Abstract: An improved memory cell (300) for use in applications, such as micromirror arrays, in which little space is available and a slow read-back cycle is tolerated. The memory (300) comprises a first input/output node (314) connected to the input of a first inverter and to the output of a second inverter. The first inverter is comprised of two transistors (304, 306) and drives a signal to a second input/output node (316). The input of the second inverter is connected to the second input/output node (316). When used to drive a typical micromirror cell, the address electrode of the micromirror cell are electrically connected to the first input/output node (314) and the second input/output node (316).

Abstract: In a device for displaying a video image with a source emitting at least an intensity-modulated light bundle (41, 42) and a deflecting device (41, 42) for deflecting the light bundle, for the angle-proportional scanning of N.sub.p image points in lines over an angle .alpha..sub..rho., and for the angle-proportional scanning of the light bundle of N.sub.z, lines of the video image over an angle .alpha..sub.z, the source emits two light bundles which can be modulated independently from one another, the first light bundle being modulated with the video information for the illumination of a first image point controlled by raster scanning and the second light bundle being modulated with the video information for the illumination of a second image point, wherein the video information of the second image point is offset relative to the video information of the first image point by m.sub.z lines of an image and m.sub..rho. image points of a line, with whole numbers m.sub.z .ltoreq.N.sub.z and m.sub..rho. .ltoreq.N.

Abstract: An actuatable film type display device has a plurality of actuatable films. Each of the actuatable films is colored in a desired color and is put in or out of a gap between two white plates of adjacent pixels according to the driving control. The actuatable film is supported by a cantilever. An electrode (actuatable electrode) is attached to the cantilever. Further, two fixed electrodes are disposed to sandwich the cantilever. The actuatable electrode is moved closer to one of the fixed electrodes by a potential applied to the electrode on the cantilever, that is, the actuatable electrode and potentials applied to the fixed electrodes. The actuatable film, white plate, cantilever, and fixed electrodes are combined to constitute one pixel. A plurality of pixels thus formed are arranged in a matrix form to constitute a dot matrix display device.

Abstract: A electronic printing apparatus includes memory for storing a digitized image. A receiver is transported to an image forming position, the receiver including field-driven particles in a matrix that can change reflective density in response to an applied electric field. The apparatus further includes an array of electrodes for selectively applying electric fields at the image forming position across the receiver; a heater for heating the receiver to increase the temperature of the matrix so as to increase the mobility of the field-driven particles in the matrix; and electronic control circuitry coupled to the array for selectively applying voltages to the array so that fields are applied at the image forming position to the heated field-driven particles at particular locations on the receiver corresponding to pixels in response to the stored image whereby the electrode produces an image in the receiver corresponding to the stored image in the receiver.

Abstract: An optical device having a dioptric correction device comprises a reference image display unit which is placed in the optical path extending from an object image to the optical system. The reference image is used for dioptric correction. The left and right reference images are different and are displayed on the left and right reference image display units when dioptric correction is performed. The reference image display unit is placed at a predetermined position between the optical system and an image display unit. Since the reference image is positioned at the predetermined position, both of the image of the image display unit and the reference image may be seen clearly.

Abstract: An optical waveguide plate comprises joining layers (adhesive layers) formed on both surfaces of a main optical waveguide plate body, and rigid transparent plates thinner than the main optical waveguide plate body joined (glued) onto the joining layers. The main optical waveguide plate body is composed of, for example, a transparent material such as an acrylic resin. For example, a white glass plate or an inexpensive colored glass plate may be used for the rigid transparent plate. The optical refractive index m of the joining layer is approximately the same as the optical refractive index n.sub.1 of the main optical waveguide plate body, which is in a range of 0.8n.sub.1 .ltoreq.m.ltoreq.1.2n.sub.1. Accordingly, it is possible to increase the rigidity of the optical waveguide plate, reduce the warpage or the like, and easily and inexpensively respond to a large-sized display screen of the display.

Abstract: A flat panel color display device is comprised of a two-dimensional array of stacks of colored membranes. Each membrane is comprised of a conductive film sandwiched between colored insulating films and integrated within a pellicle assembly which wends between pairs of adjacent colored fiber electrodes between which membrane stacks are juxtapositioned and around which membranes optionally wrap. Each colored membrane stack together with portions of the adjacent fiber electrodes defines one color pixel produced by the exposed surface colors of the membranes and the fiber electrodes. Any pixel or group of pixels of the display can display any color of the palette. Thin film transistor electronics are provided within a silicon coating on one fiber of each pair. Conductive traces on the pellicle assembly provide power, signal and interconnectivity between fiber electrodes and the pellicle assembly.

Abstract: In a display device of the type wherein a display state is selected by rotation of polarized colored balls, the colored balls are formed from a paraelectric material, and the charged state of each colored ball is provided by an electret-forming treatment due to charge-injection to a minute colored ball per se of a paraelectric material or a film of a paraelectric material coating a minute ball. As a result, a colored ball having an increased charge can be produced stably from an inexpensive material.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for driving a display device including a matrix array of deflectable mirror devices is described. The deflectable mirror devices are divided into blocks of N rows. Selected groups of mirror devices within each block are loaded with single bit data in a cycle of loading operations During at least some of the loading operations, two series of reset cycles are used enabling one single bit cycle in one group to terminate and another single bit cycle in another group to commence within a single loading operation. Active bit data may be loaded and displayed in the otherwise unused time intervals between the active bits.

Abstract: Disclosed are cross-talk resistant drive circuitry for electrostatic video displays and flexible, foldable and shaped embodiments of such displays including books, fanfolds and scrolls employing flexible polymer film construction. Transitorless drive circuitry uses row and column dumping capacitors to charge electrostatic pixels in a traveling group to avoid simultaneously charging row-adjacent pixels. Also, individual pixels can be shielded each with their own Faraday cage to control charge leakage from the pixel. The pixels' have spiral rollout shutters whose time parameters can be controlled by the use of suitable bleed resistors. Low-cost film technology manufacturing methods are also described.

Abstract: An interferometric modulator (Imod) cavity has a reflector and an induced absorber. A direct view reflective flat panel display may include an array of the modulators. Adjacent spacers of different thicknesses are fabricated on a substrate by a lift-off technique used to pattern the spacers which are deposited separately, each deposition providing a different thickness of spacer. Or a patterned photoresist may be used to allow for an etching process to selectively etch back the thickness of a spacer which was deposited in a single deposition. A full-color static graphical image may be formed of combined patterns of interferometric modulator cavities. Each cavity includes a reflector, and an induced absorber, the induced absorber including a spacer having a thickness that defines a color associated with the cavity.

Abstract: A digitized video system having a processor and a video memory. The processor converts a stream of digital information to extract the information in a format to be usable with a moving display surface. A spatial light modulator is connected to a video memory connected to the processor to display the information on a moving display surface.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display device comprising an optical waveguide plate for introducing light thereinto, and a driving section provided opposingly to the back surface of the optical waveguide plate and including a number of actuator elements arranged corresponding to a large number of picture elements, for displaying, on the optical waveguide plate, a picture image corresponding to an image signal by controlling leakage light at a predetermined portion of the optical waveguide plate by controlling displacement action of each of the actuator elements in a direction to make contact or separation with respect to the optical waveguide plate in accordance with an attribute of the image signal to be inputted; the display device further comprising a displacement-transmitting section for transmitting the displacement action of the actuator element to the optical waveguide plate, wherein a plate member of the displacement-transmitting section is constructed by a white scattering element, and a color filter is formed at a

Abstract: A method of automatically generating a load/reset sequence for a display system having a spatial light modulator whose display elements that are loaded with data and reset between loads (FIG. 7). Bit-planes of data are classified according to their display times as normal, short, or reset-release (FIG. 5). Extra time of normal bit-planes is calculated (FIG. 5). The display times of normal bit-planes are adjusted by subtracting or adding extra time, such that any normal bit-plane displayed before a short or reset-release bit-plane includes sufficient extra time to allow for loading the short or reset-release bit-plane (FIG. 7). Also, reset conflicts are detected and avoided (FIGS. 7, 8, 9A and 9B).

Abstract: A method of controlling the display period of video data, and system thereof, that matches the frame period of displayed video data to the speed of a color wheel. The period of the color wheel is measured to determine the display period. An optimum frame sequence pattern is selected, based on the display period, to minimize the artifacts created in the displayed image while maximizing the portion of the frame period used to display the image data. The display period for each segment of the frame sequence pattern is scaled to fit the period of the color wheel, and each bit of the image data is loaded into the spatial light modulator and displayed at the proper time.

Abstract: A method of making a substrate in which sets of optically anisotropic spheroidal balls are disposed, as for use in an electrical twisting ball display. First and second sets of spheroidal balls, are deposited on a receiving surface composed of an elastomer substrate material in an adhesive state, the spheroidal balls thus deposited adhering to the receiving surface. Balls of the first and second sets are physically distinguishable from one another. Balls of the first set can be deposited in a first arrangement, and balls of the second set, in a second arrangement. Each ball of each set has an optical anisotropy and an anisotropy for providing an electrical dipole moment, the electrical dipole moment rendering the ball electrically responsive such that when the ball is rotatably disposed in an electric field while the electrical dipole moment of the ball is provided, the ball tends to rotate to an orientation in which the electrical dipole moment aligns with the field.

Abstract: White opaque fixed films in a fixed section are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix. On each fixed film, a cyan transparent film, a magenta transparent film, and a yellow transparent film that constitute a pixel are placed. By electrostatic force, these transparent films are driven and placed under the fixed film of an adjacent pixel, thereby controlling the color of the pixel. To generate electrostatic force, the fixed film and transparent film are provided with electrodes and an insulating film is inserted between these two films. The consecutive reversing of the polarity of both electrodes enables the transparent film to move in parallel with the fixed section. To achieve half tone display and no power consumption in displaying a still picture, an electrostatic mechanical latch mechanism that stops the film still in motion is employed.

Abstract: A triboelectric electret comprises dissimilar dielectric materials wherein two or more extremities acquire electric opposite or similar and opposite charges by triboelectric means. The application of an external electric field might cause the resulting electret to assume one of a number of preferential rotational and/or reciprocational positions. When constrained within a mechanical housing, and when drive electrodes are included, the triboelectric electret becomes a motive element which might function as a component of an electrostatic motor or micro motor. When optical attributes are included, the triboelectric electret motive element might serve to modify the visual appearance presented to an external viewer under ambient illumination and an array of these might function as an electronic visual display under ambient illumination wherein neither self luminosity nor a dedicated light source is needed.

Abstract: Methods of reducing artifacts in SLM-based display systems (10, 20), whose images are based on data displayed by bit-weight for pulse-width modulated intensity levels. A first method is suitable for systems (20) that use multiple SLMs (14) to concurrently display images of different colors, which are combined at the image plane. The data for each color are staggered in time (FIG. 4). A second method is suitable for either multiple SLM systems (20) or for systems (10) that use a single SLM (14) and a color wheel (17) to display differently colored images sequentially. The data for each color is arranged in a different data sequence (FIG. 5). In either method, the intensity transitions do not occur at the same time.

Abstract: An electric type paper display having memory properties, rapid response times and multi-optical property display with an image of high quality is made. Each display element is wholly in contact with liquid in a cavity and the surface of each display element has a portion with a most positive charge. When an electrical field is applied from the outside, each display element is turned correspondingly to the direction of the electric field and, then electrically migrated through the liquid and attached to the inner surface of the cavity. Among multiple display surfaces of each display element an optical property is selected according to an image signal and is visible through a transparent support to an observer. Afterwards, the attached state of each display element, i.e.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display device for displaying a picture on an optical waveguide plate in accordance with an image signal by controlling displacement movement of each of actuator elements in a direction to make contact or separation with respect to the optical waveguide plate so that scattered light is controlled at a predetermined position on the optical waveguide plate, wherein the actuator element comprises a main actuator element including a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer, and a pair of electrodes formed on a first principal surface of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer, a vibrating section contacting with a second principal surface of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer, for supporting the main actuator element, and a fixed section for supporting the vibrating section in a vibrative manner, and wherein the actuator element further comprises a displacement-transmitting section for transmitting, to the optical waveguide plate, displacement movement of the main actuator element caused by appl

Abstract: A display device that includes a display medium having a planar display area over which an image is generated, a first and second optical point beam each directed in the display medium coplanar with the planar display area, and beam controllers that scan each of the optical point beams to selectively interfere in the display area within a region defined by the intersection of the optical point beams to produce an intensity in the region that has enhanced visibility relative to the individual optical beams propagating in the display medium outside of the region. The beam controller may be an elongated reflector having a reflecting surface upon which a linear array of liquid crystal modulators are controlled to selectively transmit segments of a linear beam incident on the linear array, in order to provide the optical beam by selectively reflecting segments of the linear optical beam into the display medium.

Abstract: A gyricon or rotating-particle display having an "eggcrate" substrate. The display includes a substrate having a cavity-containing matrix whose cavities are disposed substantially in a single layer and are arranged within the matrix substantially in a geometrically regular pattern, and a plurality of optically anisotropic particles disposed in the cavities in the substrate, with each cavity containing at most one of the optically anistropic particles. A rotatable disposition of each particle is achievable while the particle is thus disposed in the substrate; the particle, when in its rotatable disposition, is not attached to the substrate.

Abstract: A method for causing a micromechanical spatial light modulator to display data for a period less than its settling time. The modulator elements receive a first pulse (40) that causes them to release from their previous state, a bias voltage is removed and reapplied, allowing the elements to move to the unaddressed state, and then the elements receive a second pulse (46). After receiving a second pulse, the elements assume an unaddressed state. In one embodiment, new address data is loaded during this unaddressed state, after which a bias is reapplied causing them to achieve the state corresponding to the new state. In another embodiment, the previous addresses are cleared during the unaddressed state, forcing the elements into an OFF state. In either embodiment, a reset pulse may be applied after either the load or clear step.

Abstract: A reflective deformable conductor (40) is separated from a transmissive electrode (60) to form a capacitance transducer (C2) and separated from a second electrode (18) to form a modulator pixel (66). The pixel (66) and transducer (C2) are series coupled capacitors. Transmissive electrode (60) and deformable conductor (40) are electrically connected to a feedback control loop (68) which sums an input signal and a negative feedback signal related to the deformations of conductor (40) to control the potential difference applied between the second electrode (18) and the conductor (40). Varying the input signal varies the deformation of the conductor (40) thereby phase modulating a wavefront incident on the transmissive electrode (60) traversing the capacitance transducer (C2) to impinge on and be reflected by the conductor (40) and exit the transducer (C2).

Abstract: In a matrix display of light reflecting elements, each element is duty cycle modulated into one of two states represented by successive bits of a digital display code to produce a luminance level represented by the code. In order to correct a visual artifact which occurs when the human eye views the element during only part of the modulation cycle for the code, the element is repeatedly sequentially activated for short periods into optical states represented by the most significant bits of the code.

Abstract: In a mirror driving method of a micro-mirror array and an apparatus thereof, each of a plurality of mirrors is pivotally supported by hinges fixed to a substrate, and a permanent magnet is attached beneath the substrate to form a magnetic field about the mirrors. A coiled conductive layer is formed on the rear surface of each mirror to be selectively applied with current according to a video signal, and the selected mirror pivots in correspondence with the electrostatic force operative between the conductive layer to which the current is applied and the magnetic field. Thus, a light beam irradiating the micro-mirror array can be modulated according to an image, and mass production is made possible due to a simple structure which provides for a stable driving action.

Abstract: An array of individual elements (10) having reduced control circuitry as compared to existing devices. Sets of elements (11) share a memory cell (12), such that each memory cell (12) has the same fanout as other memory cells (12). Each element (11) in a set is switched to an on or off state via a reset line (13) that is separate from that of the other elements (11) in that set. Data is loaded in split bit-frames during a set time period, such that each split bit-frame contains only the data for elements (11) on one reset line (13). Thus, the same memory cell (12) can be used to deliver data to all elements (11) in its fanout because only one element (11) in the fanout is switched at a time.

Abstract: A multithreshold electrical twisting ball display device. The device is composed of electrically and optically anisotropic spheroidal balls of at least two different rotation thresholds, disposed in an elastomer substrate, together with an addressing electrode assembly. The addressing electrode assembly allows a preferred region of the substrate to be selected in which at least one ball of the first set and at least one ball of the second set are disposed, and first and second electric field to be applied to the preferred region thus selected, each of the first and second electric fields extending throughout the preferred region. The first field facilitates a contemporaneous rotation of balls of both the first and second sets rotatably disposed in the preferred region. The second electric field facilitates a rotation of balls of the second set rotatably disposed in the preferred region, without facilitating a rotation of any ball of the first set rotatably disposed in the preferred region.

Abstract: An interactive display is disclosed which comprises a housing to receive an induced field activated display sheet which has a plurality of image producing elements responsive to an induced field. The housing has a transparent cover panel and a base panel. The cover panel and the base panel of the display housing comprise a plurality of means for creating a plurality of induced fields for selectively activating the image producing elements of the induced field activated display sheet. By selectively activating the induced field means, selective image producing elements of the induced field activated display sheet will be activated to produce a desired image on the induced field activated display sheet thereby creating a display. If desired the induced field activated display sheet can be removed from the display housing to be used as a printed document.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator (SLM) device (30) having a pixel array (31) and an associated memory cell array (36). Each memory cell (10a) receives pixel data from a single bit-line that carries pixel data down columns of the memory cell array (36). Each memory cell (10a) has two latches (21, 25). A first latch (21) receives data from the bit-line. A second latch (25) receives data transferred from the first latch (21) in response to a transfer signal, and is in electrical communication with at least one address electrode (14) of each pixel (10) of the pixel array (31).

Abstract: A method of reducing artifacts in SLM-based display systems (10, 20), whose images are based on data displayed by bit-weight for pulse-width modulated intensity levels. The method can be used with a multiple spatial light modulators SLM system (20), which concurrently displays images of different colors, or with a single SLM system (10), which generates differently colored images sequentially during each frame period. For a multiple SLM system (20), the method is used with SLMs (14) that are memory-multiplexed, having "reset groups" that are loaded and displayed at different times. Corresponding rows of the SLM(s)s are associated with different reset groups.

Abstract: An electrostatically actuated color video display is disclosed which can be illuminated by backlighting transmitted through the display and by reflected ambient light to have good visibility in both bright daylight and in subdued or dim light. To display full-color dynamically changing images from an electronic video signal the functions of creating the image and of generating color light rays for use in the image are separated. A preferred embodiment employs a pixellated color screen having rectangular cells of alternate red, green, blue and a somewhat opaque white color and a shuttering mask comprising an array of selectively actuatable light-modulating capacitors with black movable electrodes that when retracted are in registration with and present an open light path to individual color screen cells and when extended present a continuous black screen appearance.

Abstract: A method and device for controlling the bias voltages for a split-reset spatial light modulator. Each block of the spatial light modulator can be individually controlled lowering the throughput needed to load each frame of data. Blocks are selected individually or in groups with the potential of providing one voltage condition on the selected blocks and a different voltage condition on the deselected blocks. One embodiment of the disclosed method comprises input latches and buffers 44, address decode logic 46 to determine the selected blocks, mode select logic 48 to determine the requested operation, delay circuitry 50 to minimize current loading, and level shifters 52 to convert logic signals to voltage levels appropriate to control the output drive circuitry 54.

Abstract: A digital micro-mirror device (20) for imaging applications, having an array (21) of mirror elements for forming the image and data loading circuitry (22, 23, 24) for loading data for addressing the mirror elements. The data loading circuitry (22, 23, 24) has a row of shift registers (24), which receive one row of data at a time, which they deliver to latches (23). The latches (23) hold the data on bit-lines, which run down columns of the array (21). The row to be loaded is selected with a row decoder (25). A block load circuit (22), comprised of a shift register (35) and logic gates (33) divides each row of memory cells into blocks (31) and ensures that each block of a row of memory cells is sequentially loaded.

Abstract: A Spatial Light Modulator (10) having control circuitry (40,42,44,46) which insures that shorts (70,72) between some of the circuitry will result in "off" state defects. Sets of pixel elements (11) share a memory cell (12), each pixel element (11) in a set being switched to an on or off state by a reset line (13) that is separate from that of the other pixel elements (11) in that set. A pair of address electrode etches (44,46) are separated from each other and straddle a pair of data carrying etches (40,42). A zero is loaded to the data etches (40,42) when not loading memory cell (12) such that a short between the address electrode etches and the data etches will result in an "off" state pixel defect upon a reset pulse.

Abstract: A digital video system including a light source and a spatial light modulator system. Varying intensities of light to achieve gray shades either with a monochrome system or within each color can be accomplished in several ways. The intensity of the light source itself can be modulated to provide variation, the spatial light modulator elements can have their states in which light is directed to a surface to form a pixel modulated, or both.

Abstract: A method and device for controlling the bias voltages for a split-reset spatial light modulator. Each block of the spatial light modulator can be individually controlled lowering the throughput needed to load each frame of data. Blocks are selected individually or in groups with the potential of providing one voltage condition on the selected blocks and a different voltage condition on the deselected blocks. One embodiment of the disclosed method comprises input latches and buffers 44, address decode logic 46 to determine the selected blocks, mode select logic 48 to determine the requested operation, delay circuitry 50 to minimize current loading, and level shifters 52 to convert logic signals to voltage levels appropriate to control the output drive circuitry 54.

Abstract: The obturators can be actuated in order to modulate an incident beam (L). Microshutters (5) are attached to a substrate by means of fastenings opposing resistance to their rotation away from a rest position. The microshutters (5) are placed on optical paths (X--X) so as to be able to interrupt them or establish them. They are fitted out with reflecting surfaces (7) so as to deflect the light when they are in the blocking position. On each optical path (X--X) a supplementary reflecting surface (8), a diaphragm (6) and a focusing means (4) are placed. Thus, in line with its position, each microshutter can focus the light on the diaphragm (6) so as to allow it to pass or to deflect it in order to block it. The application thereof is in the transformation of a beam (L) into a modulated beam (Lm).

Abstract: A spatial light modulator (10) having reduced control circuitry as compared to existing devices. Sets of pixel elements (11) share a memory cell (12), such that each memory cell (12) has the same fanout as other memory cells (12). Each pixel element (11) in a set is switched to an on or off state via a reset line (13) that is separate from that of the other pixel elements (11) in that set. Frame data is loaded in split bit-frames during a set time period, such that each split bit-frame contains only the data for pixel elements (11) on one reset line (13). Thus, the same memory cell (12) can be used to deliver data to all pixel elements (11) in its fanout because only one pixel element (11) in the fanout is switched at a time.

Abstract: A video signal interface device that converts display data in serial format for a first display device, e.g. CRT display, to display data appropriate to a second display device, e.g. LCD panel. The second display device can execute binary display and carry out gray-scale display as a pseudo operation by switching with every frame.

Abstract: A digitized video display for displaying and image utilizing a light source, a spatial light modulator that receives substantially all of a cross-section of beam from the light source and directing it along a different direction, and a surface positioned in the different direction for receiving the image from the modulator.

Abstract: A method of implementing pulse-width modulated image display systems (10, 20) with a spatial light modulator (SLM) (15) configured for split-reset addressing. Display frame periods are divided into time slices. Each frame of data is divided into bit-planes, each bit-plane having one bit of data for each pixel element and representing a bit weight of the intensity value to be displayed by that pixel element. Each bit-plane has a display time corresponding to a number of time slices, with bit-planes of higher bit weights being displayed for more time slices. The bit-planes are further formatted into reset groups, each reset group corresponding to a reset group of the SLM (15). The display times for reset groups of more significant bits are segmented so that the data can be displayed in segments rather than for a continuous time. During loading, segments of corresponding bit-planes are temporally aligned from one reset group to the next.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal display (LCD) is provided having a static random access memory located within each liquid crystal control cell and between each display electrode and corresponding bit and word lines. The memory cell, or storage cell, includes a pass-gate transistor which, upon activation via word line, forwards bit line video data to a memory circuit, such as a latching circuit, placed between the pass-gate transistor and the display electrode. The latching circuit may consist of two thin-film transistors connected as cross-coupled inverters for latching video data upon the display electrode for virtually an indefinite period of time or until the pass-gate transistor is again activated. By utilizing a storage cell with buffer capability adjacent each display electrode, problems associated with large data line current can be minimized. Moreover, the static memory can rid the host processor of having to continuously refresh the LCD active matrix.

Abstract: A visual display system in which light from a light source is modulated by a spatial light modulator having a plurality of controllable elements arranged in a first dimension. The modulated light is scanned by an optical scanning device along a second dimension to display an image. An exposure control apparatus has a lens, a photoelectric conversion device, and a spatial light modulator. The spatial light modulator varies the amount of light received from the lens and supplied to the photoelectric conversion device, thereby controlling the exposure of the image focused by the lens.

Abstract: An addressable display system including a paper-like sheet comprising a light transparent host layer loaded with a plurality of repositionable elements, the elements are movable from a first orientation in which they will present a first visual appearance, to a second orientation in which they will present a second visual appearance, and independent external addressing means relatively movable with respect to the display sheet for affecting the orientation of the repositionable elements.

Abstract: A digitized video display system has a spatial light modulator which has individual elements which are controllable to produce individual beams which form an image. The individual elements are controllable at a frequency which is less than the critical flicker frequency of the human eye to produce individual beams which form an image. The individual elements are controlled to provide a luminosity control over individual pixels or voxels of the image.