Abstract: A camera-movement compensation device includes a first liquid-crystal cell with a pair of parallel transparent plates and a first voltage source coupled to the first liquid-crystal cell and able to apply and alter a first voltage gradient across the plates of the first liquid-crystal cell. The device also includes a second liquid-crystal cell having a pair of parallel transparent plates and disposed so that each of the plates of the second liquid-crystal cell is parallel to the plates of the first liquid-crystal cell and in light communication with at least one wave of light passing through the plates of the first liquid-crystal cell, a second voltage source coupled to the second liquid-crystal cell and able to apply and alter a second voltage gradient across the surfaces of the second liquid-crystal cell, and a movement detector coupled to the voltage sources to alter the slope of the voltage gradients in proportion to a movement.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other and sandwiching a liquid crystal layer therebetween, a first electrode disposed on the first substrate at a side thereof proximate to the liquid crystal layer, a second electrode disposed above the first electrode with an insulating film therebetween, and an orientation film covering the insulating film and the second electrode. The second electrode includes a plurality of strip electrode segments each extending along the first and second substrates and having a connected end at one end of the strip electrode segment and an open end at the other end of the strip electrode segment, a connecting segment connecting the connected ends of the plurality of strip electrode segments together. The orientation film is given a rubbing treatment in a direction from the connected ends towards the open ends of the strip electrode segments.

Abstract: The invention provides a bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal display, comprising a first substrate having thereon a first conductive layer and a first alignment layer; a second substrate having thereon a second conductive layer and a second alignment layer; a liquid crystal layer in the first and second alignment layers; an alignment layer on each of the substrates, the alignment layer imparting a preferred direction for liquid crystal molecules near the alignment layer, and possessing different azimuthal and polar anchoring energies when used to align a liquid crystal layer: the alignment layers being rubbed in such a way to give a stable twist angle of the liquid crystal of ? where ? can be any value in between ?45° to +45°; and wherein the d/p ratio of the liquid crystal layer is between the values of 0.15+0.5?/? and 0.35+0.5?/?.

Abstract: A repeated pattern layer having areas for imparting different electro-optic characteristics to a light modulating device is disclosed. The repeated pattern is arranged so that any pixel area formed in the assembled device (above a certain minimum size) will contain an area of each electo-optic characteristic in the right proportions. The pattern is arranged as a two dimensional grid of areas of different characteristic with at least one area of each characteristic provided in each row and column of the grid. The patterned layer may usefully be an alignment layer for a liquid crystal device, especially a bistable device, and the different areas may be arranged to give grey scale in the device.

Abstract: An electrically-driven liquid crystal lens wherein an electrode is defined with a vertical or horizontal rubbing direction, achieving an improved lens profile effect, and a stereoscopic display device using the same are disclosed.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display element of the present invention, the aligning capability for imparting pre-tilt angles to a liquid crystal material is imparted only to the surface of the alignment film of one of the substrates, the material layer having dielectric anisotropy includes a chiral material and a liquid crystal material with a nematic liquid crystal phase, 0.25?d/p?0.50 is satisfied assuming that the thickness of the material layer having the dielectric anisotropy is d and the chiral pitch length of the liquid crystal material is p, and 1000×d/p??n×d is satisfied assuming that the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal material is ?n.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device capable of reducing a disclination region generated when an alignment layer is not normally rubbed due to physical interference between a pattern spacer formed on a substrate and fibers of a rubbing cloth in a rubbing process and a rubbing and fabricating method thereof are disclosed. The liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal panel having two bonded substrates with a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween, alignment layers formed on the two substrates to align liquid crystal molecules in a predetermined direction, and a pattern spacer formed on any one substrate to maintain a distance between the substrates. The alignment layers are rubbed by a rubbing cloth having fibers inclined in a left or right direction with respect to a perpendicular direction of a rotation shaft of a rubbing roll, and the pattern spacer has an inclined surface parallel to the fibers.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a substrate of a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel, a liquid crystal panel, and a manufacturing method thereof. The substrate of a LCD panel comprises a first substrate, a color filter layer comprising color resins and a black matrix and formed on one surface of the first substrate, a transparent layer formed on the color filter layer and having a planar surface, and an array structure layer formed on the planar surface of the transparent layer or on the other surface of the first substrate.

Abstract: To control the positioning of a spacer more accurately in a liquid crystal display device to prevent display defects due to incorrect positioning in a display region. To provide a liquid crystal display device with higher image quality and reliability, and to provide a method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display device with high yield. In a liquid crystal display device, a region onto which a spherical spacer is discharged is subjected to liquid-repellent treatment in order to reduce the wettability with respect to a liquid in which the spherical spacer is dispersed. The liquid (the droplet) does not spread over the liquid-repellent region and is dried while moving the spherical spacer toward the center of the liquid. Thus, incorrect positioning shortly after discharging, which has been caused by the loss of control in the liquid, can be corrected by moving the spherical spacer while drying the liquid.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for rubbing an alignment layer of an LCD device is disclosed. The alignment layer is rubbed over an entire surface of a substrate at uniform pressure and dust or particle is not adsorbed into the alignment layer during rubbing process. The apparatus for rubbing an alignment layer of an LCD device includes a rubbing means to rub the alignment layer while the rubbing means is rotated along one direction to contact a surface of the alignment layer formed on a substrate, and a liquid jet to jet liquid when the alignment layer is rubbed by the rubbing means.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device with an alignment film provided on at least one of a pair of substrates, sandwiching a liquid crystal layer, on the side facing the liquid crystal layer, in which the alignment film aligns liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer substantially vertical or horizontal when there is no voltage application, and a mask rubbing process is performed with at least a part of a hard mask adhered to the alignment film surface such that alignment control directions in regions of the alignment film are different from each other.

Abstract: A roll stocker and a method for fabricating a liquid crystal display device using the same are disclosed. The roll stocker is constructed by multi-stage, of which roll keeping units of an upper stage can be moved left and right so that a rubbing roll at the lower stage can be easily taken out. Thus, space utilization can be enhanced and rolls can be stably kept. The roll stocker formed by two stages includes an upper stage installed at an upper side of a lower stage used as a support; a plurality of roll keeping units positioned at the upper and lower stages and keeping rubbing rolls; and a moving unit installed between the upper and lower stages and moving the roll keeping units of the upper stage.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device, which is configured to have a liquid crystal layer held between a pair of substrates, includes a display area including a red color pixel, a green color pixel and a blue color pixel, a pixel electrode which is disposed in each of the color pixels, a counter-electrode which is opposed to the pixel electrode via an interlayer insulation film, and an alignment film which is disposed in contact with the liquid crystal layer and is subjected to such rubbing treatment as to restrict alignment of liquid crystal molecules included in the liquid crystal layer. The pixel electrode has a slit which is formed to be inclined with respect to a direction of rubbing of the alignment film, and the slit of the red pixel and the slit of the blue pixel are formed to be inclined in different directions.

Abstract: An in-plane switching liquid crystal display device is designed in such a way that an angle defined by the lengthwise direction of a common electrode and a pixel electrode and a rubbing direction of an alignment layer is set to 10 to 20°, a cell gap d is set to 2.7 ?m or smaller, the dielectric anisotropy ?? of a liquid crystal constituting a liquid crystal layer is set to 8 to 20, a white voltage Vwhite to be applied to the pixel electrode when displaying white is set to 4 to 7 V, and the white voltage Vwhite (V), the dielectric anisotropy ?? of the liquid crystal, the cell gap d (?m) and an interval L (?m) between the common electrode and the pixel electrode satisfy the following expression. 11.8 > V white d - 0.6 × L 0.5 × ? ? ? ? - 0.5 > 9.

Abstract: A substrate for a liquid crystal device includes: an electrode film provided on a display area on the substrate; an alignment film which covers at least the display area and is subjected to an alignment process by rubbing; and a band-shaped projection provided in a peripheral area outside the display area so as at least to intersect the rubbing direction and extend along the display area, in which the height of the band-shaped projection on the substrate is higher than the height of the surface of the electrode film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of the present invention has a first structure (protrusion) which is provided on a first substrate and which causes liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of the first structure to align with a first direction when a voltage is applied, and a second structure (protrusion) which is provided at a position on the second substrate where the second structure is opposed to the first structure and which causes liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of the second structure to align with a second direction when the voltage is applied. Here, the second direction is different from the first direction. The shapes or sizes of the first and second structures are different from each other.

Abstract: An OCB mode liquid crystal display device is provided. The OCB mode liquid crystal display device comprises a first substrate, a second substrate and a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. The first substrate and the second substrate are disposed oppositely to each other. The device further comprises a first pixel electrode disposed on the first substrate, a second pixel electrode disposed on the first substrate and spaced apart from the first pixel electrode by a distance. The first pixel electrode and second pixel electrode are alternately arranged. The device further comprises a first alignment layer disposed on the first substrate to cover the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode, a common electrode disposed on the second substrate, and a second alignment layer disposed on the second substrate covering the common electrode.

Abstract: An OCB mode liquid crystal display panel comprises a pair of electrode substrates, a liquid crystal layer which is held between the pair of electrode substrates and has liquid crystal molecules whose alignment state is controlled within a display area by a drive voltage applied from the electrode substrates, and a pair of alignment films which are disposed on the electrode substrates in contact with the liquid crystal layer and whose rubbing directions are set parallel to each other. The display area includes a plurality of pixels arrayed in a matrix, and the rubbing directions of the alignment films are substantially opposite to a scanning direction in which rows of the pixels are sequentially selected for application of the drive voltage in a display operation.

Abstract: An OCB mode liquid crystal display panel comprises a pair of electrode substrates, a liquid crystal layer which is held between the pair of electrode substrates and has liquid crystal molecules whose alignment state is controlled within a display area by a drive voltage applied from the electrode substrates, and a pair of alignment films which are disposed on the electrode substrates in contact with the liquid crystal layer and whose rubbing directions are set parallel to each other. The rubbing directions of the pair of alignment films are oriented toward a side of a main diffusion source of impurity ions.

Abstract: To provide a liquid crystal display device and an electronic apparatus in which deterioration of contrast due to a protrusion or a slit used for division of alignment can be prevented in the liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal which has a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state. There is provided a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal layer, which includes a liquid crystal having a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state, between a pair of substrates and disposed to be opposite to each other, in which alignment control means for controlling alignment of the liquid crystal layer is provided on at least one of electrodes provided on the pair of substrates, and in which a light-shielding film BM two-dimensionally overlapped with the alignment control means is provided on at least one substrate of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: The present liquid crystal display is obtained by disposing, between two parallel substrates on which a pair of electrodes are formed, two alignment controol films, and a liquid crystal composition comprising a liquid crystal and a polymerizable compound that can be polymerized by light, a heat or a combination thereof, and then polymerizing the polymerizable compound. If the liquid crystal tobe used is one having a negative dielectric constant anisotropy, the alignment control films are vertical alignment control films having been subjected to rubbing processing so that the rubbing directions are parallel to each other, and when voltage is not applied, only liquid crystal molecules in a specific area in a pixel present the splay alignment. According to the present invention, a liquid crystal display device having a high-speed response can be implemented.

Abstract: The present invention provides a substrate for liquid crystal display devices which comprises a substrate body and an alignment film formed on a surface of the substrate body. The alignment film comprises at least two alignment film regions having different alignment characteristics, and neighboring alignment film regions are formed by coating different alignment materials to have the different alignment characteristics.

Abstract: This invention relates to a transflective thin film transistor substrate and a fabricating method thereof that is adaptive for simplifying process, and a liquid crystal display device using the same and a fabricating method thereof. A liquid crystal display device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a gate line and a data line crossing each other with a gate insulating film to define a pixel area on a first substrate; a thin film transistor connected to the gate line and the data line; a pixel electrode in the pixel area connected to the thin film transistor and to be exposed through a transmission area; a reflection electrode formed in a reflection area having separated areas with the transmission area in between; and an organic insulating film formed under the reflection electrode and formed in a first horizontal area including the reflection area.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a display panel and a viewing angle control panel. The viewing angle control panel includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, and a pair of electrodes for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer is composed from hybrid-aligned liquid crystal molecules. The viewing angle of the display panel is controlled by changing an alignment state of the hybrid-aligned liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer by voltage applied by the electrodes.

Abstract: An OCB mode liquid crystal display panel comprises a pair of electrode substrates, a liquid crystal layer which is held between the pair of electrode substrates and has liquid crystal molecules whose alignment state is controlled within a display area by a drive voltage applied from the electrode substrates, and a pair of alignment films which are disposed on the electrode substrates in contact with the liquid crystal layer and whose rubbing directions are set parallel to each other. The concentration of the impurity ions contained in that part of the liquid crystal layer which is located inside the display area is lower than the concentration of the impurity ions contained in that part of the liquid crystal layer which is located outside the display area.

Abstract: The invention relates to optically compensated bend (OCB) mode liquid crystal display devices and fabrication methods thereof. The OCB mode liquid crystal display includes a first substrate, a second substrate and a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. A first pixel electrode is disposed on the first substrate. A second pixel electrode is disposed overlying the first pixel electrode with a dielectric layer interposed therebetween such that a discontinuous fringe field is formed at the edge of the second pixel electrode. A first alignment layer is disposed on the first substrate covering the first and second pixel electrode. A common electrode is disposed on the second substrate, and a second alignment layer is disposed on the second substrate covering the common electrode.

Abstract: To provide a liquid crystal display device and an electronic apparatus in which deterioration of contrast due to a protrusion or a slit used for division of alignment can be prevented in the liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal which has a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state. There is provided a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal layer, which includes a liquid crystal having a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state, between a pair of substrates and disposed to be opposite to each other, in which alignment control means for controlling alignment of the liquid crystal layer is provided on at least one of electrodes provided on the pair of substrates, and in which a light-shielding film BM two-dimensionally overlapped with the alignment control means is provided on at least one substrate of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display including an upper panel having an upper alignment layer, a lower panel having a lower alignment layer, and a liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal molecules interposed between the upper panel and the lower panel. Each of the liquid crystal molecules has different refractive indexes and different permittivities with respect to each axis direction. The upper alignment layer and the lower alignment layer are vertical alignment layers and have a rubbing direction, respectively. Before the application of an electric field, a first axis of each liquid crystal molecule is aligned in a vertical direction by the vertical alignment layer, and a second axis of each liquid crystal molecule is aligned in a direction parallel to the rubbing direction, and, after the application of the electric field, one having the largest permittivity of the axis directions of the liquid crystal molecule is aligned in parallel to the applied electric field.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display panel having a display section which is composed of a plurality of display pixels, a driving unit which drives the display pixels, and a control unit which controls the driving unit. A first substrate includes pixel electrodes which are disposed in association with the plurality of display pixels. A second substrate includes a counter-electrode which is opposed to the plurality of pixel electrodes. A pair of alignment films are disposed on the plurality of pixel electrodes and the counter-electrode, and control an alignment state of liquid crystal molecules, which are included in the liquid crystal layer, by rubbing treatment. Dummy display pixels are disposed on a terminal end side of the display section in a rubbing direction. A driving unit includes circuit for cyclically applying a reverse transition prevention signal to the dummy display pixels.

Abstract: A mono domain vertical alignment type liquid crystal display apparatus to be multiplex driven is provided whose display uniformity at a large pretilt angle (near 90°) is improved. Waveform A is applied to a liquid crystal cell of a mono domain vertical alignment type, the waveform A having a duty not lower than 4 and a frame frequency of f. The frame frequency f is determined from a pretilt angle ?p, and is a frequency not lower than 60 Hz at a pretilt angle of 88.5°?p<89.6° or a frequency not lower than [120×(?p?89.6)+60] Hz at a pretilt angle of 89.6°??p?89.9°.

Abstract: A method for forming an alignment layer for a liquid crystal display device, and a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device using the same are disclosed. The method includes preparing a substrate, coating an alignment material on the substrate, rubbing the substrate having the alignment material coated thereon, and irradiating ultraviolet (UV) rays onto the substrate having the alignment material coated thereon. The UV rays are irradiated over at least one area of the substrate having the alignment material coated thereon.

Abstract: An electro-optical device includes a substrate; an external connecting terminal that is formed on the substrate; an insulating film that is formed on the external connecting terminal; an opening that is formed by removing a portion of the insulating film such that a portion of a surface of the external connecting terminal is exposed. The opening has an edge formed such that a portion extending in a rubbing direction has a curved shape when an alignment film formed on the insulating film is subjected to a rubbing process.

Abstract: An in-plane switching (IPS) mode liquid crystal display (LCD) device, comprising: a first substrate and a second substrate; gate lines and data lines formed on the first substrate and crossing each other to form unit pixel regions; a switching device formed at each crossing of the gate lines and the data lines; at least one common electrode and pixel electrode arranged horizontally on the first substrate and generating a horizontal electric field; and a liquid crystal layer formed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein when a maximum voltage is applied to the at least one common electrode and pixel electrode, a maximum twist angle between liquid crystal molecules constituting the liquid crystal layer is about 90°. Also, the liquid crystal molecules forming the liquid crystal layer include a liquid crystal molecule having a positive dielectric anisotropy and a liquid crystal molecule having a negative dielectric anisotropy.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, an aligning film which is disposed on a liquid crystal layer side surface of the second substrate and on which a rubbing processing is performed, a plurality of sub-pixels arranged in planar regions of the first substrate and the second substrate, a first electrode and a second electrode which are disposed on a liquid crystal layer side surface of the first substrate and which generate an electric field therebetween, in which the second electrode includes a plurality of electrode line-shaped portions arranged in parallel to each other and spaced apart from each other, each sub-pixel includes a reflective display region in which a light reflective film is disposed and a transmissive display region in which a light reflective film is not disposed, wherein a layer thickness adjusting film, which allows the liquid crystal layer to have d

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a liquid crystal device including: first and second substrates which face each other; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; a reflection display region which is provided in one region of a sub-pixel configuring a control unit of a driving display by the first and second substrates with the liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween and performs a display by reflected light; a transmission display region which is provided in the other region of the sub-pixel and performs a display transmitted light; a layer thickness adjustment film which is provided on the second substrate in correspondence with the reflection display region and defines the thickness of the liquid crystal layer to be different from that in the transmission display region; and an alignment film which is provided between the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer so as to cover the layer thickness adjustment film and is subjected to a rubbing process, wherein the

Abstract: A method of forming an alignment layer in a liquid crystal display includes depositing an alignment layer material on a substrate; rubbing the alignment layer material to impart an alignment direction onto the alignment layer material; and irradiating a non-polarized ultraviolet light onto the alignment layer material having the alignment direction to form an alignment layer.

Abstract: An apparatus for rubbing an alignment layer on a substrate is disclosed. The apparatus includes a platform to support the substrate; a conveyance unit incorporating the platform to convey the substrate in a predetermined direction; a rubbing roller located above the platform for rubbing the alignment layer on the substrate; a combing unit located at one side of the rubbing roller for contacting with the rubbing roller; and at least one vacuum suction unit located at one side of the platform to suck and remove the particles released from the rubbing. The combing unit serves to smoothen a rubbing cloth on the rubbing roller, with a result of low static electricity accumulation on the substrate and of a better alignment effect on the alignment layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device (LCD) is provided, in which a first alignment layer is formed to have at least a pair of domains having alignment directions that are perpendicular to each other on a unit pixel, a second alignment layer is formed in the same direction as the first alignment layer, and an optically compensated bend (OCB) mode liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first and second alignment layers to have at least a pair of domains having alignment directions that are perpendicular to each other, so that horizontal and vertical viewing angles can be improved and phase transition voltage can be lowered.

Abstract: An obliquely oriented liquid crystal layer and an obliquely oriented film is provided by performing a rubbing treatment on a homeotropically orienting substrate and, after the rubbing treatment, applying a liquid crystal coating solution containing at least one of a homeotropically orienting liquid crystal composition and a photopolymerizable liquid crystal composition on the homeotropically orienting substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a back substrate, a front substrate, and an optical filter layer interposed therebetween. The optical filter layer contains a liquid crystal material which forms a bend configuration when a voltage is applied between electrodes of the back and front substrates. The electrodes of the back and front substrates are covered with alignment layers which include corrugated surfaces at positions of the electrodes. Each corrugated surface includes upslopes and downslopes steeper than the upslopes or vertical surfaces which are alternately joined.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing an LCD device, an atomic beam is irradiated onto a thin film including a carbon-carbon double bond to form a polarized functional group by transforming the carbon-carbon double bond into a carbon-carbon single bond and a radical state. Then, a polarity preserving material is combined with the polarized functional group so as to preserve a polarity of the polarized functional group. According to the present invention, the alignment film is formed on the thin film transistor unit cell and on the color filter unit cell by a non-contact method. Therefore, time of forming the alignment film is reduced and alignment of the liquid crystal molecules is improved.

Abstract: A reflective type liquid crystal display device includes: first and second substrates facing each other and having a transmissive portion and a reflective portion; a first polarizing plate on an outer surface of the first substrate; a transparent electrode over an inner surface of the first substrate; a reflective electrode having an open portion corresponding to the transmissive portion; a retardation film on an outer surface of the second substrate, the retardation film including a first portion having a first retardation value and a second portion having a second retardation value different from the first retardation value; a second polarizing plate on the retardation film; a common electrode on an inner surface of the second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a pixel electrode connected to a gate line and a data line on a first substrate, and a common electrode formed on a second substrate. The pixel electrode includes a stem electrode parallel with the data line, first branch electrodes connected to the stem electrode and inclined at a first angle, second branch electrodes connected to the stem electrode and inclined at a second angle, and a first storage electrode between the first branch electrodes and the second branch electrodes. The first storage electrode is wider than the first branch electrodes and the second branch electrodes. The common electrode includes branch electrodes located between the first branch electrodes, and branch electrodes located between the second branch electrodes. The common electrode also includes a second storage electrode corresponding to the first storage electrode to function as a storage capacitor.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other and sandwiching a liquid crystal layer therebetween, a first electrode disposed on the first substrate at a side thereof proximate to the liquid crystal layer, a second electrode disposed above the first electrode with an insulating film therebetween, and an orientation film covering the insulating film and the second electrode. The second electrode includes a plurality of strip electrode segments each extending along the first and second substrates and having a connected end at one end of the strip electrode segment and an open end at the other end of the strip electrode segment, a connecting segment connecting the connected ends of the plurality of strip electrode segments together. The orientation film is given a rubbing treatment in a direction from the connected ends towards the open ends of the strip electrode segments.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are described for forming an alignment layer and integral spacers on an LCD substrate simultaneously using a non-photolithographic imprinting process and for manufacturing LCD panels incorporating such substrates. One method includes forming a first alignment layer and a plurality of integral spacers simultaneously and of the same material on one LCD substrate, forming a second alignment layer on the other substrate, and arranging the two substrates such that the two alignment layers are disposed in facing opposition to each other, with the spacers interposed therebetween.

Abstract: A pixel structure for a liquid crystal display has a first substrate with respect to a pixel region. A W-like extruding structure composed of two V-like is formed on a surface of the substrate. A second substrate with several openings is also provided in parallel to the first substrate. The openings of the second substrate are aligned along a direction from a tip of the V-like to an edge of the pixel. Moreover, a liquid crystal layer is located between the first substrate and a second substrate, wherein the extruding structure abuts the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A LCD panel includes a LC layer, an active-matrix substrate including an electrode layer for applying a lateral electric field to the LC layer, and a counter substrate opposing the active-matrix substrate with an intervention of the LC layer 11. The active-matrix substrate includes a first alignment film formed in the surface which touches the LC layer 11 by the rubbing technique is formed, and second alignment film 35 formed in the surface which touches the LC layer 11 by the particle beam glaring technique is formed on the counter substrate 13.

Abstract: A display apparatus, includes: a first substrate; a gate line formed over the first substrate; a data line traversing the gate line, and comprising a source electrode; a drain electrode facing the source electrode to define a channel area; a passivation layer formed over the data line and the drain electrode, and comprising an organic material; a pixel electrode formed over the passivation layer, and comprising a first stem electrode, at least a part of which is overlapped with the gate line or the data line, and a plurality of first branch electrodes contacted to the first stem electrode where one set of the first branch electrodes extend longitudinally in a direction different from the longitudinal extension direction of another set of the first branch electrodes so as to thereby cause opposed twisting of corresponding liquid crystal material.

Abstract: In a rotating mechanism including a pair of members 11 and 11 having opposed surfaces B which are opposed to each other and provided to be relatively movable in a state in which the opposed surfaces B are opposed to each other, a liquid crystal LC provided between the opposed surfaces B and B of the members 11 and 11, and liquid crystal molecule rotating means for rotating a liquid crystal molecule m of the liquid crystal LC in a crossing surface crossing one of the opposed surfaces B and B, the liquid crystal molecule rotating means includes a pair of orientation films 12 and 12 formed on the opposed surfaces B and B, and the orientation films 12 and 12 are subjected to a rubbing treatment in which directions of a rotation around an identical crossing line crossing the members 11 and 11 are reverse to each other along a circumference of a circle having a center on the crossing line.

Abstract: A method of cutting a rubbing cloth is disclosed, which includes: providing a rubbing cloth to rub a substrate including a plurality of active areas and dummy areas at a circumference of the active areas; dividing the rubbing cloth into a plurality of cutting areas to correspond to the substrate; and froming a plurality of cutting lines to divide the cutting areas into the plurality of areas by cutting the rubbing cloth several times, wherein a position of each meeting point of the curring lines is controlled to dispose the meeting point in the dummy area.