Abstract: A picture element includes a 4-divided domain including first, second, third and fourth sub-domains which are arranged in this order in a predetermined direction and in each of which an orientation direction of liquid crystal molecules located in the vicinity of the center of a liquid crystal layer in the thickness direction is different from those of the other sub-domains. A first substrate includes two first regions having an orientation-regulating force for orienting the liquid crystal molecules in a first direction and a second region provided between the two first regions and having an orientation-regulating force for orienting the liquid crystal molecules in a second direction that is opposite to the first direction.

Abstract: A common electrode substrate has a transparent insulating substrate to be arranged opposite to an array substrate having pixel electrodes formed in respective pixel regions that are defined by a plurality of gate bus lines and drain bus lines. The substrate holds a liquid crystal having negative dielectric anisotropy. A common electrode is formed on the transparent insulating substrate; alignment regulating structures having linear protrusions are formed on the common electrode; and a light shield film is formed on the transparent insulating substrate with overlap regions that overlap the pixel electrodes when viewed in the direction perpendicular to a surface of the transparent insulating substrate, so as to shield, from light, alignment defective regions of the liquid crystal formed in regions of end portions of the pixel electrodes.

Abstract: An OCB (optically compensated bend)-type liquid crystal display device is provided, which possesses high serviceability by suppressing disturbances of the liquid crystal molecules due to nearby electric fields or irregularities of the orientation surface.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) comprises two substrates, plurality of gate lines, plurality of data lines, two polarizers, one or two compensators, liquid crystal material aligned parallel or antiparallel, spacers of ball type or column type, white (transparent) or black spacers positioned between the two substrates, the dispersion of the birefringence of liquid crystal material is bigger than the dispersion of the birefringence of the compensation material.

Abstract: An ultraviolet light responsive type liquid crystal alignment films are formed on opposing surfaces of a pair of transparent substrates constituting a liquid crystal cell. Next, the liquid crystal alignment films on the transparent substrates parallel to a reference plane are irradiated by a polarized ultraviolet ray dividedly by the pixel or by the dot so as to regulate an alignment direction of the liquid crystal. Furthermore, the transparent substrate that has been irradiated by the polarized ultraviolet at the previous step is irradiated by the polarized ultraviolet ray dividedly by the pixel or by the dot for developing a pre-tilt angle after rotating the transparent substrate on the reference plane so that the transparent substrate turns to a direction different from its direction at the previous step.

Abstract: A projection mode microdisplay includes a silicon substrate having disposed thereon a first alignment layer having a first alignment direction, and a cover substrate having disposed thereon a second alignment layer having a second alignment direction. A liquid crystal material having spacers disbursed therethrough is disposed between to maintain the cell gap which is about 1.2 microns. The first and second alignment directions form about a 27 degree twist angle. An electrode disposed on the cover substrate and the silicon substrate are connected to a control system that sequentially applies an electric field across the cell gap to control the orientation of the liquid crystal material. A retarder is disposed on the cover substrate and has an alignment direction that is at −38 degrees ±5 degrees with respect to an x-axis of the display, wherein the liquid crystal material has a turn-on time no greater than 1.0 milliseconds and a turn-off time no greater than 4.0 milliseconds.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first substrate; a second substrate cohered to the first substrate with a separation from the first substrate; a first orientation film formed on an inner surface of the first substrate; a second orientation film formed on an inner surface of the second substrate; and a liquid crystal injected between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the first orientation film and the second orientation film are formed to face each other, and the thickness of the first orientation film or the second orientation film is formed differently in different portions.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a bottom substrate with a gate wire, a data wire and thin transistor, and a top substrate with color filters. In a method for fabricating the liquid crystal display, a pixel electrode is formed on the bottom substrate at each pixel area using a first mask such that the pixel electrode has a first region with a smooth surface, and a second region with a rough surface. A common electrode is formed on the top substrate using a second mask such that the common electrode has a first region with a smooth surface, and a second region with a rough surface. The bottom substrate and the top substrate are assembled together, and a liquid crystal is injected between the bottom and the top substrates.

Abstract: A display device comprising a front frame having an annular picture frame and having a pair of side faces and a pair of end faces provided in outer circumferential sides of the picture frame, a mold frame sandwiched by the pair of side faces and the pair of end faces, and a display panel arranged between the front frame and the mold frame. Stopper pieces for alignment of the display panel are formed in the side faces and the end faces. A display device in which the picture frame of the front frame can be narrowed is obtainable.

Abstract: An active-matrix liquid crystal display is composed of an active matrix substrate, a liquid crystal, and an opposite substrate having a common electrode. The active matrix substrate fabricates a first group of pixel electrodes that are aligned and supplied with picture signals of a first polarity, and a second group of pixel electrodes that are aligned to adjoin with the first group of pixel electrodes respectively and are supplied with picture signals of a second polarity. An inorganic orientation film is formed on the surface of the active matrix substrate to provide a first orientation direction (Ra) to its proximal liquid crystal molecules, while an organic orientation film is formed on the surface of the opposite substrate to provide a second orientation direction (Rb), rectangularity crossing the first orientation direction, to its proximal liquid-crystal molecules.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates, a plurality of gate bus lines and data bus lines on the first substrate, the gate bus lines being perpendicular to the data bus lines, a plurality of pixels defined by the gate bus lines and the data bus lines, the pixels having a plularity of regions, at least a pair of electrodes in each region having a common direction, and a plurality of liquid crystal molecules between the substrates.

Abstract: An optical compensatory sheet comprises a cellulose acetate support and an optically anisotropic layer. The optically anisotropic layer contains a discotic liquid crystal molecule. The cellulose acetate support has a Bth550 birefringence in the range of 0.0007 to 0.004.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal display having alignment films with different surface polarities. The alignment films induce an internal electric field through the liquid crystal. Because of the induced internal electric field, initial liquid crystal alignment, and subsequent liquid crystal alignments, can be performed without an externally applied electric field.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) having an oblique electric field while a voltage is applied between the upper plate and the lower plate of the LCD is disclosed. The LCD includes a first regulating device of the upper plate and the second regulating device of the lower plate. As no voltage between the upper and lower plate, the liquid crystal molecules in the proximity of the first and the second regulating device are perpendicular to the upper and the lower plate. After a voltage is applied, an oblique electric field is produced by these regulating devices. The liquid crystal molecules are then rotated to parallel to the upper and lower plates because of the oblique electric field. The first and second regulating devices are bumps made of dielectric material or slits of electrodes.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first substrate; a second substrate cohered to the first substrate with a separation from the first substrate; a first orientation film formed on an inner surface of the first substrate; a second orientation film formed on an inner surface of the second substrate; and a liquid crystal injected between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the first orientation film and the second orientation film are formed to face each other, and the thickness of the first orientation film or the second orientation film is formed differently in different portions.

Abstract: Display panels and methods for fabrication are disclosed for an in-plane switching mode display to reduce or eliminate image sticking. The display panel includes a substrate with a first electrode formed on the substrate. A dielectric layer is formed on the substrate, and the dielectric layer forms an opening down to the first electrode so that the dielectric layer is eliminated over the first electrode. A second electrode is formed on the dielectric layer, and an alignment layer is formed on the first electrode, the second electrode and the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a liquid crystal cell and related device includes providing an alignment layer of a light sensitive material on a substrate; and exposing the alignment layer to unpolarized or partially polarized light, to provide pretilt for the molecules of the alignment layer.

Abstract: A bistable nematic liquid crystal device cell is provided with a surface alignment grating on at least one cell wall and a surface treatment on the other wall. Such treatment may be a homeotropic alignment or a planar alignment with or without an alignment direction, and zero or a non zero pretilt. The surface profile on the monograting is asymmetric with its groove height to width selected to give approximately equal energy within the nematic material in its two allowed alignment arrangements. The monograting may be formed by a photolithographic process or by embossing of a plastics material. The cell is switched by dc pulses coupling to a flexoelectric coefficient in the material, or by use of a two frequency addressing scheme and a suitable two frequency material. Polarisers either side of the cell distinguish between the two switched states. The cell walls may be rigid or flexible, and are coated with electrode structures, e.g.

Abstract: A “Multi-domain Vertical Alignment Liquid Crystal Display” (MVA-LCD) with wide viewing angle is disclosed. The MVA-LCD includes an upper substrate, a lower substrate, a plurality of scan lines provided at the lower substrate in a matrix form and a plurality of data lines, as well as a plurality of pixel cells provided in the pixel areas. The MVA-LCD also includes a plurality of the first means provided in each pixel cell in a parallel form with spaces and a plurality of the second means provided at the upper substrate in a parallel and alternating form with respect to the first means. Moreover, the plurality of the first means and the corresponding plurality of the second means are disposed in a parallel and alternating form and are alternated with respect to each other in spaces. Therefore, the disclination lines are reduced, the transmittance is enhanced, and the response time is shortened.

Abstract: A flat panel display device includes at least one display panel. The display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, and a sealant sealing the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate has at least one protrusion portion formed on a portion of an inner surface thereof to adhere to the sealant.

Abstract: An electro-optical device comprises first and second substrates (10, 20) disposed facing each other, an interconnect (14) formed on the surface of the first substrate (10) opposing the second substrate (20), and a conductive member (40) passing through the second substrate (20) and reaching both surfaces of the second substrate (20), and the conductive member (40) and interconnect (14) are electrically connected between the first and second substrates (10, 20).

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device comprising first and second substrates having first and second principal surfaces which are opposed to each other with a space left therebetween, first and second alignment layers are formed on the first and the second principal surfaces of the first and the second substrates. The first alignment layer is subjected to a first aligning treatment in a first aligning treatment direction while a second alignment layer is subjected to a second aligning treatment in a second aligning treatment direction which shifts from the first aligning treatment direction by a predetermined slight angle. Interposed between the first and the second alignment layers, a liquid crystal layer comprises a plurality of liquid crystal molecules each of which is twist aligned by a twist angle equal to the predetermined slight angle.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fringe field switching mode LCD comprising an upper and a lower substrates opposed to each other with a predetermined distance; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the substrates, comprising liquid crystal molecules of positive dielectric anisotropy; a transparent counter electrode formed on the inner surface of lower substrate; a transparent pixel electrode formed on the inner surface of the lower substrate, forming a fringe field with the counter electrode to drive most of liquid crystals; and a horizontal alignment layer interposed between the substrates and liquid crystal layer, having a predetermined rubbing axis, wherein a retardation of the liquid crystal layer is 0.3 to 0.45 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a bottom substrate with a gate wire, a data wire and thin film transistors, and a top substrate with color filters. In a method for fabricating the liquid crystal display, a pixel electrode is formed on the bottom substrate at each pixel area using a first mask such that the pixel electrode has a first region with a smooth surface, and a second region with a rough surface. A common electrode is formed on the top substrate using a second mask such that the common electrode has a first region with a smooth surface, and a second region with a rough surface. The bottom substrate and the top substrate are assembled together, and a liquid crystal is injected between the bottom and the top substrates.

Abstract: A homeotropic twisted nematic (HTN) mode LCD device is disclosed, which obtains a multi-domain, a wide viewing angle, and a rapid response time by applying photo-alignment to the HTN mode. The HTN mode LCD device includes first and second substrates, a first alignment film on the first substrate, the first alignment film having at least two domains and having a different alignment direction in the domain, a second alignment film on the second substrate, having the same alignment direction in the domain, and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A sculpted groundplane is provided so that monolithic dielectric structures are effectively shielded from their immediate surroundings through the implementation of transversely elongated “vias” which form continuous walls that effectively enclose the circuit elements. Further, these walls incorporate a ground plane within this same substrate, which allows for the realization of such structures on a single substrate for microstrip devices, and for realization of stripline structures utilizing only two substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates, a plurality of gate bus lines and data bus lines on the first substrate, the gate bus lines being perpendicular to the data bus lines, a plurality of pixels defined by the gate bus lines and the data bus lines, the pixels having a plularity of regions, at least a pair of electrodes in each region having a common direction, and a plurality of liquid crystal molecules between the substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes an alignment film having first alignment subdomains with a first alignment property and second alignment subdomains with a second alignment property different from the first one. In the alignment film, the first alignment subdomains and the second alignment subdomains are arranged in a matrix so that both of them are included in every line extending across the matrix.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display comprising first and second substrates provided opposing one another; a liquid crystal layer made of liquid crystal material that is injected between the first and second substrates; pixel electrodes and a common electrode formed on at least one of the substrates, the pixel electrodes and common electrode generating an electric field that acts on the liquid crystal layer; and domain formation means for controlling a slanting direction of liquid crystal molecules within the liquid crystal layer, wherein m is an integer satisfying the following: h/2(&pgr;/wp)½−2≦m≦h/2(&pgr;/wp)½+2 where m is a number of domains formed by dividing the pixel electrodes by the domain formation means, w is a length of a first direction of the pixel electrodes, h is a length of a second direction of the pixel electrodes, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction, and p is a width of a second direction of the domain formation means.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of the present invention comprises first and second substrates, a first alignment layer on the first substrate, wherein the first alignment layer includes polyethyleneimine, and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device including a pair of substrates in a spaced relationship with one another. A pair of alignment films are provided, one alignment film being formed on each substrate such that the alignment films face one another. A liquid crystal layer, including plural liquid crystals, is inserted between the pair of alignment films, wherein the alignment films impart a given pre-tilt angle to the liquid crystals. The alignment films are composed of a material containing at least two types of polymers having a prescribed initial alignment and different alignment variation rates in response to ultra-violet ray irradiation. The pre-tilt angle being adjusted, without rubbing the alignment films, through ultraviolet exposure of the alignment films.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprises a cell (1) formed by a layer (2) of nematic or long pitch cholesteric liquid crystal material contained between two cell walls (3, 4). One wall (4) carries a surface treatment giving a first azimuthal alignment direction with or without a surface pretilt to liquid crystal molecules. The other wall (3) carries a surface treatment capable of separately providing both a preferred, substantially homeotropic alignment of the adjacent liquid crystal, and a defined azimuthal second alignment direction to the adjacent liquid crystal dependant upon liquid crystal molecular arrangement. The first and second alignment directions are approximately orthogonal. Polarisers (13, 14) may be arranged on either side of the cells walls with their polarization axes parallel or perpendicular to the two azimuthal directions. In addition one or more birefringent compensator layers (19, 20) are disposed on one side or on both sides of the cell (1).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises first and second substrates, an alignment layer including a pyranose polymer or a furanose polymer on at least one of the first and second substrates, and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates. The liquid crystal display device is characterized by excellent thermostability, superior anchoring energy and uniform alignment of the liquid crystal achieved in a reduced treatment time without creating any flowing effect in the liquid crystal.

Abstract: Saw-shaped protrusions, which are parallel to each other, are formed on the common electrode and the pixel electrode in two substrates. Protrusions in two substrates are arranged alternately and the bent portions of the saw-shaped protrusions are placed on the line transverse passing through the center of a pixel. Branches extend from the convex point of one saw-shaped protrusion toward the apex to the other saw-shaped protrusion, and another branch extend from the point where the protrusion meets the boundary of the pixel electrode toward the point where the boundary of the pixel electrode and the saw-shaped protrusion make an acute angle. A liquid crystal layer between two electrodes are divided to four regions where the directors of the liquid crystal layer have different angles when a voltage is applied to the electrodes, and then, wide viewing angle is obtained. In most regions, protrusions are formed straight and the protrusions have only obtuse angles at the bent points.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is furnished with: a liquid crystal display element having a pair of substrates, to which alignment members are provided to their respective opposing surfaces, and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched by the pair of substrates; an alignment mechanism for providing at least two different director configurations simultaneously on different arbitrary regions used for display in the liquid crystal layer; and a reflection film provided to at least one of the different arbitrary regions showing different director configurations; wherein the different arbitrary regions showing different director configurations are used for a reflection display section for showing reflection display and a transmission display section for showing transmission display, respectively.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprises a layer of nematic or long pitch cholesteric liquid crystal material contained between two cell walls. One wall (A) carries a surface treatment giving a first azimuthal alignment direction with or without a surface pretilt to liquid crystal molecules. The other wall (B) carries a surface treatment (17) capable of separately providing both a preferred, substantially homeotropic alignment of the adjacent liquid crystal, and a defined azimuthal second alignment direction to the adjacent liquid crystal dependent upon liquid crystal molecular arrangement. The first and second alignment directions are approximately orthogonal. Polarisers may be arranged on either side of the cell walls with their polarisation axes parallel or perpendicular to the two azimuthal directions. Alternatively an amount of dichroic dye may be incorporated in the liquid crystal material, and the device operated with one or two polarisers.

Abstract: The present invention provide a homeotropic alignment liquid crystal display having a multi-domain which is capable of obtaining symmetrical viewing angles and simultaneously preventing color shift. An upper substrate and a lower substrate are opposed each other to be spaced apart and a liquid crystal layer interposed between inner surfaces of the upper and lower substrates. A first electrode and a second electrode are formed on the inner surface of the lower substrate, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode form an electric field for driving liquid crystal molecules. Further, homeotropic alignment layers are interposed between the lower substrate and the liquid crystal layer and between the upper substrate and the liquid crystal layer respectively.

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell having a first substrate with a rubbed layer provided thereon, a second substrate with a photo-aligned layer provided thereon, and a liquid crystal material provided between the substrates.

Abstract: A bistable nematic liquid crystal device cell is provided with a surface alignment grating on at least one cell wall and a surface treatment on the other wall. Such treatment may be a homeotropic alignment or a planar alignment with or without an alignment direction, and zero or a non zero pretilt. The surface profile on the monograting is asymmetric with its groove height to width selected to give approximately equal energy within the nematic material in its two allowed alignment arrangements. The monograting may be formed by a photolithographic process or by embossing of a plastics material. The cell is switched by dc pulses coupling to a flexoelectric coefficient in the material, or by use of a two frequency addressing scheme and a suitable two frequency material. Polarisers either side of the cell distinguish between the two switched states. The cell walls may be rigid or flexible, and are coated with electrode structures, e.g.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises first and second substrates, an alignment layer including a pyranose polymer or a furanose polymer on at least one of the first and second substrates, and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates. The liquid crystal display device is characterized by excellent thermostability, superior anchoring energy and uniform alignment of the liquid crystal achieved in a reduced treatment time without creating any flowing effect in the liquid crystal.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate having a vertical alignment layer provided thereon; a second substrate having a horizontal alignment layer provided thereon; a liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal molecules interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a concave-convex structure for regulating an alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules and a transparent conductive, layer provided on the concave-convex structure, the concave-convex structure being provided on one of the first substrate and the second substrate with one of the vertical alignment layer and the horizontal alignment layer interposed therebetween. The liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of the horizontal alignment layer are aligned in an axially symmetrical manner when no voltage is provided, and the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer-are aligned substantially vertically relative to the first substrate and the second substrate when a voltage is applied.

Abstract: A bistable liquid crystal display cell comprises at least two compartments separated by thin transparent membranes. A first compartment contains a first liquid crystal mixture between a first substrate and a thin transparent membrane. A second compartment contains a second liquid crystal mixture between a second substrate and a thin transparent membrane. The mixtures have a first alignment in which they are both aligned parallel to the plane of the display cell, but orthogonal to each other, and a second alignment in which they are both aligned normal to the plane of the display cell. Each compartment has a grating located on a surface of the compartment.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of the present invention comprises first and second substrates, a first alignment layer on the first substrate, wherein the first alignment layer includes polyethyleneimine, and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A broad class of lyotropic liquid crystals of a non-surfactant nature, the so-called lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs), are alignable in bulk. LCLCs can be aligned in bulk as a uniform liquid crystalline monodomain within a closed cell. The method for bulk alignment of LCLCs is based on a unidirectional treatment of the aligning substrate such as a polymer layer. The feature of controlling the alignment of LCLCs enables one to create practical devices from them. For example, bulk alignment of LCLCs allows one to use them in detection and amplification of ligands.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises first and second substrates, an alignment layer including a pyranose polymer or a furanose polymer on at least one of the first and second substrates, and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates. The liquid crystal display device is characterized by excellent thermostability, superior anchoring energy and uniform alignment of the liquid crystal achieved in a reduced treatment time without creating any flowing effect in the liquid crystal.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of the present invention comprises first and second substrates, a first alignment layer on the first substrate, wherein the first alignment layer includes polyethyleneimine, and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A reflective-type liquid crystal display device is disclosed which comprises first and second substrates; a metal layer having a convex-concave surface over the insulating layer; a &lgr;/4 phase retardation optical film over the second substrate. The convex portion of the metal has a long width in a first direction perpendicular to the main viewing angle direction of the user. Polarization direction of the polarizer is at 90° with respect to the first direction, and slow axis of the optical film is at 45° with respect to the polarization direction. This reflective-type LCD has a high reflective luminance in the main viewing angle direction. Further, because TE(transverse electric) polarized light is incident on the metal transverse electric, the reflective luminance is much more improved.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a liquid crystal display apparatus including (1) a liquid crystal panel including an electrodes substrate provided with pixel electrodes and counter electrodes, a counter substrate which opposes the electrodes substrate, and a liquid crystal layer containing therein liquid crystal molecules which are driven by an electric field that is generated in a substantially parallel manner with respect to a surface of the electrodes substrate when voltage is applied on the pixel electrodes and counter electrodes; and (2) a driving circuit for supplying predetermined electric signals to the pixel electrodes and the counter electrodes, wherein inclining directions of liquid crystal molecules which are closest to the electrodes substrate and those of liquid crystal molecules which are closest to the counter substrate are identical, and aligning directions of liquid crystal molecules which are closest to the electrodes substrate and those of liquid crystal molecules which are closest to the

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates, a plurality of gate bus lines and data bus lines on the first substrate, the gate bus lines being perpendicular to the data bus lines, a plurality of pixels defined by the gate bus lines and the data bus lines, the pixels having a plularity of regions, at least a pair of electrodes in each region having a common direction, and a plurality of liquid crystal molecules between the substrates.

Abstract: Devices useful for storage of information which comprises mixtures of suitable chiral materials with nematic liquid crystals and in which by irradiation with light of two different wavelengths the chirality of the mixture can be reversibly switched between two stable states of different chirality, corresponding to two states of different optical properties.