Abstract: A leak current detection circuit that improves the accuracy for detecting a leak current in a MOS transistor without enlarging the circuit scale. The leak current detection circuit includes at least one P-channel MOS transistor which is coupled to a high potential power supply and which is normally inactivated and generates a first leak current, at least one N-channel MOS transistor which is coupled between a low potential power and at least the one P-channel MOS transistor and which is normally inactivated and generates a second leak current, and a detector which detects a potential generated at a node between the at least one P-channel MOS transistor and the at least one N-channel MOS transistor in accordance with the first and second leak currents.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods provide built-in testing enhancements in integrated circuits. These testing enhancements permit, for example, continuity testing to pads and/or leakage current testing for more than one pad. The disclosed techniques may permit more thorough testing of integrated circuits at the die level, thereby reducing the number of defective devices that are further processed, saving both time and money. In one embodiment, a test signal is routed in real time through a built-in path that includes an input buffer for a pad under test. This permits testing of continuity between the pad and the input buffer. An output buffer can also be tested as applicable. In another embodiment, two or more pads of a die are electronically coupled together such that leakage current testing applied by a probe connected to one pad can be used to test another pad.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a MEMS device includes conditioning of an insulating layer by applying a voltage across the insulating layer via a conductive sacrificial layer for a period of time, prior to removal of the conductive sacrificial layer. This conditioning process may be used to saturate or stabilize charge accumulated within the insulating layer. The resistance across the insulating layer may also be measured to detect possible defects in the insulating layer.

Abstract: The invention concerns a current sensor (22; 24; 26) for substantially in real time measuring electric current in a conductor. It is suitable for application in an indicator system (1) such as a short circuit indicator system for measuring instantaneous i.e. live current value, power, reactive power, phase angle, polarity, short circuits, in single or averaged values. It comprises current responsive means comprising a current transformer (2210), adapted for mounting adjacent to said electric conductor; and sensor circuitry (2220) comprising means for emitting a non-electrical wave signal as an output; said sensor circuitry (2220) comprises current level converter circuitry (2222) comprising a current-to-frequency converter adapted to provide said non-electrical wave signal as a current level indication pulse signal (CS1) having a pulse frequency (Pfcs) which is proportional to said real time electric conductor current, when the latter is within a predetermined current interval (I1-I2).

Abstract: Electrical generators used for power generation typically operate at high voltage. The High operating voltage results in a severe electrical stress environment for the generator conductor insulation system. The high electrical stress cal lead to a phenomena such as corona, partial discharge and arcing that can cause damage to the insulation and conductors. Disclosed is a novel method and system of detecting partial discharge activity within an electric generator. The method employs at least two Rogowski loops non-contactingly surrounding individual iso-phase bus conductors, where the loops are wired in differential mode to detect fast moving electrical pulses indicative of partial discharge.

Abstract: A portable partial discharge detection apparatus and method thereof are provided. The portable partial discharge detection apparatus includes a detection unit, a control unit and an alarm unit. The detection unit is for detecting a signal generated by an apparatus under tested due to insulation degradation. The control unit is for diagnosing whether the signal is partially discharging and outputting a diagnosis result of partial discharge according to the number of partially discharging per unit of time. The alarm unit is for automatically notifying the diagnosis result of partial discharge.

Abstract: A method of water absorption for a generator stator winding insulator using a cross capacitance involves detecting a state of the insulator of the stator winding of the generator using a theory of the cross capacitance, and carrying out the water absorption test of the insulator of the stator winding of the power generator using the detected state in the detecting.

Abstract: A power electronics system configured to determine a condition of a winding insulation is disclosed. The system may include at least one capacitor, and a first resistance coupled to the at least one capacitor. The system may further include a plurality of electronic switching devices coupled to at least the first resistance and the at least one capacitor, wherein the plurality of electronic switching devices are configured to selectively couple the at least one capacitor to a power source to charge the at least one capacitor during a first time interval and selectively couple the at least one capacitor to a second resistance during a second time interval. The system may further include a voltage measuring device configured to detect a change in voltage at a terminal of the at least one capacitor in response to the selective coupling of the at least one capacitor to the second resistance.

Abstract: An AC generator has a first terminal coupled through an Isolation Loss Detect (ILD) capacitor to the positive bus of a Power-Over-Ethernet (POE) system, and has a second terminal coupled through the primary of a transformer to earth ground. AC current flowing between ground and the positive bus causes a corresponding AC voltage across the secondary of this transformer. The secondary of the transformer is coupled to an AC detector, whose output is coupled to a comparator. The threshold of the comparator is set such that when AC current through the ILD capacitor exceeds a threshold value, an ISOLATION FAULT output is generated by the comparator.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for analyzing electrical insulation of an electrical machine are provided. The method includes receiving a first signal that includes a plurality of partial discharge pulses from the electrical machine and a plurality of noise pulses, receiving other signals that includes information relative to at least one process parameter associated with the electrical machine, determining the plurality of partial discharge pulses from the plurality of noise pulses, identifying characteristics of the plurality of partial discharge pulses relating to the location and character of partial discharges in the electrical machine, and determining a condition of the electrical insulation using the identified characteristics and the received information relative to at least one process parameter.

Abstract: Provided is a method of evaluating dielectric breakdown by applying a current to an insulating film, in which measurement for a forward direction current and measurement for a backward direction current are performed in a short period of time. For this purpose two MOS diodes in which an electrode of one MOS diode and a base of another MOS diode are short-circuited respectively are prepared to form a circuit to which the current is applied, providing current flow in one insulating film reverse to current flow in another insulating film, which enables the application of both the forward direction current and the backward direction current.

Abstract: A method for measuring the insulation resistance in an information technology (IT) network. The IT network has a DC voltage intermediate circuit and at least one self-commutated converter having at least one first and one second power switch. The IT network also includes a measuring arrangement for measuring the intermediate circuit voltage relative to ground potential comprising a voltage divider and two assigned potential measuring devices. The method has an offline and an online measurement, wherein, during the offline measurement, all of one of the first and second power switches are closed and the potentials Up and Um, respectively, and also the intermediate circuit voltage are measured and the insulation resistance Rf is determined therefrom. During the online measurement, the two potentials Up and Um are measured and the temporal profile of the measurements is compared with the offline measurement.

Abstract: An insulation resistance determining system (50) comprises an insulation resistance determining portion configured by connecting a coupling capacitor (52), a detection resistor (54), and a pulse oscillating circuit (56) in series with a common mode potential measuring point (30), and an insulation resistance determining portion having a filter (58) which processes an AC signal (vx) at a junction between the coupling capacitor (52) and the detection resistor (54), an amplifier (60), a wave-peak value detection circuit (62), and a controller (70).

Abstract: An insulation resistance decrease detector for an industrial vehicle is disclosed. The detector includes a coupling capacitor, a sensing resistor, an AC voltage applying section having a first terminal and a second terminal, a voltage detecting section, and a determining section. The AC voltage applying section applies an AC voltage of a predetermined frequency to the vehicle body through the sensing resistor and the coupling capacitor. The voltage detecting section detects the voltage at a node between the sensing resistor and the coupling capacitor. The determining section determines that a resistance value of the insulation resistor has decreased when the level of voltage detected by the voltage detecting section becomes less than or equal to a predetermined level.

Abstract: An electrical leakage determining circuit determines the occurrence of electrical leakage at a negative electrode of a fuel cell when a potential difference V between a positive electrode of the fuel cell and ground, which is detected by a potential difference detecting circuit, exceeds a preset potential difference threshold Vth, and determines the occurrence of electrical leakage at the positive electrode of the fuel cell when an insulation resistance R between the positive electrode of the fuel cell and ground, which is detected by a resistance detection circuit, falls below a resistance threshold Rth preset to be equal to or smaller than a resistance value Rw of a coolant. Upon determination of the occurrence of electrical leakage, the electrical leakage determining circuit opens a switching contact provided on a power supply line to interrupt power supply from the fuel cell to various power consumption components.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting the presence of high conductivity or permittivity conditions in electrically insulating materials, including a first electrode and a second electrode for being placed in spaced-apart relation on an insulator to be tested for a high conductivity or permittivity condition, and a high voltage source for energizing the first electrode and second electrode at different potentials. At least one gas gap is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode and proximate a surface of the insulator; and a detector determines the level of ionization of the at least one gas gap while the electrodes are energized.

Abstract: A Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) test pattern circuit, which can reduce testing time and statistically improve a precision of measurement as well as a method for testing the test pattern circuit are discussed. Typically, a test pattern circuit includes in plurality of unit test patterns. Each unit test pattern includes a capacitor connected to a stress voltage. The stress voltage is applied to the capacitor and the current flowing from the capacitor is measured over time. The dielectric in the capacitor breaks down over time and at a certain point, the current from the capacitor changes suddenly. Unfortunately, the convention test pattern circuit requires serial testing of each unit cell, and therefore, the measuring time is significant when there are many unit cells involved. The circuit allows for the measurements to take place simultaneously for all unit cells within the test pattern circuit.

Abstract: A sensor for condition monitoring the high voltage insulation of an electrical, generation, transmission or distribution system and/or an item of plant is described. The sensor comprises an impedance measurement unit that connects directly, via a single point of connection, to the electrical system to be tested. The electrical components of the impedance measurement unit are arranged so that high frequency partial discharge signals and low frequency power cycle information signal are preferentially transmitted through separate branches. Analysis of these separated signals thus enables extraction of information about the insulation of the electrical system being monitored. Safe operation of the sensor for users is also achieved through an opto-electronic circuit being employed to control the impedance measuring unit.

Abstract: A robot mechanism adopts a dry cleaning method to clean the surface of live-line insulators without: using water and can perform cleaning and inspection of the surface of the live-line insulators while automatically moving along an insulator string. The robot mechanism includes a main unit having upper and lower wing frames connected with each other by a connecting bracket to surround the insulator string, a cleaning unit disposed between the upper and lower wing frames and including a base frame to perform dry cleaning with a rotational brush and a CM guide, a lift unit including a clamp and a ball-bearing screw to move the main unit up or down, and an inspection unit to electrically inspect the insulators; and a coupling unit to couple a pair of the main units to allow the pair of main units to move along a tension insulator string or a suspension insulator string.

Abstract: A partial discharge sensor includes a first current transformer having an opening. A conductive shield is disposed within the opening of and proximate to the first current sensor. The conductive shield has an opening. The concentric openings of the first current sensor and the conductive shield are structured to receive a first medium voltage power conductor. A second conductor is electrically connected to the conductive shield. The second conductor is structured to be electrically connected to ground. A second sensor cooperates with the second conductor and is structured to sense signals associated with partial discharge activity. An electronic monitoring circuit receives the output of the second sensor. The electronic monitoring circuit is structured to provide on-line monitoring of a partial discharge occurring within the first medium voltage power conductor.

Abstract: A method of detecting a defect in a semiconductor device may involve immersing a substrate into a chemical solution. The substrate may support a metal wiring and an insulation layer may cover the metal wiring. The chemical solution may permeate through the defect such as a pinhole and/or a crack (for example) of the insulation layer, and may corrode the metal wiring. The metal wiring may be inspected for corrosion to detect the defect of the insulation layer. The method may be implemented before packaging the semiconductor device.

Abstract: A measuring device to measure the insulation resistance (Riso) of a fuel cell system with respect to an electrical ground point comprises a resistor arrangement—formed by a series connection of reference resistors—between two load-current lines of the fuel cell system as well as one reference voltage source, which is arranged between the ground point and a node between the reference resistors and which is switchable between at least two different reference voltages (Urefo, Urefu). The measuring device further comprises one voltage-sensing device that acquires the voltage (Uo, Uu) between at least one of the load-current lines and the ground point.

Abstract: Method and device for measuring a dielectric response of an electrical insulating system, wherein a first measurement result is determined by a frequency domain method and a second measurement result is determined by a time domain method, whereupon the first measurement result and the second measurement result are combined to form an overall measurement result as the dielectric response. Standard types of measurement methods, for example the FDS and PDC methods, may be used as measurement methods for the frequency domain and the time domain.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting a defect in an actuator arm conductor coil is disclosed. An actuator arm including a conductor coil is received. The conductor coil is coupled with a voltage as an anode. The conductor coil is submerged into a first solution, the first solution having no organic matter therein. The first solution is then coupled with a second solution including an organic indicator. The second solution also includes a cathode coupled to the voltage such that a defect in an insulation layer of the conductor coil is indicated by the organic indicator.

Abstract: A motor driver capable of detecting the insulation deterioration of a motor easily and inexpensively is disclosed. The voltage supplied from an AC power supply (1) is rectified by a first rectifying circuit (D1 to D6) and smoothed by a capacitor (C) in a power supply unit (6). The output voltage of the power supply unit (6) is converted into an AC voltage of a frequency and a motor (M) is driven by a motor drive amplifier (8). Elements (R1, C2, R11, C21) are connected between at least one of the positive electrode (4) and the negative electrode (5) of the output line (4, 5) of the power supply unit (6) and the ground (G2, G4). An insulation deterioration circuit (10, 11, 12) detects at least one of the voltage between the elements and the current flowing through the elements.

Abstract: The drive of the motor is stopped, the electromagnetic switch contacts are switched OFF, and thereafter the first and second contact points are closed to form a closed circuit of the smoothing capacitor, second contact point, first and second resistors, motor coil, ground 1, ground 2, first contact point, and smoothing capacitor. Charging voltage of the smoothing capacitor is applied to the closed circuit. If an insulation resistance of the motor deteriorates, a current flowing through the closed circuit is increased. The increase of the current is detected by means of the potential difference across the first resistor R1 in the closed circuit, to detect insulation resistance deterioration of the motor.

Abstract: A field apparatus for controlling a controlled element includes a diagnosis unit for diagnosing abnormality of the field apparatus and/or the controlled element and a bidirectional digital communication device to send a digital signal which shows a diagnosis result to outside and to receive a digital signal from outside in order to execute a control of the controlled element. Other predetermined functions are effected based on a command signal in the form of an analog signal received from outside by a analog communications device of the apparatus. Electric power for operation is supplied through a switching means that can switch either a electric power that is supplied by the analog communications device or a electric power that is supplied by the bidirectional digital communication device.

Abstract: A RF current transformer sensor includes a first sensor portion and a second sensor portion. The first and second sensor portions are configured to define a fixed opening for receiving a test object. The RF current transformer sensor is capable of detecting current pulses between the first sensor portion and the second sensor portion for sensing partial discharges from the test object. Further disclosed is a method of partial discharge sensing.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of detecting partial discharges in an electrical appliance insulated in a receptacle and a system of diagnosing the state of the appliance using this method. With the help of an UHF antenna placed in the receptacle of the appliance, the method includes analyzing the spectrum (RS1) of the electromagnetic signal picked up by the antenna and of identifying within the spectrum one or more frequencies of interest (B1, B2), for each of which the signal has an amplitude greater than a predetermined threshold value. To identify the frequency/frequencies of interest, the spectrum of the signal received by the antenna is compared with a reference spectrum (RS2).

Abstract: A partial discharge sensing system and method for conducting testing inside an enclosure includes a partial discharge sensor, an access port, and a signal cable. The partial discharge sensor is permanently installed at a test location inside the enclosure. The access port is configured so that an analyzer can be connected to the access port from an exterior of the enclosure. The signal cable operably connects the partial discharge sensor and the access port to enable an analyzer connected to the access port from outside the enclosure to interface with the partial discharge sensor for generating test data.

Abstract: A hot stick testing apparatus and method including a pair of generally ring-shaped electrodes spaced from one another at a predetermined distance. Each electrode has a central opening configured to receive the diameter of a hot stick under test positioned longitudinally through the central opening of both electrodes. Each electrode includes relatively smooth, outer surfaces presenting generally curved contours to enhance generating a relatively high electrical field intensity between the electrodes, without causing electrical flashover or arcing in the air gap between the electrodes. One of the electrodes is operatively connected to a source of high voltage and the other to ground. The testing apparatus has the ability to generate an electrical field intensity between the electrodes of about 140 to 170 kv per centimeter with an applied voltage in the range of 60 to 80 kv to the energized electrode.

Abstract: A Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) test pattern circuit, which can reduce testing time and statistically improve a precision of measurement as well as a method for testing the test pattern circuit are discussed. Typically, a test pattern circuit includes in plurality of unit test patterns. Each unit test pattern includes a capacitor connected to a stress voltage. The stress voltage is applied to the capacitor and the current flowing from the capacitor is measured over time. The dielectric in the capacitor breaks down over time and at a certain point, the current from the capacitor changes suddenly. Unfortunately, the convention test pattern circuit requires serial testing of each unit cell, and therefore, the measuring time is significant when there are many unit cells involved. The circuit allows for the measurements to take place simultaneously for all unit cells within the test pattern circuit.

Abstract: Embodiments test MOV arresters. One embodiment comprises applying a plurality of voltages to a high voltage lead of the MOV arrester, the plurality of voltages being changed between an initial test voltage and final test voltage (corresponding to a point of conduction of a reference MOV arrester); determining a resistive current through the MOV arrester for each of the voltages; determining information corresponding to the resistive current when the applied test voltage corresponds to the point of conduction of the reference MOV arrester; comparing the determined information with information associated with the point of conduction of the reference MOV arrester; determining that the MOV arrester has passed the test when the determined information corresponds to the information associated with the reference MOV arrester; and determining that the MOV arrester has failed the test when the determined information does not correspond to the information associated with the reference MOV arrester.

Abstract: A leakage current measurement apparatus for measuring leakage currents is disclosed. The leakage current measurement apparatus automatically selects one of non-inductive shunt resistors of 10?, 100?, and 1000? and measures leakage currents of an outdoor isolation material for an ultra-high voltage. Additionally, the leakage current measurement apparatus is capable of measuring a relatively wide range of leakage currents with a relatively high precision, even at a remote location, as a measurement range is automatically adjusted within measurement ranges preset by a user when leakage currents of an outdoor isolation material change, and being protected against a surge possibly generated by an ultra-high voltage. Also, it can remotely measure in real-time leakage currents of an outdoor isolation material installed at a remote location over Ethernet.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for testing a dielectric layer. The apparatus includes a first conductive plate and a second conductive plate. The first conductive plate and the second conductive plate are in direct contact with a dielectric layer. Additionally, the apparatus includes a first conductive wire connected to the first conductive plate and biased to a first predetermined voltage, and a second conductive wire connected to the second conductive plate and a voltage detector. Moreover, the apparatus includes a fuse connected to the second conductive wire, and a third conductive wire connected to the fuse and a device capable of providing a second predetermined voltage and measuring a current.

Abstract: A temperature recorder capable of storing, in time sequence, measured temperatures and measured times as temperature records in a memory incorporated therein, wherein, the temperature recorder is installed in a power line for temperature recording and, when the power line supplies a power in a normal temperature range, wirelessly transmits the temperature record to a monitor at a frequency of once every half day and, when an abnormal heating is detected from the power line, wirelessly transmits the temperature record as a temperature alarm record.

Abstract: A printed circuit card made of plastic has a carbonization sensor for protection against smoldering electrical fires. The carbonization sensor contains a first and a second conductor track disposed on the printed circuit card and also a monitoring device. The two conductor tracks are electrically insulated from one another by the plastic, and the monitoring device monitors an insulating state of the two conductor tracks in relation to one another and produces a fault signal. Local overheating of the printed circuit card is detected at an early time by the carbonization sensor, before an avalanche effect caused by the carbonization, which makes the printed circuit card electrically conductive, leads to a smoldering electrical fire.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for detecting a partial discharge in a high-voltage transmission and distribution system include detectors which are respectively attached to a power cable and an antenna, such that a first signal and a second signal at a predetermined frequency are extracted using resonators. The first signal is supplied to a differential amplifier via a delay circuit. The second signal is supplied to the differential amplifier via a regulator that includes a variable delay circuit and a variable amplifier. The output from the differential amplifier is demodulated in a demodulator. The signal from the demodulator is supplied to an MPU via an A/D converter to determine the amount of adjustment in phase and amplitude which is to be supplied to the regulator. Then, control is provided such that the output from the differential amplifier is minimized in the absence of partial discharges.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for at least one of detecting and preventing burning of a PCB is disclosed. The method includes configuring a first comb array defined by a plurality of first fingers at a first potential; configuring a second comb array defined by a plurality of second fingers at a second potential different from the first potential; interlacing the plurality of first fingers defining the first comb array with the plurality of second fingers defining the second comb array embedded in a substrate; disposing the substrate with the PCB; and detecting a rise in leakage current between the first and second comb arrays indicative of a breakdown of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for measuring the resistance component current included in the leakage current is provided. In a monitoring apparatus and system for measurement the signal waveform of at least one AC cycle is sampled. The resistance component leakage current is measured by dividing the average of integrated value of the instantaneous leakage current values and the instantaneous voltage values by the square root of average of squared instantaneous voltage values. In addition, a voltage signal of the target measurement circuit is obtained the waveform of the leakage current signal and the voltage signal for one cycle is sampled and stored; the leakage current signal and the voltage signal are expanded to N-th higher harmonic wave component respectively, and the resistance component that relates to the leakage current is calculated.

Abstract: A system and method for testing polymer insulators is provided. One embodiment includes applying a voltage to a grading shield that is oriented about a top region of a polymer insulator and to a high voltage lead of the polymer insulator; detecting a leakage current across the polymer insulator; determining a resistive current component from the detected leakage current; comparing the resistive current component to a predefined criteria; determining that when the resistive current component is greater than the predefined criteria when the applied voltage is applied, the polymer insulator has failed the test; and determining that when the resistive current component is less than or equal to the predefined criteria when the applied voltage is applied, the polymer insulator has passed the test.

Abstract: Insulation condition monitoring systems and methods for a rotating DC electric machine, the method comprising: measuring a first set of values for an instantaneous differential current and an instantaneous voltage during operation of the rotating DC electric machine; calculating a value for a phasor current and phasor voltage based upon the first set of values of the instantaneous differential current and the instantaneous voltage, respectively; calculating an angular relationship between the phasor current and the phasor voltage; and determining insulation condition based on the angular relationship.

Abstract: A procedure and a system for the evaluation of the quality and/or efficiency of a cable or a cable segment by a current measurement is disclosed. This is achieved by supplying between the core and the screen of a cable a voltage with alternating polarity and rectangular shape. The periodic duration' of this voltage is selected in a way so as to permit the current measurement of the charge current shortly before a polarity reversal, providing a current value equal to the leakage current.

Abstract: Provided is an inspection method for a multilayer gas sensing device, capable of certainly and easily detecting a defective product originating from faults such as gaps or cracks. For the inspection of the gas sensing device including a sensor cell in which a measured gas side electrode is coated with a porous diffusion resistance layer in a stacked condition and the diffusion resistance layer is further coated with a dense protective layer in a stacked condition, in a state where the gas sensing device is immersed in a conductive inspection solution and a reference electrode of the sensor cell is placed into a non-contact with the solution, a voltage is applied between the solution and the reference electrode to measure a current flowing therebetween. On the basis of the measured current value, a decision is made as to whether or not the insulation is kept between the solution and the reference electrode.

Abstract: A method of detecting a state of an insulation resistance fall detector that includes: a detection resistance connected in series to an insulation resistance between a vehicle body and a power source; a condenser provided between the insulation resistance and the detection resistance; a pulse signal applying unit that applies a pulse signal to a serial circuit constituted by the insulation resistance, the condenser and the detection resistance; a low pass filter that filters a voltage of a connecting point between the coupling condenser and the detection resistance; and a fall detecting unit that detects a fall of the insulation resistance on the basis of the output of the filter, the method comprising the steps of: varying a pulse width of the pulse signal; and detecting the state of the insulation resistance fall detector on the basis of the output of the filter when the pulse width is varied.

Abstract: An insulation resistance drop detector 50 and a method of detecting a state of malfunction of the detector 50 are provided. When open of a coupling capacitor Co or malfunction of a lowpass filter 53 is occurred, a time constant of the low pass filter 53 is decreased and a rising time of an output of the lowpass filter 53 against an output of a pulse signal P1 becomes shorter than that in a state of normal. Thereby, malfunction of the detector 50 can be detected based on the output of the filter 53 corresponding to change of frequency of the pulse signal P1.

Abstract: A method for inspecting a wire, a cable or a bundle of wires to locate those parts of said wires or cables having damaged insulation before failure of the wire or cable occurs, the method comprising the steps of: passing a current through said wire or cable, applying a fluid having electrolytic properties to said wire, cable or bundle of wires, using an infra-red thermal imaging system to detect and display the intensity of heat emanating from said wire or cable following addition of the fluid.

Abstract: An electric circuit system for detecting a short circuit between output PINs of different ICs, particularly CMOS-ICs, which in each case have a first switching element, particularly a highside transistor and a second switching element, particularly a lowside transistor as output driver, the first switching element and the second switching element of the respective output drivers having different source-drain resistances in the switched-on state.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a hybrid type sensor for detecting high frequency partial discharge which can detect high frequency partial discharge at a high signal-to-noise ratio without being influenced by power noise and surrounding noise, and guarantee the safety of a test when breakdown occurs. The sensor forms two or three signal paths with different impedances wherein a low frequency power signal is bypassed to ground through a first path, and a high frequency partial discharge current is allowed to flow through a second path and is detected as a resistance component through a resistor. Further, a surge voltage input to the sensor due to breakdown is input to the ground through a third path.

Abstract: Measurement of power factor to diagnose the condition of high powered stand-off insulators, which include a roll of insulating material carrying an intermediate layer of conductor between layers of the insulating material around a central HV conductor in a hollow insulator body, is accomplished while the power system is subject to full voltage. Coupling means provides a capacitive voltage divider with a tap at a low voltage point on the conductor within the insulator structure. The divider with the coupling means is also provided with an external low voltage connector and a ground connector. A computer is connected to the external connections of the coupling means and contains software to convert a received analog signal to digital, and subject the digital signal to a fast Fourier transform analysis to produce an output signal representative of the power factor. The computer is arranged to calculate, process and store the bushing insulator power factor at periodic intervals.