Abstract: A method for driver assistance by generating lane information for supporting or for replacing lane information of a video-based lane information device includes: generating the lateral lane information based on the video-based lane information device of the vehicle; ascertaining at least one reliability parameter of the lateral lane information received from the lane information device; receiving navigation system-based lateral lane information from at least one other vehicle via a vehicle-to-vehicle communication device; and supporting or replacing the lateral lane information received from the lane information device based on the received navigation system-based lateral lane information as a function of the ascertained reliability parameter.

Abstract: This invention describes a set of simple yet novel methods for capturing photographs of moving objects that are constrained to lie within a relatively flat object region that is not necessarily perpendicular to the axis of the camera lens. Using these methods, one can select a focal plane and an object region that is not that of a normal camera, and, when objects are constrained to move within that object region, one can successfully photograph them no matter where they appear within the field without losing focus.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to vision systems for vehicles and, more particularly, to rear-view vision systems which provide the vehicle operator with scenic information in the direction rearward of the vehicle. More particularly, the invention relates to a rear-view vision system utilizing image capture devices, such as CMOS imaging arrays in external rear view mirrors to support lane change in a driver assistant system.

Abstract: Temporary safety zones are established by deploying a plurality of safety icons connected by extensible, brightly colored, retro-reflective tapes. The tapes are retracted within the housings of the safety icons. A plurality of modules having different functions are removably affixed to the base of the safety icons, the modules including sensors, beacons, transceivers, detection devices, and audio receivers and video cameras. Because the modules are manually interchangeable, the safety zones can be implemented for specific, interchangeable circumstances, e.g., a surveillance station, portable helipad, landing strip, and restricted area barriers.

Abstract: This invention relates to a multidirectional traffic image capturing method and an electronic police system. This method adopts forward direction camera and side direction camera to capture images of the traffic condition and can obtain qualified images through regularly adjusting the direction of side direction camera with main control unit. This system is made up of main control unit, forward control unit, forward camera, and side control unit and side camera. The main control unit will analyze, judge if there is a disobeying of traffic lights through lights signal and traffic condition, meanwhile control forward direction camera and side direction camera to capture images. This invention adopts multidirectional image capturing method to obtain the images of violated vehicles, which overcomes the long standing issue of red light glaring, guarantees the quality of the images and is mainly used in the supervision and management of the traffic.

Abstract: A method 10 of verifying a traffic violation image and includes the step of automatically sensing 12 whether or not a vehicle commits a traffic violation, the step of automatically capturing 14 an image which shows a vehicle committing a traffic violation if it is sensed 12 that the vehicle has committed a traffic violation, the step of obtaining 16 verification data which verifies that the step of sensing 12 is accurate within acceptable limits, and the step of automatically combining 18 the obtained verification data with the captured traffic violation image to provide proof of the accurate sensing of the traffic violation. Also provided is an associated system.

Abstract: Using a lower electrode as a photomask, a lyophobic region having generally the same pattern as that of the lower electrode and a lyophilic region having a pattern which is generally the inversion of the lower electrode pattern are formed on an insulating film. A conductive ink is applied to the lyophobic region and baked. Thus, an upper electrode having a pattern which is generally the inversion of the lower electrode pattern is formed in a self-alignment manner. Therefore no misalignment occurs even if a printing method is used. Thus, a semiconductor device such as an active-matrix thin-film transistor substrate can be fabricated by using a printing method.

Abstract: Integrated processing unit captures range images shot by CCD cameras which are respectively provided on front, rear, left and right sides of a vehicle and image processor. Location-allocation unit creates a location-allocation model of an obstacle from the range images and road surface images (heights of images above road surface). Vehicular swept path calculating unit calculates a swept path of each representative point. Collision decision calculates intersection of the obstacle of the location-allocation model with the swept paths of the representative points and judges whether the points cross the obstacle. When a representative point may possibly cross the obstacle, the point is enhanced and displayed together with the obstacle (object) on monitor.

Abstract: A monitoring apparatus includes plural imaging units; a viewpoint conversion unit making viewpoint conversion of each imaged picture of the plural imaging units into an overhead picture with the same depression angle, respectively; and a picture composite unit joining each overhead picture obtained from the viewpoint conversion unit to superimpose the same scene portion of each overhead picture, and generating a wide overhead picture. The picture composite unit adopts a picture of a superimposed portion in the overhead picture with the highest picture quality of the superimposed portion among each overhead picture related to the superimposed portion as a picture of the superimposed portion of the wide overhead picture.

Abstract: A vehicle surroundings monitoring apparatus that extracts a body present in the surrounding of a vehicle as an object, based on an image captured by an infrared imaging device, includes: a binarized object extraction device that extracts a binarized object from image data obtained by binarizing a gray scale images of the image; a search region setting device that sets a plurality of search regions vertically using a predetermined height as a reference; a search region extraction device that extracts a search region having a distance to the infrared imaging device substantially equal to a distance between the binarized object and the infrared imaging device, among a plurality of the search regions; a correlation degree determination device that determines a degree of correlation between the plurality of search regions; a height calculation device that calculates a height of the binarized object; and an object type determination device that determines a type of the object.

Abstract: The invention is provided by means of a method for identifying a vehicle, comprising recording at least a first image of the vehicle using a digital camera, which first image includes at least a registration plate and a light arrangement. The method comprises the steps of identifying the position on the car and the orientation of the light arrangement from the first image, and of determining the type of vehicle on the basis of information stored in a database relating to the position and orientation of light arrangements on different types of car and the identification of the position and orientation of the light arrangement, and of identifying the position on the car and the orientation of the registration plate in relation to the identified position of the light arrangement from the first image in order thereby to obtain a unique identification of the vehicle.

Abstract: A territorial surveillance and/or security control system based on monitoring vehicle license plates, and having a number of mobile surveillance units (2) for reading vehicle license plates and generating alarms during patrol by the mobile surveillance units (2), and a permanent surveillance centre (3) communicating with the mobile surveillance units (2) to locate the mobile surveillance units by radio, to gather, file, and consult the license plates detected by the mobile surveillance units (2), to handle the alarms generated by the mobile surveillance units, and to update a list of wanted license plates.

Abstract: A method for driver assistance and a driver assistance device which operates on the basis of lane information are described. The lane information is ascertained from an image recorded by an image sensor and/or estimated on the basis of objects in this image depending on the weather conditions.

Abstract: The unit is an apparatus that can capture the surroundings of a motor vehicle while travelling on the motorways or while parked unattended and allows the owner to remotely access & control the unit and retrieve the captured data if necessary via the internet. The unit also has the capability to surf the internet, receive and send email, play audio/video data and exchange data with external sources either through USB connections or wirelessly via the internet.

Abstract: A vehicle lighting system for illuminating ahead of a vehicle is provided with a plurality of light sources each adapted to illuminate a different illumination area to thereby form a predetermined light distribution pattern as a whole and a control unit for determining a traffic scene in which the vehicle is running and independently changing at least either an orientations or the light quantities of the plurality of light sources so as to form a target light distribution pattern which has been set in advance for the traffic scene.

Abstract: A feature amount of an inter-mobile unit relative movement are detected as an observation amount by an observation amount detecting section 26, time series of the observation amounts are stored as an observation series into a storage section 27 to calculate a similarity of the observation series to a predetermined collision observation series by a classification section 28. A determination section 29 determines to be a collision accident if, in a case where the similarity is larger than a predetermined value, a mobile unit associated with the similarity is at rest in a stoppage prohibition area set in a storage section 30 and another mobile unit is moving, and to be a mobile unit failure if collision determination conditions except for the similarity are met.

Abstract: A surveillance system includes an image deformation unit for deforming the image captured or picked up by a surveillance camera so that the appearance of a specified region within this image has the same geometric shape as that of its corresponding region on the map, and an image synthesis display unit operable to extract the specific region of the deformed image and synthesize it in the corresponding map region for on-screen visualization, obtaining the mutual relationship of a plurality of images.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus adapted to be mounted on an elevated surface having an electrical socket thereon. The apparatus includes a housing, a photocell and a transceiver. The housing at least partially defines an interior space and has a portion which is translucent. The photocell is supported by the housing in the interior space so that ambient light exterior to the housing passes through the translucent portion to the photocell. The transceiver is also supported by the housing and is positioned within the interior space of the housing.

Abstract: A vehicle surroundings monitoring apparatus that extracts a body present in the surroundings of a vehicle as an object, based on an image captured by an infrared imaging device, including a binarized object extraction device that extracts a binarized object from image data obtained by binarizing a gray scale image of the image; a horizontal edge detection device that detects a horizontal edge in the gray scale image; a horizontal edge determination device that determines whether or not the horizontal edge detected by the horizontal edge detection device exists in a prescribed range from the top end or bottom end of the binarized object extracted by the binarized object extraction device; and an object type determination device that determines a type of object based on a determination result of the horizontal edge determination device.

Abstract: Sports fans enjoy sporting activities more when they can feel connected to the participants. Through a method of increasing communications between athletes, their fans and commentators, sports fans can feel a greater connection to the athletes whom they are watching and thereby obtain a greater degree of enjoyment from watching the event. Further, by watching the athletes being instructed on how to improve their games, the fans can also learn how to improve their own skill sets.

Abstract: A traffic signal with integrated sensors. The present invention provides an apparatus for integrating sensors with a traffic signal. A signal case has a housing and a light source placed within the housing. A door attached to the housing is configured such that photons generated by the light may be sensed outside the housing. A tab is attached to the door. A sensor is attached to the tab. The housing or the door is adapted to allow the sensor to sense a parameter originating from outside the housing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a telecommunications system and to a corresponding telecommunications system comprising at least one centralized device and at least one telecommunications terminal device, which is configured for communicating with the centralized device and/or other telecommunications terminal devices. The invention is characterized in that one or more control programs are stored in the centralized device, whereby the control programs can be activated by signals of the telecommunications terminal device in order to initiate one or more functions in the telecommunications terminal device, in the centralized device and/or in other telecommunications terminal devices.

Abstract: A traffic monitoring device for vehicles, comprising first and second mini-cameras, mounted behind the windshield and the rear window of the vehicle to view the traffic to the front of the vehicle and to the rear of the vehicle, respectively, a recorder-player within the vehicle and connected to the mini-cameras and the vehicle battery, and switches, when activated, causing each recorder-player to record any incidents which occur in the view of the mini-camera while the vehicle is in motion. The recorder-player preferably has a split viewing screen capable off displaying the images from the first and second mini-cameras simultaneously and/or sequentially.

Abstract: An angular position sensor is provided which is designed to an angular position of a rotary shaft. The angular position sensor has a magnet affixed to the rotary shaft. The magnet has an N-pole and an S-pole and is so geometrically shaped as to produce magnetic flux which is substantially uniform in amount within a range extending around each of centers of the N-pole and the S-pole. This improves the linearity of a change in sensor output upon rotation of the rotary shaft.

Abstract: A feature amount of an inter-mobile unit relative movement are detected as an observation amount by an observation amount detecting section 26, time series of the observation amounts are stored as an observation series into a storage section 27 to calculate a similarity of the observation series to a predetermined collision observation series by a classification section 28. A determination section 29 determines to be a collision accident if, in a case where the similarity is larger than a predetermined value, a mobile unit associated with the similarity is at rest in a stoppage prohibition area set in a storage section 30 and another mobile unit is moving, and to be a mobile unit failure if collision determination conditions except for the similarity are met.

Abstract: The disclosed image processing system detects the position and speed of a vehicle with high accuracy by accurately measuring the orientation of a rotatable surveillance camera 3 by means of image processing. This system allows mode setting to be switched between an automatic monitoring mode and a manual operation mode. When the mode is switched from the manual operation mode to the automatic monitoring mode, an image processing apparatus 7 recognizes on a screen a plurality of reference points 11 whose locations on a road are given, calculates orientation parameters of the surveillance camera 3 based on the positions of the reference points on the screen, and detects the position and speed of the vehicle based on photographed images of the vehicle using the orientation parameters, thereby detecting phenomena such as traffic congestion and accidents.

Abstract: A manned, mobile traffic enforcement platform with aimable violation detection and documentation devices, employing digital video and still images, incorporating contextual information as well as data input by the system operator and driver, with numerous commercial-off-the-shelf components and a physically integrated composite display. The mobile enforcement platform (MEP) is operated by trained system operators, typically sworn-officers, who apply pre-determined criteria, protocols, procedures and routines to generate conclusive, court-acceptable violation documentation. MEP supports detection, identification, and documentation of violations in any lane behind or in front of the moving MEP vehicle or from the roadside. MEP captures most types of moving violations, including aggressive driving, in readily retrievable documentation formatted for later mail citation and court use.

Abstract: A sensor unit for use in a surveillance system is provided. The sensor unit interfaces with a sensor device to receive sensor data from the sensor device. The sensor unit is configured to generate an event record based upon received sensor data. The event record is of a predetermined format and is output to a data unit.

Abstract: A vehicle surroundings monitoring apparatus recognizes a pedestrian from existence of a leg, in the case in which a width in real space of a binarized object is suitable as a pedestrian's leg, the binarized object has longwise shape, the lower end position of the binarized object exists in the lower part (lower half) of a gray scale object region, and a serial luminance transition exists in the binarized object. The vehicle surroundings monitoring apparatus also recognizes a pedestrian from existence of an umbrella held up by the pedestrian, in the case in which an umbrella region with a low temperature exists above the binarized object, the width of the umbrella region is suitable as a pedestrian's umbrella, and, the spatial correlation between the centroid position of the umbrella region and the centroid position of the binarized object is suitable as a spatial relationship between a pedestrian and his/her umbrella.

Abstract: When a driving assistance system of a navigation device in a subject vehicle is able to communicate with a cooperative remote driving assistance system in an oncoming vehicle, images are obtained from individual front monitor cameras of the subject vehicle and the oncoming vehicle. These obtained images are exchanged. From within these images, common objects are recognized to thereby compute a positional relationship between the subject vehicle and the oncoming vehicle. The computed positional relationship is then shown in a display unit by a vehicular model using an outline of a top view of a vehicle. Consequently, a driver can intuitively recognize the positional relationship between the subject vehicle and the oncoming vehicle by seeing the display unit.

Abstract: A mobile body surrounding surveillance apparatus is provided which comprises an omnidirectional vision sensor comprising an optical system for reflecting light incident from a maximum surrounding 360-degree visual field area toward a predetermined direction and an imaging section for imaging light reflected from the optical system to obtain image data, an image processing section for processing the image data obtained by the imaging section, and a display section for displaying the image data processed by the image processing section on a display screen as a mobile body surrounding image. The omnidirectional vision sensor is provided on at least one of left and right sides of the mobile body with an optical axis of the omnidirectional vision sensor being horizontally oriented.

Abstract: A vision-based object detection decision-making system (10) for a vehicle (12) includes multiple vision sensing systems (14) that have vision receivers (20) and that generate an object detection signal. A controller (16) includes a plurality of sensing system aid modules (18) that correspond to each of the vision sensing systems (14). The controller (16) operates the sensing system aid modules (18) in response to a vehicle parameter and generates a safety system signal in response to the object detection signal. The sensing system aid modules (18) have associated operating modes and operate the vision sensing systems (14) in the operating modes in response to the vehicle parameter.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting and tracking humans, such as pedestrians, in low visibility conditions or otherwise. A night vision camera periodically captures a an infrared image of a road from a single perspective. A pedestrian detection module determines a position of a pedestrian in the frame by processing the captured image. The pedestrian detection module includes a support vector machine to compare information derived from the night vision camera to a training database. A pedestrian tracking module estimates pedestrian movement of the detected pedestrian from in subsequent frames by applying filters. The tracking module uses Kalman filtering to estimate pedestrian movement at periodic times and mean-shifting to adjust the estimation. An output display module interleaves detection frames and tracking frames in generating output video for the display.

Abstract: A method for reading a license plate disposed on a vehicle includes determining whether a license plate image is required, automatically processing the license plate image in response to determining that the license plate image is required, providing at least one verified image, and determining whether to manually read the license plate image by matching the license plate image with the at least one verified image.

Abstract: A particular area extending in a widthwise direction of a vehicle is established in a lower part of a picture image taken by CCD cameras and the area is divided into six small areas. It is judged that a stop marker exists when an average brightness of respective three successive small areas of the six small areas rises from a low level to a high level and then descends from the high level. As a result of recognition of a stop marker, in case where a stop marker exists and there is a solid object immediately ahead of the stop marker, a drive assist system gives a warning to a vehicle operator or a congestion follow-up mode is turned off. Further, in case where a stop marker exists and there is a solid object immediately ahead of the stop marker, while the vehicle is in a standstill, the drive assist system prohibits the vehicle operator from starting the vehicle.

Abstract: An apparatus for and a method of detecting a flight obstacle (28, 30, 32, 34) in the surroundings (50) of an aircraft (4), in particular for collision warning purposes, wherein images of the surroundings (50) are recorded, the flight obstacle (28, 30, 32, 34) is detected from the images and provided with an identification, and a signal (66, 68, 76) associated with the identification is outputted in a ground station (6). In order to guarantee a high level of certainty in respect to the control of the aircraft (4) which is effected automatically or by a ground control pilot it is proposed that detection and allocation of the identification are effected on board the aircraft (4) and the identification is sent to the ground station (6).

Abstract: An integrated video distribution system for distributing video signals from a plurality of sources. The system includes a digitizer arrangement arranged to receive analog video signals from a plurality of video sources. The analog video signals are digitized in YCrCb video format and converted to streams of digital video data. The video data is multiplexed and transmitted on a digital video bus having a plurality of video channels. In one embodiment, the digitizers and video bus are integrated with a backplane arrangement that includes expansion slots for a plurality of terminal controllers. The expansion slots provide connections to the video bus. Each terminal controller mounted on the backplane arrangement can be coupled to a display terminal and an input device. The terminal controller selects one or more of the input streams of video data in response to control signals from the input device and converts the selected video data to an analog video signal for output to a display terminal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for improving visibility in a vehicle, especially in darkness, bad weather and fog, including one or more laser headlights radiating laser light of a wavelength outside the visible spectrum into a predetermined solid angle area ahead of the vehicle, a camera which is sensitive outside the visible spectrum and used for taking images of current traffic scenes, as well as an optical display system in the vehicle for reproducing the captured images in the visible spectrum. According to the present invention, provision is made for at least two different types of laser headlights which each illuminate different parts of the solid angle area to be observed to produce an angle-dependent radiation pattern of the laser light in a simple manner.

Abstract: A system and method for vehicle detection and tracking in tunnels is provided. The method comprises the steps of capturing a plurality of image frames viewing at least one traffic lane; extracting at least one feature from the plurality of image frames; detecting at least one object indicative of a vehicle from the extracted feature; and tracking the detected vehicle over time to determine the detected vehicle's velocity. The system comprising at least one image capture device for capturing a plurality of image frames viewing at least one traffic lane; and a processor adapted for extracting at least one feature from the plurality of image frames, detecting at least one object indicative of a vehicle from the extracted feature, and tracking the detected vehicle over time to determine the detected vehicle's velocity.

Abstract: An image transformation apparatus for a vehicle rear monitoring device uses a transformation table to transform an image of the rear of a vehicle captured by a camera mounted on the vehicle for capturing the rear of the vehicle into an output image assumed to be obtained by capturing the rear at a predetermined inclination from a virtual camera position different from an actual camera position at which the camera is mounted, and displays the output image on the monitor 4. Furthermore, the output image may be displayed on the monitor 4, with a steering start guideline, a steering amount guide mark, a vehicle width guideline, and a vehicle path guideline superimposed thereon.

Abstract: Surveillance apparatus and methods effective for detecting incidents are based upon improved image processing techniques applied to infrared and visible light spectrum images in a time sequence. A reference image is generated by removing motion objects from an image of a region of interest. The reference image is compared to an image to be analyzed to detect motion. Detected motion is analyzed and classified as motion objects. The motion objects are then compared to a motion model, which classifies the objects as being anticipated or unanticipated.

Abstract: A traffic violation or event detection recording and processing system includes both wide angle and narrow angle cameras. The cameras capture images of traffic in a monitoring region. The narrow angle camera obtains information relating to the vehicle number plate and driver, and the wide angle camera obtains images of the vehicle and red light as evidence of a violation. Speed violation is determined by a non-intrusive speed detection system such as a Doppler radar or laser system. Accident events may be determined with the addition of a noise detection mechanism. Evidence of violations recorded may be stored on a central database or databases with real-time interactivity to authorized users via any computer with Internet connectivity to perform various evidence management or review tasks.

Abstract: A driving assistance apparatus includes: cameras; a plurality of virtual observing point converting unit; an image synthesizing unit for synthesizing image information supplied from this virtual observing point converting unit; an obstacle sensing unit such as an ultrasonic-wave sensor and a millimeter-wave radar; a safety area predicting unit; and a safety area superposing unit. Then, the safety area predicting unit predicts such a safety area where an obstacle is not present based upon both a distance “d1” and an approximate direction, which are obtained from the obstacle sensing unit. Also, the safety area superposing unit superposes the safety area predicted by the safety area predicting unit on an image synthesized by way of cameras to display the synthesized image superposed with the safety area.

Abstract: A vehicle vision system that identifies pedestrians located proximate a vehicle. The system comprises a sensor array that produces imagery that is processed to generate disparity images. A depth map can be produced from the disparity images. Either the depth map or the disparity images are processed and compared to pedestrian templates. A pedestrian list is produced from the results of that comparison. The pedestrian list is processed to eliminate false pedestrians as determined by inverse eccentricity. The pedestrians are then tracked, and if a collision is possible, that information is provided to the driver and/or to an automated collision avoidance or damage or injury mitigation system.

Abstract: A video telecommunication system having a plurality of cameras (video cameras) installed at remote locations and a monitor for monitoring the video, provided with a video information describing unit for sending a switch command for the camera to a video transmission apparatus, simultaneously sending character information describing the video information of the camera in accordance with the switch command, and having the video information and the character information displayed on the monitor, whereby it is possible to easily record, change, and correct character information on the place name etc. combined with the video information.

Abstract: In an image processor for synthesizing images that have been taken by multiple cameras mounted on a vehicle, even if any movable part of the vehicle has changed its state, the synthesized image will have no unnatural part. A pixel synthesizer receives the images that have been captured by the cameras included in an imaging section and generates the synthesized image by reference to a mapping table. Receiving a signal indicative of the state of a movable part such as the door or hood of the vehicle, a display mode changer disables at least one of the cameras that is taking an image to be affected by any change in the state of the movable part. For that purpose, the changer rewrites mapping data stored on the mapping table and thereby eliminates the image in question from the synthesized image.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a traffic caution apparatus which may distinguish the running direction of vehicles. The apparatus includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter an ultrasonic transmitting unit and a FM stereo transmitting unit. The receiver includes a FM stereo receiving unit, a decoding unit, an ultrasonic receiving unit, a monolithic processor, an analogy switch, a speed recording/reproducing unit, a given voltage unit. The apparatus uses ultrasonic wave to distinguish running direction and speed of vehicles, and can send caution speech information with accuracy to a vehicle whose speed must be limited. The apparatus has expandable function which may provide other caution information, large number of travel and business information to vehicles. This apparatus may substitute travel caution signs.

Abstract: A system for determining a kind of vehicle and a method therefore, including a vehicle detection unit for detecting a vehicle which reaches to a vehicle detection region on a roadway, a wheel shaft number counting unit for counting a number of wheel shafts of the detected vehicle, an image photographing unit for photographing a front or rear image of the detected vehicle and a vehicle kind determination unit for yielding distances and widths of the tires of the detected vehicle on the basis of the photographed image from the image photographing unit and determining the kind of the vehicle on the basis of the number of wheel shafts detected from the wheel shaft counting unit and the yielded distance and width values can precisely determine the kind of vehicle traveling the roadway.

Abstract: A parking assist system for a driver to confirm a relationship between relative positions to obstacles and one's own vehicle. A top plane creating image 7B in which a circumstance situation of one's own vehicle is indicated from a point of upward view is created based on a backward image of one's own vehicle taken by a CCD camera and displayed on a screen of a display. A mobile locus including a marker G of one's own vehicle, a marker, a parking path, and a current position is displayed on the top plane creating image in a duplicate way.

Abstract: An manned, mobile traffic enforcement platform with aimable violation and documentation devices employing digital video and still images, incorporating contextual information as well as data input by the system operator and driver. The mobile enforcement platform (MEP) is operated by a trained and authorized system operator (typically a police officer trained and experienced in traffic enforcement) who applies pre-determined criteria, protocols, procedures and routines that are approved and authorized by the user-jurisdiction for use with the MEP system. MEP's aimable devices support detection, identification, and documentation of violations occurring in any of several lanes behind or in front of the moving MEP vehicle. MEP also can be used from the roadside. The violation information and documentation can be transmitted to a fixed facility for citation processing or it can be transferred in batches over landlines or by direct link for later citation processing.