller enabling a user to enter a time of day at which the vehicle battery charger or system begins and/or ends charging of the vehicle battery. The vehicle battery charger can be separate from the vehicle, can be at least partially integrated into the vehicle, can include a transmitter and/or a receiver capable of communication with a controller that is remote from the vehicle and vehicle charger, and can be controlled by a user or another party (e.g., a power utility) to control battery charging based upon a time of day, cost of power, or other factors.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present application disclose a method, apparatus and medium for estimating a battery remaining life and relates to the field of battery power. The method includes: acquiring a material aging parameter of a battery representing an aging degree of a material of the battery; and determining, based on a preset corresponding relationship between the material aging parameter and the battery remaining life, the battery remaining life corresponding to the material aging parameter.

Abstract: A battery state estimating apparatus includes: a voltage measuring unit configured to measure a voltage of a battery cell and measure an open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery cell whenever the measured voltage reaches a reference discharge voltage; and a control unit configured to receive the OCV measured by the voltage measuring unit, compare the received OCV with a pre-stored reference voltage to calculate a voltage fluctuation rate, determine a voltage increase and decrease pattern based on the calculated voltage fluctuation rate and pre-stored voltage fluctuation rate data, and determine a degradation acceleration degree of the battery cell according to the determined voltage increase and decrease pattern.

Abstract: A method for determining usable capacity of a battery of an active implantable medical device comprising a radiofrequency (RF) communication unit for transmitting data by RF over a communication period, wherein the usable capacity of the battery enables the active implantable medical device to transmit data by RF via the RF communication unit. The method includes measuring a value for the voltage of the battery which is representative of an instantaneous voltage drop of the battery as a result of a current draw on the battery, comparing the voltage of the battery with a predetermined threshold voltage VBS, and transmitting an alert message to a second device when the measured voltage of the battery crosses the predetermined threshold voltage.

Abstract: Vehicles that are capable of connecting to the AC grid are described that comprise a prime mover and at least one motor generator. In one embodiment, a vehicle may be constructed as a plug-in hybrid system and using the powertrain under controller instruction to either place power on an AC power line (to service AC grids) or to draw power from the AC power line to add electrical energy to the batteries on the vehicle. In some aspects, vehicles may test whether the power needed to service the AC power line may be satisfied by the on-vehicle batteries or, if not, whether and how much power to extract from the prime mover. In some aspects, vehicles may have a thermal management system on board to dynamically supply desired heat dissipation for the powertrain, if the powertrain is using the prime mover to supply power to the AC grid.

Abstract: A state of charge of a battery is estimated by a battery model specific to the battery. The battery model provides a section-wise defined correlation of terminal voltage values depending on state of charge values. Each of sections of the battery model delimits a monotonic dependence of the correlation from others of the sections. By segmenting the correlation of terminal voltage values depending on a state of charge value into sections, each segment within such the section-wise defined correlation of terminal voltage values depending on state of charge values is mathematically spoken a bi-unique function suitable for transformation into an inverse function defined within the section. The estimated state of charge may be continuously refined by an iterative feedback loop including coulomb counting for estimating a battery charge value, where refined estimated battery charge values state of charge values at a previous cycle are projected forward to the current cycle.

Abstract: A vehicle battery charger and a vehicle battery charging system are described and illustrated, and can include a controller enabling a user to enter a time of day at which the vehicle battery charger or system begins and/or ends charging of the vehicle battery. The vehicle battery charger can be separate from the vehicle, can be at least partially integrated into the vehicle, can include a transmitter and/or a receiver capable of communication with a controller that is remote from the vehicle and vehicle charger, and can be controlled by a user or another party (e.g., a power utility) to control battery charging based upon a time of day, cost of power, or other factors.

Abstract: An input circuit for reading in an analog input signal of a sensor comprises: first and second input ports connectable to the sensor; a first current-measuring signal converter connected to the first input port and comprising a current-measuring apparatus to determine a first output signal from the analog input signal; a current-limiting apparatus inside the first current-measuring signal converter for limiting a maximum current flowing through the first current-measuring signal converter; and a second current-measuring signal converter connected to the second input port and comprising a current-measuring apparatus to determine a second output signal from the analog input signal, wherein the first and second current-measuring signal converters are connected in series; and a testing apparatus for comparing the first and second output signals to detect faults of the first and second current-measuring signal converters in response to deviations between the first and second output signals exceeding a limit value.

Abstract: A vehicle battery charger and a vehicle battery charging system are described and illustrated, and can include a controller enabling a user to enter a time of day at which the vehicle battery charger or system begins and/or ends charging of the vehicle battery. The vehicle battery charger can be separate from the vehicle, can be at least partially integrated into the vehicle, can include a transmitter and/or a receiver capable of communication with a controller that is remote from the vehicle and vehicle charger, and can be controlled by a user or another party (e.g., a power utility) to control battery charging based upon a time of day, cost of power, or other factors.

Abstract: A vehicle battery charger and a vehicle battery charging system are described and illustrated, and can include a controller enabling a user to enter a time of day at which the vehicle battery charger or system begins and/or ends charging of the vehicle battery. The vehicle battery charger can be separate from the vehicle, can be at least partially integrated into the vehicle, can include a transmitter and/or a receiver capable of communication with a controller that is remote from the vehicle and vehicle charger, and can be controlled by a user or another party (e.g., a power utility) to control battery charging based upon a time of day, cost of power, or other factors.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for preventing overcharge of a secondary battery that prevents the overcharge of a Starting Lighting Ignition (SLI) battery, which can be applied to both a regulated system with a voltage regulator and an unregulated system without a voltage regulator, by regulating the voltage applied to the cell assembly.

Abstract: A vehicle battery charger and a vehicle battery charging system are described and illustrated, and can include a controller enabling a user to enter a time of day at which the vehicle battery charger or system begins and/or ends charging of the vehicle battery. The vehicle battery charger can be separate from the vehicle, can be at least partially integrated into the vehicle, can include a transmitter and/or a receiver capable of communication with a controller that is remote from the vehicle and vehicle charger, and can be controlled by a user or another party (e.g., a power utility) to control battery charging based upon a time of day, cost of power, or other factors.

Abstract: A vehicle determines a first resistance of a starter motor and a starter cable connected thereto based at least in part on the first voltage of a power source. The vehicle determines a predicted minimum battery voltage based at least in part on the first resistance of the starter motor and the starter cable. The vehicle, in response to the predicted minimum battery voltage satisfying a threshold, enables a vehicle stop-start function, and, in response to the predicted minimum battery voltage failing to satisfy the threshold, disables the vehicle stop-start function.

Abstract: Digital transaction apparatus including a Data Assistance Device (DAD), including a user interface that is operable to at least select data, and a DAD transmitter, a Digital Transaction Card (DTC), including a Digital Transaction Processing Unit (DTPU), and a DTC receiver, wherein the DAD and DTC are operable to transfer data from the DAD to the DTC and when subsequently using the DTC to effect a digital transaction, the DTC operates in accordance with the data selected and transferred from the DAD to the DTC, wherein the digital transaction apparatus further includes a remaining battery life estimation system operable to detect an occurrence of at least one electrical event and to measure the duration of the at least one electrical event, each electrical event having an associated power usage amount, and, subsequent to detection of an occurrence of an at least one electrical event, the remaining battery life estimation system calculates the total energy usage using the associated power usage amount in respec

Abstract: The disclosure provides state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimation methods of a battery pack. The SOC estimation method of the battery pack includes the following steps. First, a current resting time, a current battery temperature, and a current measured open circuit voltage corresponding to a current initial power-on time of the battery pack are obtained. Next, an SOC value corresponding to the current initial power-on time is determined according to the obtained current resting time, current battery temperature, current measured open circuit voltage, and a relational expression between an open circuit voltage, a resting time, a battery temperature, and an SOC value at predetermined different battery temperatures, so that the battery pack can be characterized according to the obtained SOC value.

Abstract: A method and apparatus (100) are provided for charging a vehicle battery (108). The apparatus (100) includes a controller (102) designed to influence a charging process of the vehicle battery (108). The apparatus (100) further has a switching device (104) to transmit a signal to the controller (102) in response to operation of the switching device (104) by a user. The controller (102) is designed to influence the vehicle battery (108) before the charging process in response to receiving the signal depending on at least one desired state for the charging process.

Abstract: A control device that controls charging/discharging of a secondary battery mounted on a vehicle includes: a detection unit configured to detect start of deriving of a deterioration state of the secondary battery; and a control unit configured to control charging/discharging of the secondary battery such that a charging rate of the secondary battery is equal to or higher than a first predetermined value and equal to or lower than a second predetermined value in a state in which the vehicle is parked and is connected to an external power supply in a case in which start of deriving of the deterioration state has been detected by the detection unit.

Abstract: A method for calculating the process capacity at a specific temperature of a lithium secondary battery includes a correction to a process capacity (Q3) at a specific temperature (T2) is performed using a value (Q1?Q2) obtained by subtracting the charge capacity (Q2) at the time of the shipping charge from the discharge capacity (Q1) measured at a discharge temperature (T1). A system for calculating a process capacity of a lithium secondary battery is provided.

Abstract: In one example embodiment, a power storage management system includes a user terminal, a power storage apparatus and an information processing apparatus. In one example embodiment, the information processing apparatus is configured to, using a mobile communication network (e.g., Global System for Mobile Communications or the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), communicate with the power storage apparatus.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring an internet-of-things (IoT) battery device (IBD). An example IBD includes a radio transceiver to communicate with an IoT charging device (ICD), a battery, and a battery monitor to determine a state of charge for the battery. An alerter is included to send an alert message to the ICD, via the radio transceiver, to indicate that the SoCh is less than an alert threshold.

Abstract: A power supply device is provided with a disconnection means (AND element) for forcibly disconnecting a battery module from a series connection regardless of a gate signal. The power supply device forcibly disconnects partial battery modules from the series connection by the disconnection means (AND element) during powering by a power supply output, thereby performing control so that the accumulated discharge current amounts thereof per unit time become smaller than those of the other battery modules.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery pack of the present invention includes: a lithium secondary battery including an electrode body formed of a positive electrode and a negative electrode facing each other and a separator interposed therebetween, and a non-aqueous electrolyte; a PTC element; and a protection circuit including a field effect transistor. The lithium secondary battery has an energy density per volume of 450 Wh/L or more, the lithium secondary battery has a current density of 3.0 mA/cm2 or less, and a relational expression (1) and a relational expression (2) below are established where A (m?) is an impedance of the lithium secondary battery and B (m?) is an impedance of the entire circuit unit of the lithium secondary battery pack excepting the impedance A (m?) of the lithium secondary battery: A?50 m???(1) B/A?1??(2).