Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a thin film transistor substrate, on which a plurality of data lines and gate lines are positioned perpendicular to each other; a plurality of pixel electrodes formed near intersections of the data lines and the gate lines; a color filter substrate positioned parallel to the thin film transistor substrate, including a color filter layer, a black matrix and a common electrode formed thereon; a polymer wall arrangement formed either on the thin film transistor substrate or on the color filter substrate dividing the substrate into a plurality of liquid crystal panels; and at least one liquid crystal injection opening formed on each panel of the plurality of liquid crystal panels.

Abstract: In a LCD panel comprising a rear substrate, a front substrate, a liquid crystal material and a spacer for making the two substrates apart a specific distance from one another, a partition wall having at least one outlet unevenly disposed on the rear substrate is provided on the periphery of a display region of the rear substrate and another partition wall that surrounds the partition wall is provided on the periphery of the display region of the front substrate. Furthermore, a sealing material for sealing the liquid crystal material within the display region is provided at a tip end of the partition wall and an alignment layer for aligning molecules of the liquid crystal material in a predetermined direction is disposed on the display region of each of the rear substrate and the front substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a transflective liquid crystal device in which color display can be made uniform over the display surface in both the reflective display mode and the transmissive display mode. The liquid crystal device can include a pair of substrates which sandwich liquid crystal, a light reflecting film formed on the substrate, and a color filter formed on the light reflecting film. The color filter can include a partitioning member, which divides the surface of the substrate into a plurality of sections, and subpixels which are individually formed in the sections. The light reflecting film is provided with openings formed at regions corresponding to the thickest parts of the subpixels, openings formed at regions corresponding to central parts of the section, openings which extend in longitudinal direction of the rectangular sections, or openings formed in the shape corresponding to the thickness distribution of the subpixels.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence device is constituted by a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode, and an organic luminescence layer of an organic luminescence material and a liquid crystal layer of a liquid crystal material, respectively disposed between the substrates. The liquid crystal material has an isotropic phase transition temperature lower than a glass transition temperature of the organic luminescence material. The liquid crystal layer has been formed by disposing the liquid crystal material on the organic luminescence layer in an isotropic phase state at a temperature lower than the glass transition temperature of the organic luminescence material and cooling the liquid crystal material to a temperature lower than the isotropic phase transition temperature.

Abstract: A smectic liquid crystal, typically, ferroelectric liquid crystal is uniformly orientated as follows: a space is provided as a dummy region in an area outside a panel region where a liquid crystal inlet is placed; two substrates are overlapped and cut into panels of a desired size, leaving the panel region and the dummy region whereas the rest is cut off; a liquid crystal is injected with the dummy region left in the liquid crystal inlet portion; and, immediately after the liquid crystal is injected, the dummy region is cut off to carry out monostabilization treatment.

Abstract: Bubbles mixed in liquid crystal injected into a liquid crystal cell are pushed out through an outlet. The outlet has a space secured to a maximum limit by an extended sealing portion reaching the outer peripheral end surfaces of substrates, and a step with a color filter is formed. The pushed-out bubbles are surely trapped by the space of the outlet. In a replenishing port for replenishing liquid crystal, an introduction spacer having a height equal to that of the color filter is provided, and by a capillary phenomenon, liquid crystal for replenishment can be smoothly introduced into the liquid crystal cell.

Abstract: An apparatus introduces fluid in vias formed in an LCD element free of voids or air bubbles in the fluid material. A support base secures the LCD element in place during fluid flow from a fluid dispenser positioned proximate to the LCD element. Fluid flow is facilitated by thermal energy from a heating element arranged in thermal contact with the support base.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal material sandwiched between the pair of substrates, a shield area disposed on the outer periphery of a display area, and an outer edge sealing member disposed on the further outer periphery than the shield area and formed except for the liquid crystal inlet. Particularly, in this liquid crystal display device, a shield pattern comprising a resin of a predetermined thickness and a color filter thinner than the predetermined thickness coexist with each other on a plane in the shield area in the vicinity of the inlet.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for fabricating a liquid crystal display that is capable of shortening a liquid crystal exhaust time in a liquid crystal injection and sealing process to improve the productivity of the liquid crystal display. In the apparatus and method, a heater heats a high-pressure air pressurizing the upper plate and the lower plate of the liquid crystal display panel to heat and pressurize the upper plate and the lower plate of the liquid crystal display panel. Accordingly, the liquid crystal is heated when it is exhausted by the pressurization to have a low viscosity, so that a liquid crystal exhaust time can be shorted to improve the productivity of the liquid crystal display.

Abstract: A color filter is colored using a head unit comprising a head mounting portion whereupon multiple ink jet heads are mounted and a position adjusting device capable of adjusting the distance between the ink jet heads by moving the ink jet heads in the nozzle row direction such that this distance is a natural multiple of the nozzle pitch. This configuration allows for easy positional adjustment between the head units even in the event that the number of heads used is increased, so the advantages of reduction in manufacturing time due to the increase in heads used can be sufficiently achieved. Preventing the amount of time necessary for positioning an increased number of heads from becoming prolonged provides for a color filter manufacturing apparatus whereby manufacturing time can be sufficiently reduced.

Abstract: Disclosed is an in-line system and a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display. The system includes a spacer-dispersing unit for dispersing spacers on one of two substrates of a mother glass, the mother glass having at least one liquid crystal cell; a sealant-applying unit for depositing a sealant on one of the two substrates; a liquid crystal depositing unit for depositing liquid crystal material on the substrate on which the sealant is deposited; and a substrate-attaching unit for receiving the two substrates from the sealant-applying unit or the liquid crystal depositing unit, then conjoining the substrates in a vacuum state.

Abstract: A method for using absorbing means for optically coupling substrates together to significantly decrease or eliminate water or like liquid buildup or condensation between the coupled substrates. Two clean substrates are initially provided. A means for absorbing, such a polyvinyl alcohol film, is applied to a first substrate surface. The substrates are then bonded together so that the first substrate surface is in facing relation to the second substrate, and then positioned parallel to each other and in close proximity to each other. A clear means for optically coupling is then de-gassed to remove any gas within the means for optically coupling. Then, a pressurized means for injecting is filled with the means for optically coupling. The means for injecting then introduces the means for optically coupling within the two substrates from a peripheral edge, thereby allowing the means for optically coupling to permeate throughout the volume between the two substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprises first and second opposed spaced-apart cell walls enclosing a layer of a liquid crystal material. Electrodes are provided on at least one cell wall for applying an electric field across at least some of the liquid crystal material. The first cell wall is provided with a first surface layer substantially comprising a polymerised aligned mesogenic material, which surface layer is in contact with the liquid crystal material. Preferably the alignment of the polymerised mesogenic material is substantially uniform across substantially the entire area of the display. The inner surface of the second cell wall may be provided with a similar second surface layer, preferably wherein the anchoring energy and/or order parameter of the liquid crystal adjacent the two surface layers is different.

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell is moved into a vacuum oven. The heater power source of the vacuum oven is turned off and the chamber in the vacuum oven is evacuated to a degree of vacuum (vacuum condition) of about 100 Pa. Then, the liquid crystal cell is slowly cooled to, for example, 40° C. while maintaining that degree of vacuum (vacuum condition). Subsequently, nitrogen gas is substituted for the contents of the liquid crystal cell in a “nitrogen gas substitution” step, by introducing nitrogen gas to the chamber in the slow cooled vacuum oven and thereby restoring normal pressure. Thereafter, liquid crystal is charged to the liquid crystal cell, followed by an injection opening is sealed with a sealant, and ultraviolet light from which 330 nm or shorter wavelength light is projected to cure the sealant. A liquid crystal display element in accordance with the present invention is thus fabricated.

Abstract: A liquid crystal dispensing apparatus having a multipart, separable needle that can be easily repaired should the needle becomes distorted or damaged.

Abstract: A method of delivering fluid into constricted openings arranged in a workpiece substantially eliminates the occurrence of voids or air bubbles in the fluid filling the constricted orifices. Coextensive recesses are formed in a support base for securing the workpiece from movement during fluid flow. The constricted openings are exposed to the recesses so that fluid introduced into the openings do not overflow.

Abstract: A liquid crystal injection apparatus and method for injecting a liquid crystal material between substrates of a liquid crystal display panel. The method and apparatus includes using an electric field to orientate the liquid crystal material during injection such that the liquid crystal material has a reduced viscosity. The electric field can be produced by electrodes adjacent the substrates, and by an electric source that applies a potential to the electrodes. Liquid crystal material injection can be the result of capillary forces and/or differential pressure.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device which has a liquid crystal composition between a first substrate and a flexible second substrate. The liquid crystal composition is filled between the substrates by being dispensed on the first substrate and spread uniformly while the second substrate is being pressed against the first substrate by a roller, and the liquid crystal composition is sealed by sealing resin provided on the sides of the substrates. The gap between the substrates is maintained by spherical spacers and/or a resin structure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display panel capable of being cut by a laser light. The liquid crystal display panel according to the present invention includes a substrate having a buffer layer between a conducting layer and an inner surface of the substrate, in which the buffer layer is disposed along a cutting line and spreads a crack and edges of the conducting layer is positioned in a region defined by the cutting line. Further, a method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display panel is disclosed, in which the liquid crystal display panel is machined by a laser cutter and a laser grinder.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a liquid crystal display device includes preparing upper and lower substrates, forming an array pattern of thin film transistors on the lower substrate, and depositing a thin film layer on the entire lower substrate except for four corners by using a shadow mask. A seal pattern is formed on the lower substrate and an attachment resin is formed at each of the four corners of the lower substrate. A color filter and a black matrix are formed on the upper substrate. The upper and lower substrates are attached and the attachment resin is hardened by exposure to light.

Abstract: An apparatus introduces fluid in vias formed in an LCD element free of voids or air bubbles in the fluid material. A support base secures the LCD element in place during fluid flow from a fluid dispenser positioned proximate to the LCD element. Fluid flow is facilitated by thermal energy from a heating element arranged in thermal contact with the support base.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element includes a deck plate in the form of a first transparent substrate adhesively bonded to a signal plate in the form of a second transparent substrate wherein the signal plate has a plurality of vias passing through the second substrate. The vias are filled void-free with an optical grade material to form the LCD element.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal material sandwiched between the pair of substrates, a shield area disposed on the outer periphery of a display area, and an outer edge sealing member disposed on the further outer periphery than the shield area and formed except for the liquid crystal inlet. Particularly, in this liquid crystal display device, a shield pattern comprising a resin of a predetermined thickness and a color filter thinner than the predetermined thickness coexist with each other on a plane in the shield area in the vicinity of the inlet.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a liquid crystal display wherein a sealant on a substrate enables a pool of liquid crystal to be formed. Another substrate is then placed in location on the sealant. The sealant joins the substrates together with the liquid crystal disposed between the substrates. Placing the substrate on the sealant is beneficially performed under a vacuum. Additionally, the sealant is beneficially semi-solid and light cured.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device has a liquid crystal inserted between first and second substrates and surrounded by a peripheral seal. The liquid crystal is dripped onto the first substrate in an area defined by the seal of the first substrate. The first substrate and the second substrate are joined or bonded together under pressure in a vacuum chamber. The chamber is then exposed to the atmosphere while keeping the first substrate and the second substrate under pressure. The pressure is then released and thereafter light is irradiated onto the peripheral seal. The vacuum chamber includes upper and lower surface plates to support the substrates. The surface plate includes an electrostatic chuck and a vacuum attraction passage provided in the chuck.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display panel of high quality without wasting liquid crystal material. In a step for pressing both of transparent glass substrates against each other, liquid crystal spreads and air bubbles are exhausted through notch portions. A sealing material is crushed before the liquid crystal reaches the notch portions, and the notch portions are blocked. Accordingly, a gap between the transparent glass substrates is sealed in a state where the liquid crystal is filled therein. Moreover, at the same time, both of the transparent glass substrates are compressively attached to each other with the sealing material interposed therebetween.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a one drop fill liquid crystal display (ODF LCD) panel is disclosed. By separating sealant and black matrix using a space or photo spacer, the sealant can be hardened by applying ultraviolet light from the side of the color filter substrate without light shielding problems. Moreover, this also completely hardens the sealant, thereby preventing pollution of the liquid crystal material. This further improves the efficiency of the liquid crystal material.

Abstract: A liquid crystal micro display (lcmd) is manufactured by creating a hole in an lcmd surface, filling the lcmd with liquid crystal material through the hole, and then sealing the hole. The invention allows an lcmd to be tested before it is separated from other lcmds and packaged. As a result, the invention increases the yield and reduces the cost associated with lcmd manufacturing.

Abstract: The present invention enables efficient microfabrication of a fully integrated liquid crystal display device. Initially, a sacrificial layer is formed on a substrate that has conductive pads connected thereto. The sacrificial layer is patterned, and portions of the sacrificial layer are removed to expose portions of the underlying layer supporting the sacrificial layer. Then, a permeable layer is formed on the sacrificial layer, thereby filling in the space vacated by the removed potions of the sacrificial layer. The structure is heated and the material of the sacrificial layer is allowed to dissolve into and dissipate through the permeable layer in order to leave a cavity. Once the sacrificial layer is removed, the permeable layer is supported by the portion of the permeable layer filling in the space vacated by the removed portions of the sacrificial layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having an electrode structure capable of easily curing a sealant. In the device, at least one of signal wiring is arranged on a substrate provided with liquid crystal injection holes. The signal wiring has a shape curved at an inflow position of the sealant. The signal wiring to be arranged at the inflow position of the sealant is formed to depart from the inflow position or is partially removed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel for the liquid crystal display device has a plurality of ribs disposed on an opposite internal edge to the injection hole in order to speed up the injection time of the liquid crystal and the ribs of the liquid crystal panel have a shape of the teeth of a comb.

Abstract: A liquid crystal sealing device which supplies sealing material for sealing liquid crystal injection holes of sealing areas of a multiplicity of liquid crystal cells simultaneously. This device has a multiplicity of pins which are arranged to match the arrangement of the sealing areas of the multiplicity of liquid crystal cells so that the sealing material can be transferred from a container storing the sealing material to the corresponding sealing area of the liquid crystal cell. This device also has a reciprocating mechanism for reciprocating the multiplicity of pins, as one unit, between a position where the sealing area is to be positioned and the container.

Abstract: Glass substrates interposed by unhardened thermosetting sealing material is surrounded by two sheets. The space between the sheets is placed in a roughly sealed state and decompressed to produce at least a partial vacuum between the sheets. The sheets serve to press the glass substrates against the sealing material by the pressure difference relative to the atmospheric pressure. One or more heaters spaced apart from the sheets heat the glass substrates and the sealing material, setting the sealing material.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of liquid crystal cells for a liquid crystal display device includes forming a first plurality of liquid crystal cells that include a color filter and a common electrode on an upper substrate, forming a second plurality of liquid crystal cells that include a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines on a lower substrate, forming a gate contact pad in a marginal space of the lower substrate, the gate pad connected to a first group of the plurality of gate lines of one of a common row and common column of the second plurality of cells, forming a data contact pad in the marginal space of the lower substrate, the data pad connected to a first group of the plurality of data lines of one of a common row and common column of the second plurality of cells, forming a common voltage contact pad on the lower substrate for applying a common voltage to the common electrode on the upper substrate, forming an assembled substrate by bonding the lower substrate to the upper substrate, separa

Abstract: A first optical device according to the present invention comprises a base made of a first optical material and a second optical material having a refractive index different from that of the first optical material, and the base has a concavity, and the second optical material is filled in this concavity. A second optical device according to the present invention comprises a base made of a first optical material and a second optical material having a refractive index different from the first optical material, and the base comprises first and second faces facing each other, a first concavity is formed in the first face and a second concavity is formed in the second face, and the second optical material is filled in the first and second concavities.

Abstract: An uncured end-sealing material 50 is applied to each liquid crystal injection port 40a of a rectangular panel 40, a portion 50b of the end-sealing material 50 bleeding outside the contour of the rectangular panel 40 is removed by an absorbing method, a wiping method or a troweling method before the end-sealing material 50 cures, and then the end-sealing material 50 is allowed to cure.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a liquid crystal display panel having first and second substrates, the method includes the steps of forming first and second orientation films on the first and second substrates, respectively, forming a seal material at edges of the first substrate, assembling the first and second substrates with each other, performing a first pressurizing and heating process on the first and second substrates to form a first cell gap, injecting a liquid crystal material into the first cell gap, performing second pressurizing and heating process on the first and second substrates to form a second cell gap, and sealing the second cell gap.

Abstract: According to this liquid crystal cell, a vacuum to be established between two electrode substrates as a result of the volume shrinkage of a liquid crystal having a high viscosity at the room temperature can be damped by communicating between two of a plurality of filling portions formed between two electrode substrates by a plurality of barrier walls through the intervening barrier walls. An anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal (AFLC) is used as the liquid crystal. The liquid crystal cell has a lower electrode substrate and an upper electrode substrate, between which a smectic liquid crystal is disposed together with a plurality of barrier walls on the inner side of a band seal. Each barrier wall has through holes to communicate between the two filling portions located on the two sides of the barrier walls.

Abstract: A square sell 1 has a first port (5) and a second port (6) formed in its opposing first and second edge portions, respectively and third and fourth ports (7a, 7b, 8a, 8b) formed in its third and fourth edge portions respectively. An evacuating operation is performed at the second port (6). A liquid crystal injecting operation is performed at the first port (5) when a predetermined degree of vacuum is reached. At the third and fourth ports (7a, 7b, 8a, 8b), first, an evacuating operation is performed. Then, the evacuating operation is switched over to the liquid crystal injecting operation at the third and fourth ports (7a, 7b, 8a, 8b) by means of a switch-over operation of electromagnetic switch valves (15a, 15b, 16a, 16b).

Abstract: A lower substrate 3 on which an adhesive 1 has been applied and a liquid crystal material 2 has been deposited is held fixedly by vacuum suction with a suction-holding mechanism 5 within a vacuum chamber C. An upper substrate 6 held fixedly by vacuum suction with a suction-holding mechanism 7 is brought opposite to the lower substrate 3 with a predetermined spacing therebetween, and either or both of the substrates is/are brought in proximity with each other for bringing the upper substrate into contact with the adhesive 1 or the liquid crystal material 2. Both substrates 3, 6 are then moved relative to each other in a direction parallel to the substrate surface for position alignment, and thereafter, the substrates are moved closer to and pressed to each other so that they are affixed together.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display panel capable of being cut by a laser light. The liquid crystal display panel according to the present invention includes a substrate having a buffer layer between a conducting layer and an inner surface of the substrate, in which the buffer layer is disposed along a cutting line and spreads a crack and edges of the conducting layer is positioned in a region defined by the cutting line. Further, a method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display panel is disclosed, in which the liquid crystal display panel is machined by a laser cutter and a laser grinder.

Abstract: A liquid crystal injecting device has a jig which seals an opening used as a liquid crystal inlet of the cell and another opening used as an air outlet of the cell separately. When obtaining a liquid crystal element by injecting liquid crystal into the cell, the liquid crystal is applied to the inlet before the injection, and after an internal pressure of the cell is reduced by releasing air from the jig, the liquid crystal is injected to the cell by being supplied to the inlet through a liquid crystal supplying tube. During the injection, a temperature of the cell is set to a temperature at which the liquid crystal takes a nematic, cholesteric, or isotropic phase, while air is kept being released. When the injection ends, the liquid crystal is further applied to the inlet and outlet, while being reinjected into the cell through all the openings at room temperature or above under atmospheric pressure or above, after which the cell is cooled.

Abstract: A substrate for a multi-color liquid crystal display (LCD), an LCD having the substrate, and methods of manufacturing the substrate and the LCD. In one embodiment, the substrate includes: (1) a substantially planar base and (2) a cell wall structure, located on a surface of the base, that defines at least first and second sets of independent cells having corresponding independent fluid fill ports when the cell wall structure is bonded to an opposing substrate.

Abstract: A polymer dispersed liquid crystal display element (100) in which liquid crystal (14) is dispersed in a polymer composite (15) is provided whereby gap width distortion resulting from sudden changes in temperature is prevented, and uniformity of the display image is improved. Distortion of the gap width between glass plates due to a temperature change within a specific temperature range is prevented by dispersing spherical resin spacers (16), which are resiliently compressed a specific percentage by two glass plates (11, 12) within a specific temperature range (&Dgr;t), in a liquid crystal layer (17) interposed between a glass plate (11) and another glass plate (12) that comprise a voltage application means (18, 19, 20, 21) and are mutually opposed through a seal member (13).

Abstract: Relating to a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device, minimizing liquid crystal material loss and use of cleaning solvent, and providing a liquid crystal display device in which a seal pattern having few gap inconsistencies are taken as a objective. Liquid crystal material wraparound can be prevented by forming a seal stopper portion outside a peripheral seal portion, and in addition, by increasing the degree of symmetry of the seal pattern and by forming a damming portion between injection ports, gap inconsistencies within the liquid crystal display device can be reduced.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display panel, the shrinkage of an end-scaling material for sticking a pair of substrates together is prevented or relaxed to restrain peeling of the end-sealing material from the substrates, thereby preventing any leakage of a liquid crystal and penetration of contaminants. A liquid crystal display device is assembled by bonding together a pair of substrates, which are opposed to each other across a predetermined gap and at least one of which has an electrode group formed over a surface opposed to the other substrate, with a sealing material along their peripheries excluding a liquid crystal filling port, and then sealing the liquid crystal filling port with an end-sealing material after the filling of the liquid crystal and hermetically sealing the liquid crystal in the gap between both substrates. In the liquid crystal display device, a resin which constitutes the end-sealing material contains particulates of average particle size of 0.1 &mgr;m to 3.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of rectangular substrates disposed opposite to each other to form a cell structure having a liquid crystal injection port, and a liquid crystal injected into the cell structure through the liquid crystal injection port. The pair of rectangular substrates includes a first substrate provided with a color filter and stripe electrodes disposed on the color filter and a second substrate provided with stripe electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting the stripe electrodes on the first substrate. On each rectangular substrate, the stripe electrodes are divided into two groups which are electrically connected to external drive circuits disposed along one and the other, respectively, of mutually opposite sides of the rectangular substrate. The liquid crystal injection port is disposed at one of mutually opposite sides parallel to the stripe electrodes on the first substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element includes a pair of substrates made of plastic, a liquid crystal sandwiched between the pair of substrates, and a plurality of spacers for maintaining a gap d between the pair of substrates, which are sandwiched between the pair of substrates, and when x is an average value of thickness of the plurality of spacers in a state without a load in such a direction that the plurality of spacers are sandwiched between the pair of substrates, d<x≦1.1d is satisfied. Further, in the liquid crystal display element, a numerical density of the spacers is set to be not less than 240 pieces/mm2 and not more than 300 pieces/mm2. Further, in the liquid crystal display element, an elastic modulus of the spacers is set to be larger than that of the pair of substrates. As a result, in the liquid crystal display element, color shading is suppressed while suppressing generation of bubbles in a vacuum region and reduction in contrast, thus obtaining desirable display quality of a display image.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an LCD device, in which, a seal pattern is formed by applying a sealing material for enclosing a liquid crystal on one of a pair of substrates between which liquid crystal is sandwiched. Spacers are formed on the other substrate to determine a cell gap, then the substrates are respectively held by a pair of surface plates disposed in a vacuum chamber, in which at least one of the surface plates is movable. The air-pressure of the vacuum chamber is then decreased, and the alignment of a pair of substrates is performed and a cell gap is formed by pressing the substrates toward each other, by which the gap precision, the gap uniformity and the alignment precision of an LCD device can be improved.

Abstract: A liquid crystal material is injected into a liquid crystal cell while a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal cell rendering the liquid crystal molecules parallel to the substrates. The temperature of the vacuum chamber during injection of liquid crystal material is higher than the room temperature to reduce the viscosity of the liquid crystal material, and below the liquid crystal-isotropic transition temperature to maintain the liquid crystal state. To avoid the evaporation of the liquid crystal material, the temperature is preferably lower than the clearing point of the liquid crystal material. The voltage applied to the liquid crystal cell is over the threshold voltage so that the liquid crystal molecules align themselves parallel to the substrate, and the AC voltage having a low frequency of equal to or lower than 60 Hz is preferably used to make the liquid crystal material oscillate laterally.