Abstract: Provided is a personal computer-based visual field self-testing system of increasing an opportunity of a glaucoma early diagnosis through a self-testing together with improvement of a size reduction, installation, and easiness in movement of a visual field testing system by using a personal computer. The personal computer-based visual field self-testing system includes a computer monitor presenting a visual field measurement region and a visual field measurement result, an attachable and detachable light blocking unit equipped on a front side of the computer monitor to provide a visual field testing environment, an eye selection unit equipped on a rear side of the attachable and detachable light blocking unit to block external light and select an examination eye, a face support unit including the eye selection unit and supporting a face of an examinee, and a visual stimulus confirmation unit operated by the examinee according to a visual stimulus of the visual field measurement region.

Abstract: An system and method for enabling an individual to pretest stimulus alternatives, by carrying out eye-tracking experiments on a subject with a digital camera, a personal computer and webcam, or a camera built into a laptop, tablet, smart phone, or other mobile device. The method of implementing the invention may be based on use of the internet for transmitting experimental stimuli, data, and/or results. The method enables the practitioner to determine which of two or more competing stimulus images, displayed at the same time, draws more spontaneous gaze direction from the subject during the first few moments of exposure. The method enables one to express the result as a ratio or other comparative index.

Abstract: An image display apparatus obtains a plurality of moving images obtained by capturing a plurality of imaging areas of a fundus, and a wide field of view image obtained by capturing an area including the plurality of imaging areas of the fundus. Each of the plurality of moving images is associated with pulse data based on a biomedical signal obtained in capturing the moving image. The image display apparatus superimposes and displays at least one frame of each of the plurality of moving images at a position on the wide field of view image, which is determined based on information about the positions of the plurality of imaging areas. In the superimposing/display operation, the image display apparatus displays the plurality of moving images at a display timing synchronized based on the pulse data.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an improved method for photobleaching an eye of a subject. The disclosed method may be used in a number of psychophysical test methods, including, but not limited to, measurement of dark adaptation. The improved method for photobleaching involves at least one of the following improvements: (i) the use of a bleaching light emitting a particular wavelength of light or a tailored spectrum of wavelengths; (ii) restricting or otherwise spatially tailoring the region of the retina that is subject to photobleaching; and (iii) utilizing a bleaching light having an intensity that is at or below the intensity of ambient daylight. The present disclosure additionally provides a combination of a photobleaching light and an apparatus to administer a psychophysical test suitable for use in practicing the disclosed methods.

Abstract: If an intraocular lens is inserted in an eye to be examined, characteristics of the eye to be examined are measured after increasing light intensity of visible light projected onto the eye to be examined to be higher than light intensity at the time of measurement of an eye to be examined in which no intraocular lens is inserted.

Abstract: A method of screening for Parkinson's disease, may include administering to a person in need of such screening a King-Devick Test, determining whether the person has a “normal” or “abnormal” result for the King-Devick Test, and recommending the person undergo additional testing and/or treatment for Parkinson's disease if the result is “abnormal.

Abstract: Examples that increase accessibility of color vision impaired users to information on a display are provided herein. A plurality of graphical elements using a first color palette are presented. A user input indicating that the user has a color vision impairment is received. The color vision impairment can be, for example, deuteranopia, protanopia, or tritanopia. At least some of the plurality of graphical elements can be presented using a second color palette designed for users with the color vision impairment. The user input indicating that the user has a color vision impairment can be received in response to presenting a color vision impairment test to the user.

Abstract: To increase the speed of aberration correction, provided is an aberration correction method, including: a step of selecting a first polarized component of reflected light obtained by irradiating an object to be inspected with measuring light; a step of measuring an aberration of the first polarized component; a step of correcting the aberration of the first polarized component by controlling a first aberration correction unit in accordance with a measured value of the aberration of the first polarized component; and a step of correcting, in a case where a value of the aberration corrected in the first aberration correcting step is smaller than a predetermined value, an aberration of a second polarized component of the reflected light, which is different from the first polarized component, by controlling a second aberration correction unit based on a control for the first aberration correction unit in the case.

Abstract: An apparatus for interfacing a person with a computer, the apparatus comprising a gaze tracker having a 3D camera and a picture camera that image the person and a controller that processes images acquired by the cameras to determine a gaze direction and point of regard of the person.

Abstract: A vision testing method and apparatus are disclosed, the method including generating an image, modulating the wavefront of the image remote from the patient, relaying the modulated wavefront to a plane nearby, on, or within the patient's eye, varying the modulation of the wavefront based upon patient or operator response, and conveying the value of the wavefront modulation to the operator. The apparatus includes devices for generating an image, modulating the wavefront of the image that is physically remote from the patient, optically relaying the modulated wavefront of the image to a plane nearby, on, or within a patient's eye, varying the modulation of the wavefront of the image based upon patient or operator response, and conveying the value of the continuously modulated wavefront to the operator.

Abstract: An infrared binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (iBIO) is provided to the simultaneous examination and treatment of the human eye. The iBIO operates in infrared light, at long wavelengths to penetrate the eye and image the retina. The iBIO can further include a treatment beam to activate an appropriate agent that has been injected in the human eye, for performing a treatment on the eye. The photosensitizing agent can include any photosensitive material that is activated at a predetermined wavelength. Can be useful in photodynamic therapy and other types of treatment for simultaneous examination and treatment of the human eye.

Abstract: A tunable, achromatizing optical system for use with a broadband imaging modality system for imaging objects having a range of longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) values. The optical system includes an achromatizing component and a parfocal component, for example, a zoom system. A method for tuning the wavefront curvature of different chromatic components of objects having a range of longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) values when imaged by a broadband imaging modality system includes the steps of providing a broadband imaging modality system having an entrance pupil, for imaging an object having longitudinal chromatic aberration; providing a tunable, achromatizing optical system; and varying the focal length of the parfocal component while maintaining a conjugate relationship between the achromatizing component and the entrance pupil of the broadband imaging modality system.

Abstract: The invention teaches a field of light based method and system suitable for non-invasive target analysis, including in vivo analysis. A embodiment of the system comprises a field of light imaging device; an illuminating module consisting of a plurality of light sources that emit light radiation centered on multiple wavelengths; a partially reflective minor positioned to reflect radiation to the target from the illumination module, and from the target to the field of light imaging device; a display; a processing and control module coordinating target position, and the synchronous output of the illumination module with image capture by the field of light imaging device; and an output and storage device.

Abstract: Wavefront measurements of eyes are typically taken when the pupil is in a first configuration in an evaluation context. The results can be represented by a set of basis function coefficients. Prescriptive treatments are often applied in a treatment context, which is different from the evaluation context. Hence, the patient pupil can be in a different, second configuration, during treatment. Systems and methods are provided for determining a transformed set of basis function coefficients, based on a difference between the first and second configurations, which can be used to establish the vision treatment.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus includes: a light projecting optical system to project light to each point on a fundus of an examinee's eye; a light receiving optical system including a light receiving element to receive light from the fundus emitted from each point on the fundus resulting from the light projected from the light projecting optical system; and a controller for controlling the ophthalmic apparatus, wherein the controller is configured to: acquire intensity information representing intensity of the light from the fundus corresponding to each point on the fundus based on a result of received light of the light receiving element; and analyze a degree of opacity in an optic media of the examinee's eye based on the intensity information.

Abstract: The determination of objective refraction data for an eye of a spectacle wearer, wherein based on measured data for the eye of the spectacle wearer, which determine at least one first set of Zernike coefficients of a wave front aberration for a long accommodation and a second set of Zernike coefficients of a wave front aberration for a short accommodation of the eye, objective refraction data for sphere (SphNcorr), cylinder (CylNcorr) and axis position (AxisNcorr) of the eye for close viewing is determined such that the objective refraction data satisfies equations Sph N corr = M N corr + ( J N , 0 corr ) 2 + ( J N , 45 corr ) 2 , ? Cyl N corr = - 2 ? ( J N , 0 corr ) 2 + ( J N , 45 corr ) 2 ? ? and Axis N corr = 1 2 ? arctan ? ( - J N , 0 corr , - J N , 45 corr ) + ? 2 for a corrected power vector PNcorr for near viewing, wherein said corrected power vector PNcorr corresponds, based on a difference ?

Abstract: A method for detecting strabismus in at least one image comprising a subject's eyes, wherein the at least one image has been obtained using an apparatus comprising a light source and a target offset from the light source, the method comprising, for each of the subject's left and right eyes: determining, from the image, a reflection offset distance, being the distance between a reference point of the eye and a reflection of a light source on the eye; determining a difference between the reflection offset distance and a reference reflection offset distance for the corresponding left or right eye, wherein the reference reflection offset distance has been determined based on relative positions of the light source, the target and the subject's head; and determining whether the difference is less than a difference threshold value for determining whether the subject has a strabismus.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a device for performing a gaze field sobriety test are disclosed. The device includes a housing. A light source is affixed in or on the housing. The light source generates light during at least a portion of the gaze field sobriety test. A speaker positioned in or on the housing generates sounds during at least a portion of the gaze field sobriety test. A power source is coupled to the speaker and the light source. An input is positioned on the housing. The input is selectable by a test administrator to initiate an audible sound through the speaker at a predetermined time interval during at least a portion of the gaze field sobriety test. The audible sound provides an indication to the test administrator during the gaze field sobriety test to assist in proper performance of the gaze field sobriety test.

Abstract: A method of determining a geometrical measurement of a retina of an eye, comprising obtaining a two dimensional representation of at least a portion of the retina of the eye (34), deriving a geometrical remapping which converts the two dimensional representation of the retinal portion to a three dimensional representation of the retinal portion (36), using one or more coordinates of the two dimensional representation of the retinal portion to define the geometrical measurement to be taken of the retina on the two dimensional representation (38), using the geometrical remapping to convert the or each coordinate of the two dimensional representation of the retinal portion to an equivalent coordinate of the three dimensional representation of the retinal portion (40), and using the or each equivalent coordinate of the three dimensional representation of the retinal portion to determine the geometrical measurement of the retina of the eye (42).

Abstract: In an eye fundus surface expansion observation screen, a surface moving image that is a moving image showing the surface of a predetermined region in a subject's eye is enlarged and displayed. In an eye fundus tomography expansion confirmation screen, a tomographic image showing the tomography of the subject's eye, which corresponds to a position selected from the surface moving image, is enlarged and displayed.

Abstract: A portable VOG device is disclosed that will facilitate the effective and efficient screening for TBI in military personnel in forward deployed military settings or remote locations using minimally trained staff. This includes the establishment of a protocol including optokinetic testing that will provide cost effective pre-screening of military personnel prior to deployment to establish a baseline of brain function prior to possible future injury. The efficiency of the device will promote subsequent follow-up screening to assess the effectiveness of prescribed TBI treatment. Further protocols for diagnosis and rehabilitation applications using the same device will allow more advanced usage for clinicians providing ongoing evaluation and treatment.

Abstract: A scanning laser ophthalmoscope for scanning the retina of an eye is provided comprising a light source emitting a beam of light, scan relay elements, wherein the light source and the scan relay elements provide a two-dimensional scan of the light beam which is transferred from an apparent point source at a pupillary point of the eye to the retina of the eye, and a static aberration correction element (30) which has a shape defined to provide correction of aberrations of at least some of the scan relay elements and a location within the ophthalmoscope chosen to provide correction of aberrations of at least some of the scan relay elements, which location maintains transfer of the beam of light from the apparent point source at the pupillary point of the eye to the retina of the eye. The present solution further provides an aberration correction element and a method of determining a shape of the aberration correction element.

Abstract: A method for calculating the values of an intraocular lens to be implanted, wherein the results of numerous cataract operations are taken into account in the calculation for intraocular lenses to be implanted in the future. At least the corneal topography, the length of the eye and the depth of the anterior chamber are determined pre-operatively, the values of the IOL to be implanted are calculated by means of ray-tracing, and at least the corneal topography, the length of the eye, the depth of the anterior chamber and the objective, wavefront-based residual refraction are determined post-operatively. The measurement values determined pre-operatively and post-operatively are used to optimize the surgically-induced astigmatism and the post-operative anatomical lens position for calculating the values of IOLs to be implanted in the future.

Abstract: A video oculography system for calculation and display of Corrective Secondary Saccades Analysis is disclosed. A method for Objective Diagnostics of at least one of traumatic brain injury, Internuclear Opthalmopligia, Ocular Lateral Pulsion, Progressive Supernuclear Palsy And Glissades comprises the steps of using a VOG system to calculate corrective saccades. The video oculography based system for the subject is configured to collect eye images of the patient in excess of 60 hz and configured to resolve eye movements smaller than at least 3 degrees of motion. The video oculography based system collects eye movement data wherein at least one fixation target is presented to the subject in a defined position configured to yield a voluntary saccadic eye response from at least one eye of the patient. The latency, amplitude, accuracy and velocity of each respective corrective saccade and totals latency and accuracy is calculated.

Abstract: A system measures macular pigment of a macula of a human eye of a subject. The system comprises a light source having a first light and a second light that modulate at variable frequencies, an input device for receiving an input indicating the frequency at which the user perceives the modulation of the first light and a second light, a display device, at least one processor, and one or more memory devices. The one or more memory devices storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the system to (i) display, on the display device, test data corresponding to the user's inputs from the input device, (ii) determine whether the test data are valid or invalid through a curve-fitting algorithm, (iii) automatically indicate that the test data are valid or invalid.

Abstract: The invention relates to an instrument for simulation of multifocal ophthalmic corrections, comprising two optical channels with different optical power values in the beams coming from the object observed, wherein at least one channel comprises a Badal system. This instrument simultaneously provides images of objects near and far focused. The system provides the same optical magnifications for each channel, regardless of the optical power thereof, and produces superimposed retinal images with different degrees of focus which, unlike other devices, are all of the same size. The instrument allows simulating different optical powers for near vision and different refractive corrections for distant vision.

Abstract: Systems and methods for tracking a head position of a user include obtaining digital images of the user's head, processing the images to locate anatomical structures beneath the visible surface, and using those determined locations as inputs to a computing device. In an embodiment, images of a user's face are processed to identify the irises of the eyes, identify pixels along a boundary between each iris and the surrounding sclera, determine an ellipse defined by the identified iris-sclera boundary pixels, determine a distance-to-pixel ratio based on a pixel length of a long axis of such an ellipse compared to a known or presumed diameter of the iris, locating the iris in a three-axis coordinate system, determining an optical axis vector of the eye in the three-axis coordinate system, and calculating a center of the eyeball based on the optical axis vector and a known or presumed eyeball radius.

Abstract: Method of determining configuration of interferential filtering elements for an optical device having an optical substrate for a user, includes: providing a first set of parameters representative of at least one main line of sight of the user; determining a first selected range of angles of incidence based on the first parameters; providing a second set of parameters characterizing, for the user, a range of wavelengths to be at least partially inhibited; determining a first selected range of wavelengths of incident light to be at least partially inhibited, based on the second parameters; and configuring a first selective interferential filtering element and a first zone of a surface of the optical substrate based on the first selected range of angles of incidence and wavelengths such that the first selective interferential filtering elements inhibit, at a first rate of rejection, transmission of the first selected range of wavelengths of incident light.

Abstract: An ophthalmological analysis system for examining an eye, in particular in the region of a front eye section of an eye includes first and second analysis systems obtaining sectional images of the eye. The first analysis system includes a projection device and a monitoring device arranged relative to each other according to the Scheimpflug rule. The second analysis system is an optical coherence interferometer. A processing device processes a first image data set obtained by the first analysis system and a second image data set obtained by the second analysis system to supplement the first image data set, at least partially, with data of the second image data set.

Abstract: Detecting position information related to a face, and more particularly to an eyeball in a face, using a detection and ranging system, such as a Radio Detection And Ranging (“RADAR”) system, or a Light Detection And Ranging (“LIDAR”) system. The position information may include a location of the eyeball, translational motion information related to the eyeball (e.g., displacement, velocity, acceleration, jerk, etc.), rotational motion information related to the eyeball (e.g., rotational displacement, rotational velocity, rotational acceleration, etc.) as the eyeball rotates within its socket.

Abstract: A method and associated apparatus for validating testing procedure in objective ophthalmic eye testing is implemented for eye evaluation applications requiring subject compliance with eye fixation to a visual target.

Abstract: There is provided a method of monitoring retinopathy in a subject. The method involves measuring autofluorescence of a retina in response to high intensity blue light and infra-red reflectance of the anterior region of an eye in response to high intensity infra-red light of the subject over a total time period to obtain an autofluorescence intensity profile and an infra-red reflectance intensity profile. The autofluorescence intensity profile and infra-red reflectance intensity profile are processed to obtain a pupillary light reflex measurement that is used to assess the retinopathy status of the retina.

Abstract: A method of determining at least one selection parameter for selecting an intraocular lens to be inserted into an eye; the method comprises reading, by a data processing system, data indicative of an axial position of at least a portion of an anterior surface of an at least partially empty capsular bag of the eye, relative to an optical axis of the eye. The method further comprises determining an axial position parameter, which is representative of the axial position of the portion of the anterior surface, depending on the data. The method further comprises determining the at least one selection parameter for selecting the intraocular lens depending on the determined position parameter.

Abstract: A video oculography based neuro-otologic testing and evaluation apparatus and associated method comprises the steps of: Obtaining images of the subject's eyes with a digital camera; Selectively displaying visual stimulus to the subject on a display; Generating each visual stimulus to be displayed from a controller; Receiving and storing data signals from each digital camera in the controller; Calculating eye related data from the digital camera images and visual stimulus; Displaying the eye related data to users; Generating a video synchronization signal by the controller associated with each visual stimulus which identifies when the display is displaying the associated visual stimulus; Receiving and coupling the video synchronization signal with at least the eye data from the digital camera; and Synchronizing calculations based upon the eye data and the visual stimulus by the controller.

Abstract: Provided is a snapshot spectral domain optical coherence tomographer comprising: a light source providing a plurality of beamlets; a beam splitter, splitting the plurality of beamlets into a reference arm and a sample arm; a first optical system that projects the sample arm onto multiple locations of a sample; a second optical system for collection of a plurality of reflected sample beamlets; a third optical system projecting the reference arm to a reflecting surface and receiving a plurality of reflected reference beamlets; a parallel interferometer that provides a plurality of interferograms from each of the plurality of sample beamlets with each of the plurality of reference beamlets; an optical image mapper configured to spatially separate the plurality of interferograms; a spectrometer configured to disperse each of the interferograms into its respective spectral components and project each interferogram in parallel; and a photodetector providing photon quantification.

Abstract: An optical apparatus applied to ophthalmology detection is disclosed. The optical apparatus includes an image capturing unit, a data comparing unit, a detection unit, a location determining unit, and a data output unit. The image capturing unit captures images of different portions of a face of a person to be tested to obtain a plurality of face images. The data comparing unit compares the plurality of face images with a built-in database. The detection unit detects on an eye of the person to be tested. The location determining unit automatically determines whether the eye detected by the detection unit is left-eye or right-eye. The data output unit selectively outputs a detection result of the detection unit, a comparing result of the data comparing unit, and/or a determining result of the location determining unit.

Abstract: Systems, contact lenses and methods that facilitate antenna communication via sensor impedance modulation are provided. In one aspect, a system can include a contact lens and a radio frequency (RF) reader. The contact lens can include a substrate; an RF antenna, disposed on or within the substrate; and a sensing component, disposed on or within the substrate, and directly coupled to the RF antenna, wherein the RF antenna is configured to change impedance value as a sensed value of the sensing component changes. The RF reader is external to the contact lens, and configured to interrogate the RF antenna with an RF signal. The RF reader can receive a reflected RF signal from the RF antenna in response to the interrogation. The magnitude, phase and/or a frequency of the reflected RF signal can be based on the impedance value of the RF antenna.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and system for non-invasive analysis. In particular the inventive system relates optical techniques involving infra-red, visible or ultra violet radiation for imaging and analyzing surface and sub-surface structure of tissue and components of the eye. Embodiments of the invention further include Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) techniques for sub-surface imaging and analysis, and incorporate instruments such as ophthalmoscopes, fundus cameras, for non-invasive imaging and analysis.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus comprises: a fundus image obtaining unit configured to obtain a fundus image of an eye to be examined; a detection unit configured to detect positions of an optic papilla and macular region of the eye to be examined from the fundus image; and an obtaining position determination unit configured to determine, as an obtaining position where a tomographic image of the optic papilla of the eye to be examined is obtained, a position crossing a line passing through the position of the optic papilla and the position of the macular region.

Abstract: There is provided an inexpensive ophthalmologic imaging apparatus having favorable operability in anterior ocular segment imaging and fundus imaging. In an ophthalmologic imaging apparatus which includes a focus lens located in an optical system, a focus lens drive unit configured to drive the focus lens, and a focusing operation unit configured to designate the drive amount of the focus lens, and has a fundus imaging mode of imaging a fundus and an anterior ocular segment imaging mode of imaging an anterior ocular segment, the drive amount of the focus lens by the focus lens drive unit is changed in accordance with a selected imaging mode and a focusing operation amount in the focusing operation unit.

Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed to quantitatively measure in vivo blood vessel diameter, blood velocity, and other flow dynamics. Such methods and compositions can optimize therapeutic interventions designed to prevent or reduce the risk of cardiovascular and blood disorders. In one aspect, the methods and apparatus involve calculating blood vessel characteristics from a two dimensional image of a blood vessel in the conjunctiva of a subject's eye. In another aspect, a series of temporal images of a blood vessel are obtained to determine blood flow properties. The apparatus can include, for example, a biomicroscope, an illuminating light source and a high speed camera to acquire the series of temporal images with the data then analyzed by a programmed processor.

Abstract: Angle multiplexed optical coherence tomography systems and methods can be used to evaluate ocular tissue and other anatomical structures or features of a patient.

Abstract: An imaging system includes an eye interface device, a scanning assembly, a beam source, a free-floating mechanism, and a detection assembly. The eye interface device interfaces with an eye. The scanning assembly supports the eye interface device and scans a focal point of an electromagnetic radiation beam within the eye. The beam source generates the electromagnetic radiation beam. The free-floating mechanism supports the scanning assembly and accommodates movement of the eye and provides a variable optical path for the electronic radiation beam and a portion of the electronic radiation beam reflected from the focal point location. The variable optical path is disposed between the beam source and the scanner and has an optical path length that varies to accommodate movement of the eye. The detection assembly generates a signal indicative of intensity of a portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam reflected from the focal point location.

Abstract: An ophthalmic device includes an acquisition unit configured to acquire a transillumination image of a pupil of a subject eye, and a determining unit configured to determine whether or not the subject eye includes an intraocular lens, based on the acquired transillumination image.

Abstract: Embodiments of this invention relate to the generation of wavefronts for measurements, diagnostics, and treatment planning for ophthalmic applications. In some embodiments, a wavefront generator generates light having a uniform wavefront, which is focusable on the retina of an emmetropic eye by the normal function of the emmetropic eye. In some embodiments, the wavefront generator can generate light having a custom wavefront which is not focusable on the retina of the emmetropic eye. In some embodiments, the wavefront generator can receive information relating to an optical aberration of the eye, generate a custom wavefront, and project light having this custom wavefront, which in combination with the optical aberration of the eye is focusable on the retina.

Abstract: An optical system for measuring an observed object includes an illuminant component, an imaging component, and an optical component. The illuminant component generates a measuring light. The optical component including a mirror and a beam splitter is located between the illuminant component and the imaging component. The mirror is located between the illuminant component and the observed object, the beam splitter is located between the mirror, the observed object, and the imaging component. The measuring light is projected to the observed object via the mirror and beam splitter, and an imaging light that has been generated from the illuminant component and reflected by the observed object is projected to the imaging component via the beam splitter, the imaging light and the measuring light intersect at the beam splitter. The present invention also provides a measurement method.

Abstract: A method of measuring and analyzing an ocular response in a subject comprising the steps of: Providing a video oculography based system for the subject with the system configured to collect eye images in excess of 60 hz and configured to resolve eye movements smaller than at least 3 degrees of motion; Collecting eye data with the video oculography based system wherein at least one stimulus is presented to only one eye of the subject and configured to yield a pupil eye response from at least one eye of the subject; Calculating pupilometry measurements from the eye data, wherein the pupil measurements are calculated independently for the subject's left and right eyes for each stimulus presented to the subject, and wherein comparative left and right pupilometry measurements from the eye data are calculated; analyzing a subject's ocular response based upon at least one of the calculated pupilometry measurements.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wavefront sensor using a pair of screens, each having a two-dimensional array of circular apertures, to achieve Moiré effects, and its use to measure the slope of a wavefront.

Abstract: Provisioned is a selecting unit configured to select a bright spot image corresponding to a reflected light beam reflected by the cornea of the subject eye from among a plurality of bright spot images on the basis of a positional relationship between a first bright spot image formed from a plurality of bright spot images corresponding to a first light beam in a first direction and a second bright spot image corresponding to a second light beam in a second direction different than the first direction, and a calculating unit configured to calculate a state of alignment between the subject eye and a measuring unit using the bright spot image selected from the first bright spot images.

Abstract: A method of testing visual performance includes determining a difficulty rating for each of a plurality of visual recognition tests. The method further includes displaying one of the visual recognition tests to a subject and receiving from the subject a response to the visual recognition test. After receiving the response to the visual recognition test, a subsequent visual recognition test is selected to have a difficulty rating determined based on the response received from the subject, the subsequent visual recognition test is displayed, and a response is received from the subject. The subsequent visual recognition tests are repeated until a predetermined number of responses is reached. A visual performance score is determined based on the set of responses received from the subject and the difficulty ratings for the visual recognition tests displayed to the subject is then output.