Abstract: This invention is directed to an aromatic material based free-standing film, a hybrid of organic crystalline materials and inorganic carbon nanomaterials, process of preparation and uses thereof. The film, which comprises a fibrous organic nanocrystals of an aromatic material, is mechanically and thermally stable. This film is optionally reinforced by hybridization with a reinforcement material, such as carbon nanotube, carbon material, a polysaccharide, a nanoclay a metal, metal alloy, or an organic polymer. The hybrid film of organic nanocrystals and carbon nanotubes (ONC/CNT) has high conductivity and high thermal stability. The films or hybrids of this invention are used as microfiltration membranes for various materials, in electrodes or perovskite solar cells.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide several long training sequences that are in a wireless local area network and that comply with 802.11 ax.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display device comprising a first substrate, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal composition disposed between said first substrate and said second substrate, wherein a surface of said first substrate in contact with said liquid crystal composition is provided with an alignment layer, while said second substrate has no alignment layer; and said liquid crystal composition comprises a liquid crystal compound, a self-aligning agent, and a polymerizable compound represented by Formula I,

Abstract: An optical device is disclose herein. In some embodiments, an optical device includes an active liquid crystal element film, wherein the active liquid crystal element film comprises two base films, an active liquid crystal layer present between the two base films, wherein the active liquid crystal layer contains a liquid crystal compound and is capable of switching between a first oriented state and a second oriented state, and a polarizing coating layer, wherein the polarizing coating layer is present between one of the two base films and the active liquid crystal layer. The optical device is capable of varying transmittance, and can be used for various applications such as sunglasses, AR (augmented reality) or VR (virtual reality) eyewear, an outer wall of a building or a sunroof for a vehicle.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel and a liquid crystal display device are provided. The liquid crystal display panel includes a first substrate having a plurality of pixel electrodes. Each of the pixel electrodes includes a horizontal trunk electrode and a vertical trunk electrode through which a pixel unit corresponding to the pixel electrode is divided into four light-transmitting areas, and two adjacent light-transmitting areas have different alignment directions. The pixel electrode also includes a plurality of branch electrodes located in the four light-transmitting areas. The branch electrodes are parallel to the horizontal trunk electrode or the vertical trunk electrode.

Abstract: A display device may include a first polarizer, a second polarizer, a liquid crystal layer, a light unit, a color filter layer, and a particle set. The second polarizer may overlap the first polarizer. The liquid crystal layer may be positioned between the first polarizer and the second polarizer. The light unit may overlap the liquid crystal layer and may provide first light. The first polarizer may be positioned between the light unit and the liquid crystal layer. The color filter layer may overlap the liquid crystal layer. The second polarizer may be positioned between the color filter layer and the liquid crystal layer. The particle set may include a plurality of particles, may overlap the liquid crystal layer, and may scatter the first light. The second polarizer may be positioned between the particle set and the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a photoalignment layer includes: applying a photoalignment agent including a copolymer of at least one of cyclobutanedianhydride and a cyclobutanedianhydride derivative, and diamine, and a crosslinking agent including an alkylene group having a formula —CnH2n—, wherein n is a natural number, on a substrate; pre-baking the photoalignment agent applied on the substrate to form a pre-baked photoalignment agent; hard-baking the pre-baked photoalignment agent to form a hard-baked photoalignment agent; irradiating the hard-baked photoalignment agent with a light source thereby photoaligning the photoalignment agent; and secondarily baking the photoalignment agent irradiated with the light source, where in the application of the photoalignment agent on the substrate, the photoalignment agent applied on an edge portion of the substrate is applied in about 30 to about 70 wt %, relative to the photoalignment agent applied on the center portion of the substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a liquid crystal display panel. The liquid crystal display panel includes an upper substrate configured with a color filter having a plurality of first color barriers, second color barriers, and third color barriers, a lower substrate configured with a thin film transistor array facing toward the upper substrate, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the upper substrate and the lower substrate, an upper polarizer disposed on the upper substrate having a second absorption axis, a lower polarizer disposed on the lower substrate having a first absorption axis that is orthogonal to the second absorption axis, and a regionalized polarizer having a plurality of first polarizing units, second polarizing units, and third polarizing units with polarization directions forming a first angle, a second angle, and a third angle with the polarization direction of the upper polarizer respectively.

Abstract: A liquid crystal (LC) lens, a manufacturing method thereof and a display device are provided. The LC lens comprises a first substrate, a second substrate and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. A plurality of electrode groups is disposed on the first substrate; each electrode group comprises a plurality of mutually insulated electrodes; and a transparent partition is disposed between two adjacent electrode groups. The LC lens can avoid LC disclination in the area between two adjacent strip electrode groups and hence avoid the influence of 3D display effect.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image forming apparatus provided with a fixing apparatus including an infrared irradiation unit for irradiation of a recording medium, on which a liquid developer including a colorant and a cationic polymerizable monomer having a C—H bond is placed, with infrared light, and an ultraviolet irradiation unit for irradiation of the liquid developer with ultraviolet light, wherein when a peak wavelength due to the C—H bond in an infrared absorption spectrum of the cationic polymerizable monomer is defined as ?1 and a half-value wavelength at which a spectral radiant energy density of infrared light emitted from the infrared irradiation unit is 50% (when two of such half-value wavelengths are present, a half-value wavelength at a longer wavelength) is defined as ?2, the peak wavelength ?1 is located at a shorter wavelength than the half-value wavelength ?2.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display including a first substrate, a thin film transistor disposed on the first substrate, a first electrode connected to the thin film transistor, and a first alignment layer disposed on the first electrode, wherein the first alignment layer includes polyimide and a capping group connected to a main chain end of the polyimide, and the capping group contains at least one of a first compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, and a second compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 2: A1 and A2 are, independently of each other, an aromatic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms; and B1 and B2 are, independently of each other, a crosslinking reaction group containing an alkylene group (—CnH2n—, n is a natural number).

Abstract: A flexible display apparatus includes a flexible substrate, a display disposed over the flexible substrate, a thin film encapsulation layer disposed over an hermetically sealing the display, a phase delay layer disposed over the thin film encapsulation layer, and a polarizer film disposed over the phase delay layer, in which the phase delay layer comprises a first alignment film and a liquid crystal layer over the first alignment film, the liquid crystal layer having liquid crystal and reactive liquid crystal, where an amount of unhardened reactive liquid crystal in the liquid crystal layer is from about 100 ppm/inch2 to about 220 ppm/inch2.

Abstract: The invention discloses a display panel, a method of manufacturing the same and a display device so as to simplify a process of transmitting an electrical signal between a first substrate and a second substrate of the display panel at a lower cost. The display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite to each other. The first substrate has a concave groove surrounded by a convex section and facing the second substrate. The display panel also includes an electrode layer on the surface of the groove and having at least one first conductive section extending outward from inside of the concave groove to the top end face of the convex section; and at least one second conductive section on the second substrate and electrically connected with the respective first conductive section.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, a color filter having a plurality of first color barriers, second color barriers, and third color barriers. A lower alignment layer is disposed on the first substrate having a plurality of first lower alignment units, second lower alignment units, and third lower alignment units corresponding to the plurality of first color barriers, second color barriers, and third color barriers, respectively. An upper alignment layer is disposed on the second substrate having a plurality of first upper alignment units, second upper alignment units, and third upper alignment units corresponding to the plurality of first color barriers, second color barriers, and third color barriers, respectively. A lower regionalized polarizer is disposed on the first substrate, and an upper regionalized polarizer is disposed on the second substrate.

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal alignment film, a method for preparing the same and a liquid crystal display device comprising the same. The alignment film comprises a polyimide obtained by reacting a compound as shown in Formula 2 or Formula 3 with an aromatic diamine as shown in Formula 1, wherein the R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R1?, R2?, R3?, R4?, R5?, R6?, R7?, or R8? is H, an alkyl, an aralkyl or a haloalkyl, and the Ar is an aryl. The liquid crystal alignment film has a tactic spatial configuration, decreases the ?-? attractive interaction between the polyimide backbones, allows the directional and homogenous alignment of the liquid crystal molecules on the surface of the polyimide, and thereby increases the contrast of the liquid crystal display.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for liquid crystal alignment, which includes: providing a substrate, the substrate being disposed with a liquid crystal layer; using a first radiation beam and a second radiation beam to radiate the substrate, the first radiation beam being for performing alignment on liquid crystal layer and the second beam being for adjusting substrate temperature. The method and device for liquid crystal alignment of the present invention can rapidly adjust environment temperature during liquid crystal alignment and achieve optimization of reaction speed and uniformity through temperature control during polymerization. The present invention is simple in structure, easy to operate and low cost.

Abstract: A high resolution, wide viewing angle, low power consumption liquid crystal display device which utilizes nematic liquid crystal and which can attain both the memory effect and wide-viewing-angle display characteristic. A liquid crystal display device that utilizes nematic liquid crystal and includes a pair of transparent substrates; a group of electrodes for applying to a liquid crystal layer disposed between the pair of substrates an electric field having a component substantially parallel to the surfaces of the substrates; and an alignment layer disposed between the liquid crystal layer and at least one of the pair of substrates and having been subjected to liquid crystal anchoring treatments in plural directions. The plurality of liquid crystal anchoring directions of the alignment layer form substantially equal angles relative to one another, and a rising angle in each of the liquid crystal anchoring directions with respect to the corresponding substrate surface is substantially zero.

Abstract: The present invention provides a photosensitive monomer of which hydrogen atoms of benzene ring of a hard core are substituted by fluorine atoms to increase the electronegativity of the hard core, so that the curing voltage of the curing process is reduced. The photosensitive monomer of the present invention not only reduces the curing voltage and curing time of the curing process of liquid crystal panels, but also increases the pretilt angle of liquid crystal molecules to reduce the response time of a liquid crystal display, so that image sticking and MURA phenomenon are reduced.

Abstract: A liquid crystal photoalignment agent is provided. The liquid crystal photoalignment agent is a copolymer of a cyclobutane dianhydride (“CBDA”) and a CBDA derivative.

Abstract: Disclosed are a liquid crystal alignment agent, a liquid crystal alignment film manufactured using the same, and a liquid crystal display including the liquid crystal alignment film. The liquid crystal alignment agent includes a polymer comprising a polyamic acid including a repeating unit represented by Chemical Formula 1, polyimide including a repeating unit represented by Chemical Formula 2, or a combination thereof: wherein Y1 and Y2 are each independently a divalent organic group derived from diamine, wherein the diamine includes photodiamine represented by Chemical Formula 3 and functional diamine represented by Chemical Formula 5: and wherein the other substituents are the same as defined in the detailed description.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal alignment agent, a liquid crystal alignment film made by the liquid crystal alignment agent and a liquid crystal display element having the liquid crystal alignment film. The liquid crystal alignment agent includes a polymer (A) and a solvent (B). The polymer (A) is synthesized by reacting a mixture that includes a tetracarboxylic dianhydride compound (a) and a diamine compound (b). According to the specific diamine compound (b) and an amount of the same, the aforementioned liquid crystal alignment agent has better pretilt angle stability.

Abstract: A cholesteric reflector comprising a substrate and a first cholesteric layer that is disposed over the substrate and reflects a first polarization of light within a design waveband. A second cholesteric layer is disposed over the first cholesteric layer and reflects a second polarization of light within the design waveband.

Abstract: Linear photo-oriented polymer (LPP) layers are situated to align liquid crystals in a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) layer situated at or on the LPP layers. The LCP layer can include a guest such as a fluorophore that aligns with the liquid crystal so as to emit polarized fluorescence in response to an excitation beam. Layer LPP/LCP structures can be provided as light emitters, patterned polarizers, patterned retarders and other devices based on selection of one or more guest materials included in the LCP and alignable with the liquid crystal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device producing less image sticking. The liquid crystal display device of the present invention comprises: a pair of substrates; and a liquid crystal layer between the substrates, wherein at least one of the substrates comprises an alignment film and a photopolymer film on the alignment film, the photopolymer film comprises polymers constituted by a photopolymerizable monomer, the photopolymerizable monomer includes two or more polymerizable functional groups, the polymerizable functional groups are bonded to each other through two or more aromatic rings, the aromatic rings include at least one naphthalene ring, and a bond between the naphthalene ring and another aromatic ring has a rotational degree of freedom.

Abstract: A security device includes a liquid crystal layer having one of a cholesteric phase, a nematic phase, and a cholesteric phase and having molecules therein aligned volumetrically in a predetermined manner to form a predetermined diffractive optical pattern or image. The molecules of the liquid crystal layer are volumetrically aligned in the predetermined manner through at least a portion of the thickness of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal layer and a liquid crystal alignment film. The liquid crystal layer includes a liquid crystal composition that includes a cyclohexane compound represented by a formula (1). The liquid crystal alignment film is provided using a liquid crystal aligning agent that includes a polymer which is a polyamic acid, a polyimide, a polyamic ester, or a combination thereof. R11 and R12 are each independently a monovalent chain hydrocarbon group, or a group obtained by substituting —CH2— included in the chain hydrocarbon group with —O—, —CO—, or —COO—. At least one hydrogen atom included in R11 and R12 is optionally substituted with a halogen atom or a cyano group. Q1 is a divalent group represented by a formula (1-1), a divalent group represented by a formula (1-2), or a divalent group represented by a formula (1-3).

Abstract: Provided are a liquid crystal lens, an optical filter, and a display device. The exemplary liquid crystal lens may exhibit optical anisotropy and optical isotropy according to a polarization state of incident light. When the liquid crystal lens is applied to a display device capable of generating a 2D image and a 3D image, the 3D image may be seen without glasses in the state of the optical anisotropy, and the 2D image can be seen in the state of the optical isotropy.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens or beam steering device is made by programming alignment surfaces of the LC cell walls using a programming field to align the alignment surface molecules before fixing them. By setting the desired pre-tilt, the lens can operate in the absence of the control field, and power consumption by the control field can be reduced.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display including a pair of substrates; a plurality of electrodes formed in a matrix on one of the pair of substrates, wherein each of the plurality of electrodes includes a plurality of stripe-like portions that define a plurality of spaces therebetween; polymer material and liquid crystal between the pair of substrates; and polymer alignment films which are formed on each of the substrates and are affected by light irradiation and cause alignment of the liquid crystal in predetermined directions. The plurality of stripe-like portions extend in at least two different directions which are not parallel to each other.

Abstract: Disclosed are an alignment layer and a liquid crystal display having the same. The alignment layer comprises a polyimide compound having an azo group and exhibiting optical alignment characteristics and a discotic liquid crystal compound exhibiting optical anisotropy. The liquid crystal display comprises first and second substrates facing each other, liquid crystal aligned between the first and second substrates, and an alignment layer formed on at least one surface of the first and second substrates. The alignment layer is adjacent to the liquid crystal and has optical alignment characteristics and optical anisotropy.

Abstract: A photoalignment material includes a photoalignment polymer having a photosensitive portion represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, R1 represents a cyclic compound, each of R2 and R3 represents a single bond, —(CnH2n)—, —(CxH2x)O(CyH2y)—, or —(CaH2a)O(CbH2b)O(CdH2d)—, “n” represents an integer in the range of 1 to 6, each of “x”, “y”, “a”, “b”, and “d” represents 0 or an integer in the range of 1 to 6, x+y is an integer in the range of 1 to 5, and a+b+d is an integer in the range of 1 to 6. Each hydrogen atom is replaceable with —CH3, —CH2—CH3, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —OCH2OCH3, F, or Cl, and each hydrogen atom of —CH3, —CH2—CH3, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, or —OCH2OCH3 is replaceable with F or Cl.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process of preparing an alignment film for the alignment of liquid crystals (LCs) or reactive mesogens (RMs), by a direct particle beam deposition process, to an alignment film obtainable by said process, to the use of said alignment film for the alignment of LCs or RMs, especially in the form of thin layers, to a multilayer comprising said alignment film and one or more LC and/or RM layers, and to the use of the alignment film and multilayer in optical, electronic and electrooptical applications.

Abstract: To provide a production method of a liquid crystal display device and a liquid crystal display device, in which generation of a joint line on a display screen is suppressed and yield can be improved even if a substrate is subjected to an alignment treatment by completing exposure for the substrate through several exposures in a liquid crystal display device including pixels each having two or more domains.

Abstract: To provide a production method of a liquid crystal display device and a liquid crystal display device, in which generation of a joint line on a display screen is suppressed and yield can be improved even if a substrate is subjected to an alignment treatment by completing exposure for the substrate through several exposures in a liquid crystal display device including pixels each having two or more domains.

Abstract: Disclosed are an alignment layer and a liquid crystal display having the same. The alignment layer comprises a polyimide compound having an azo group and exhibiting optical alignment characteristics and a discotic liquid crystal compound exhibiting optical anisotropy. The liquid crystal display comprises first and second substrates facing each other, liquid crystal aligned between the first and second substrates, and an alignment layer formed on at least one surface of the first and second substrates. The alignment layer is adjacent to the liquid crystal and has optical alignment characteristics and optical anisotropy.

Abstract: A display device (10) includes an upper substrate (first substrate) (2), a lower substrate (second substrate) (3), and a conductive liquid (16) that is movably sealed in a display space (S) formed between the upper substrate (2) and the lower substrate (3). In the display device (10), an electrode member (f) for filling the conductive liquid (16) is provided in the display space (S) and configured so that a predetermined voltage can be applied thereto, and the conductive liquid (16) is filled in the display space (S) by applying the predetermined voltage to the electrode member (f).

Abstract: A mother substrate for a display device includes: a first mother substrate and a second mother substrate including a plurality of panel regions and facing each other; a first contact electrode and a second contact electrode on the first mother substrate; a common electrode, a first voltage application electrode and a second voltage application electrode separated from each other and on the second mother substrate; and a liquid crystal layer between the first mother substrate and the second mother substrate. The first voltage application electrode is connected to the first contact electrode, and the second voltage application electrode is connected to the second contact electrode. The first voltage application electrode is applied with a first voltage, and the second voltage application electrode is applied with a second voltage different from the first voltage.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a liquid crystal display device includes providing an LCD panel that includes a photopolymerizable compound in its liquid crystal layer; and forming alignment sustaining layers by polymerizing the photopolymerizable compound in the liquid crystal layer of the LCD panel with the liquid crystal layer irradiated with light and supplied with a voltage simultaneously. The forming the alignment sustaining layers includes the steps of: i) applying a predetermined voltage between a pixel electrode and a counter electrode while a switching element is in ON state; and ii) changing the voltage at a storage capacitor counter electrode into a voltage, of which the polarity is opposite to a voltage at the storage capacitor counter electrode in the step i), after the switching element in ON state has been turned OFF.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device (1) includes a first substrate (2), a second substrate (3) provided to face the first substrate (2), a liquid crystal layer (4) sandwiched between the first substrate (2) and the second substrate (3), a first polarizing plate (5) and a second polarizing plate (6) respectively provided on a side of the first substrate (2) and a side of the second substrate (3) which are opposed to sides to which the liquid crystal layer (4) is provided, and a common electrode (7) and a pixel electrode (9) provided to the liquid crystal layer (4) side of the first substrate (2). Alignment of liquid crystal molecules (4a) of the liquid crystal layer (4) is controlled by an electric field generated between the common electrode (7) and the pixel electrode (9). A polarizing layer (13) is provided on the liquid crystal layer (4) side of the second substrate (3) so as to be in contact with the liquid crystal layer (4).

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal alignment agent that includes a polymer including polyamic acid including a repeating unit represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, polyimide including a repeating unit represented by the following Chemical Formula 2, or a combination thereof. In Chemical Formulae 1 and 2, X1, X2, Y1 and Y2 are the same as defined in the detailed description.

Abstract: An optical deflecting element (100A) according to the present invention is an optical deflecting element including a first substrate (11) on which a first electrode (10) is formed, a second substrate (21) on which a second electrode (20) is formed, and a liquid crystal layer (17) arranged between the first electrode (10) and the second electrode (20). At least one of the first electrode (10) and the second electrode (20) includes a plurality of first transparent electrodes (13), a plurality of second transparent electrodes (15), and an inter-layer film (14). The plurality of first transparent electrodes (13) and the plurality of second transparent electrodes (15) are alternately arranged in stripes. The inter-layer film (14) is formed on the plurality of first transparent electrodes (13). The plurality of second transparent electrodes (15) are formed on the inter-layer film (14).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of liquid crystal (LC) alignment and LC panel, which includes: providing first substrate, forming first alignment film on surface of first substrate; providing second substrate, disposed oppositely to first substrate, and forming common electrodes, pixel electrodes disposed with separating space, and second alignment film covering common electrodes and pixel electrodes on surface of second substrate; filling LC composite between first alignment film and second alignment film, LC composite comprising reactive monomers and LC molecules; applying high frequency alternating electric field to common electrodes and pixel electrodes so that reactive monomers and LC molecules arranged perpendicular to high frequency alternating electric field with pretilt angle; continuing applying high frequency alternating electric field and using UV radiation to fix pretilt angle to perform alignment.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal alignment agent capable of preventing a decrease in voltage holding ratio (VHR), a liquid crystal display containing such a liquid crystal alignment agent, and a method for manufacturing such a liquid crystal display. Aspects of the present invention include a liquid crystal alignment agent containing at least one polymer selected from a polyamic acid and an imide polymer thereof and at least one difunctional monomer having an anthracene or phenanthrene structure, a liquid crystal display including an alignment film formed on at least one of an active substrate and a counter substrate using the above liquid crystal alignment agent, and a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display including the steps of forming an active substrate and forming a counter substrate, at least one of which includes forming an alignment film on the active substrate or the counter substrate using the above liquid crystal alignment agent.

Abstract: A method of preparing liquid crystal alignment films using an inkjet printer to control liquid crystal alignment is disclosed. The alignment ink is formulated from a single alignment material or combination of alignment materials to realize desired pretilt angle. The alignment films can be applied with designed patterns of alignment films of different pretilt angle on at least one substrate to achieve pattern-aligned liquid crystal devices.

Abstract: To provide a liquid crystal alignment film having a sufficient alignment-regulating power and high resistance against blue laser beam and having, at the same time, excellent adhesion, and an optical element using it. A liquid crystal alignment film obtainable by bonding, by chemisorption to a substrate, an alignment-regulating precursor which undergoes anisotropic decomposition by irradiation with polarized ultraviolet light, and irradiating the alignment-regulating precursor bonded to the substrate, with polarized ultraviolet light, to let it undergo anisotropic decomposition and exhibit an alignment-regulating power.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device performs suitable overshoot drive, even if a panel temperature is changed due to a change of the backlight emission luminance. The liquid crystal display device includes: a temperature sensor which detects the temperature in the device; an emphasis conversion section, which obtains, after the elapse of one vertical display period, an emphasis conversion parameter for making the transmissivity of the liquid crystal panel reach the transmissivity specified by input image signals, and which outputs applying voltage signals for the liquid crystal panel on the basis of the emphasis conversion parameter; and a main microcomputer which corrects the panel temperature of the liquid crystal panel on the basis of the changed light emission luminance when the light emission luminance of the backlight is changed. The emphasis conversion section variably controls the emphasis conversion parameter on the basis of the panel temperature corrected via the main microcomputer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. In an embodiment of the present invention, a liquid crystal display device and a method of manufacturing the liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate that has a first electrode formed thereon, a second substrate that faces the first substrate, a liquid crystal layer that is formed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a first alignment layer that is formed on the first substrate and is in contact with the liquid crystal layer. Here, the first alignment layer includes a first alignment base layer that is photoaligned, and a first alignment controlling layer that is extended from the inside of the first alignment base layer.

Abstract: A first substrate and a second substrate are provided. An alignment process is performed on a surface of the first substrate and a surface of the second substrate respectively. A liquid crystal mixture is prepared, where the liquid crystal mixture includes a liquid crystal molecule and a liquid crystal monomer having a functional group of diacrylates, and the liquid crystal monomer having the functional group of diacrylates occupies 0.01-2 wt % of the liquid crystal mixture. The first substrate and the second substrate are assembled, and the liquid crystal mixture is filled therebetween. A polymerization curing process is performed such that the liquid crystal monomer having the functional group of diacrylates is polymerized to respectively form a liquid crystal polymer film on the aligned surfaces of the first and second substrates. The method enhances anchoring energy and reduces problems of V-T shift, surface gliding, and residual image.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal photo-alignment agent including polyamic acid or a polyimide including a first structural unit derived from a photo-diamine represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, a second structural unit represented by the following Chemical Formula 2 or a polymer compound combination thereof, and a solvent. In Chemical Formulae 1 and 2, each substituent is the same as defined in the detailed description.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display device to display moving and still images with superior image quality, comparable to common LCDs and to display memory images by a voltage lower than conventional electronic paper, and a method for operating the same. The liquid crystal display device comprises: a pair of electrode substrates facing each other; an orientation film of a polymer material on the pair of electrode substrates; a liquid crystal material between the pair of electrode substrates, wherein the liquid crystal display device displays an image by varying orientation of the liquid crystal material and a surfacial region of the orientation film, depending on temperature and voltage.