Abstract: Microparticles (200) and systems and methods for measuring characteristics of fluid flow using the microparticles are described. The microparticle (200) can include at least one flexible wall (205) which can deflect when an outer pressure on an outer side of the wall is different than an inner pressure on an inner side of the wall. The microparticle (200) can also include a void (215) enclosed by the at least one wall (205) and can change shape as the wall (205) deflects.

Abstract: A sensor device and method for detecting the turbidity of wash liquor. The sensor device includes an optical transmitter; an optical receiver, wherein the wash liquor to be tested flows between the transmitter and the receiver; and an electronic control and evaluation device to (a) carry out a reference measurement by means of the optical transmitter and receiver in order to determine a reference measured value; (b) carry out a turbidity measurement on the wash liquor to be measured by means of the optical transmitter and receiver in order to determine a test measured value; (c) relate the reference measured value to the test measured value; and (d) determine a characteristic value for a determined turbidity of the wash liquor therefrom and transmit the characteristic value as a measurement signal. The determination of the reference measured value and the test measured value include determining a gradient of the turbidity.

Abstract: A method of, and apparatus for, determining properties relating to multi-phase systems are provided. In the method, an array of sample tubes each containing a sample of a multi-phase system is formed. An iterative process is used to generate at least two data sets of transmitted and/or backscattered values for each sample and the data sets for each sample are processed to determine at least one property of the sample. The apparatus has a support on which an array of sample tubes each containing a sample of a multi-phase system may be assembled. It also has a wave source and at least one wave detector for detecting transmitted and/or backscattered values for each sample and computer means for iteratively operating said wave source and said at least one detector to generate data sets of transmitted and/or backscattered values for each sample and for processing the data sets for each sample to determine at least one property of the sample.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for determining the concentration of substances in fluid media.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting powder flow along a powder flow path includes a light source and a light detector for detecting light from the light source directed across the powder flow path as powder flows through said powder flow path. A circuit receives the output from the light detector and determines an average or RMS of the signal received by the light detector. The circuit may determine whether there is flow or no flow of powder or whether there is a change in flow rate of powder. Preferably, the apparatus is used in combination with a dense phase powder pump, which causes the powder to flow in pulses from the pump outlet into the powder flow path. More preferably, the light source and detector are enclosed in a housing that is connected between the pump outlet and a powder feed hose which supplies powder to a spray gun or hopper.

Abstract: A light emitting diode for harsh environments includes a substantially transparent substrate, a semiconductor layer deposited on a bottom surface of the substrate, several bonding pads, coupled to the semiconductor layer, formed on the bottom surface of the substrate, and a micro post, formed on each bonding pad, for electrically connecting the light emitting diode to a printed circuit board. An underfill layer may be provided between the bottom surface of the substrate and the top surface of the printed circuit board, to reduce water infiltration under the light emitting diode substrate. Additionally, a diffuser may be mounted to a top surface of the light emitting diode substrate to diffuse the light emitted through the top surface.

Abstract: Provided is a turbidity detecting device capable of detecting a small turbidity and a minute change in a turbidity. The turbidity sensor includes: a container; a light emitting part for emitting light from an outside of the container, causing the light to pass through a first wall, and applying the light to a second wall; and a scattered light receiving part for receiving the light emitted by the light emitting part and passing through the second wall.

Abstract: A system for the rapid analysis of microbiological parameters includes a specimen container for containing a liquid sample, a housing having an enclosable chamber shaped for receiving the specimen container, an incubating system mounted within the housing for incubating microbiological materials within the liquid sample, and a spectrophotometer system mounted within the housing for measuring light absorbed, emitted or scattered by the liquid samples as the microbiological materials are incubated by the incubating system over time. The specimen container is filled with a liquid sample to be tested and mixed with a reagent that provides a detectable parameter, and placed inside the apparatus. The incubation system heats and maintains the temperature of the liquid sample within a preset range while the spectrophotometer system propagates light within the specimen container, and monitors and records changes in the light as the light propagates through the container.

Abstract: A mixer for analytical application mixes a container of fluid without a magnetic stir bar. A device for testing a liquid for particles can use the mixer. The mixing can occur in a sealed container, and liquid can be transmitted to the device from the sealed container.

Abstract: A processing system having a chamber for in-situ optical interrogation of plasma emission to quantitatively measure normalized optical emission spectra is provided. The processing chamber includes a confinement ring assembly, a flash lamp, and a set of quartz windows. The processing chamber also includes a plurality of collimated optical assemblies, the plurality of collimated optical assemblies are optically coupled to the set of quartz windows. The processing chamber also includes a plurality of fiber optic bundles. The processing chamber also includes a multi-channel spectrometer, the multi-channel spectrometer is configured with at least a signal channel and a reference channel, the signal channel is optically coupled to at least the flash lamp, the set of quartz windows, the set of collimated optical assemblies, the illuminated fiber optic bundle, and the collection fiber optic bundle to measure a first signal.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring particle concentration includes a communicative device, a main controller, a photon generator, and a photon sensor. The communicative device is in communication with the main controller. The main controller is in communication with the photon generator and the photon sensor respectively. In operation, the communicative device receives the input data from a user and transmits the input data to the main controller. The main controller decodes the input data. The main controller controls the photon generator to emit a particular type of light at particular intensity represented by the input data. The main controller controls the photon sensor to detect light. Upon detection, the photon sensor measures the amount of photon energy of the detected light and then transmits data representing that amount of photon energy to the main controller. The main controller transmits the data to the communicative device.

Abstract: A sample adequacy measurement system having sample tubes and a housing having a receptacle to receive the sample tubes. The housing has sample adequacy measurement stations that each have a light source and a sample detector. The light source generates an illumination beam directed into one of the sample tubes. The sample detector is positioned along the tube, and receives at least a portion of the illumination beam scattered by turbidity in the sample tube. The detector is positioned at the end of an emitted beam path that extends in a plane that is perpendicular to the vertical direction and is oriented at a non-perpendicular angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the sample tube unit. This reduce the likelihood that the emitted beam will pass through a damaged portion of the respective one of the sample tubes by passing the light through a protected portion of the tube.

Abstract: An apparatus and method provide measurement of a constituent of a fluid, such as ozone in ozonated water. The apparatus includes a vessel to contain the fluid, a light source configured to direct a first band of light and a second band of light along a substantially shared path though the fluid, and a photosensor that senses the first band of light and the second band of light. The constituent has a greater absorption associated with the first band of light than with the second band of light. The method includes modification of a measured attribute of the component in response to the sensed second band of light to improve the accuracy of the measured attribute.

Abstract: A device for detecting soiling, having a light source, which emits a light beam, and a layer having a first boundary surface and a second boundary surface, whereby the light beam emitted by the light source first impinges on the first boundary surface, and part of a light beam fraction, which is scattered at the second boundary surface, impinges on a receiver and forms a measuring signal, and hereby the first boundary surface is set up to scatter part of the incident light beam, and the part impinging on the receiver of the light beam, scattered at the first boundary surface, forms a reference signal, and the device is set up further to determine a measure for the soiling of the second boundary surface from the comparison of the reference signal and measuring signal.

Abstract: A novel low-power and compact laser spectroscopic sensor is described herein. Embodiments of the disclosed sensor utilize state-of-the-art microprocessors and digital processing techniques to reduce power consumption and integrate functions into a small device. In particular, novel software methods are disclosed which allow the use of low-power microprocessors which draw no more than about 0.02 W of power. Such low-power enables long battery life and allows embodiments of the sensor to be used in portable applications. In addition, the system architecture and methods described in this disclosure allow a single integrated embedded processor to control all the subsystems necessary for a laser spectroscopic sensor further reducing sensor size and power consumption. In addition, a power efficient method of calibrating a photoacoustic laser spectroscopic sensor is disclosed.

Abstract: An optochemical detector for detecting various chemical compounds and comprising a flow cell incorporating the sensory element constructed of an organic-inorganic emissive nanocomposite which luminescence spectral response is specific to exposed target vapors and particulates. The change in the luminescent spectral response is measured during this exposure. The detector is equipped with air-jet sampling system functioning in real-time mode for delivery of vapors and particulates to sensory element.

Abstract: A heat pump type hot water supply device is provided with a heat source side heat pump unit having a heat radiating heat exchanger that condenses refrigerant to radiate heat from the refrigerant. The hot water supply device is provided with a water tank that stores water, a water supply pipe that supplies water to the water tank from the outside, a water circulation pipe that is extended in a bypassing manner and circulates the water in the water tank from a bottom section to an upper section, a heat absorbing heat exchanger that is arranged on the water circulation pipe and connected to the heat radiating heat exchanger of the heat source side heat pump unit so as to absorb heat, and a hot water supply unit that comprises a hot water supply pipe that supplies warm water in the upper section of the water tank to the outside.

Abstract: In a particle analyzing apparatus including a capillary for passing through a fluid containing particles to be analyzed, an optical system is employed to collect fluorescent light emitted from particles or substances labeled to the particles with improved collection efficiency preserving resolution of the instrument. The optical system may include a first collection lens attached to the capillary and a first reflection element arranged adjacent to the first collection lens configured to reflect fluorescent light of one or more wavelengths. The optical system may include a second collection lens attached to the capillary and a second reflection element arranged adjacent to the second collection lens configured to reflect fluorescent light of one or more wavelengths.

Abstract: An axial light loss sensor system, and methods for measuring axial light loss with improved resolution are provided. Aspects of the present invention include an axial light loss sensor positioned along an axis of irradiation to detect axial light loss resulting from a particle passing a light source intersect in a fluid stream, and an obstruction positioned along the axis of irradiation between the light source intersect and the axial light loss sensor. The obstruction is further positioned so as to have an on-axis opaque surface. The obstruction allows for the measurement of a fringe signal in a far-field with respect to the irradiated particle, in order to measure the axial light loss produced by the particle. The systems and methods described herein find use in, for example, flow cytometery.

Abstract: An optical measurement apparatus can be provided, in which the sample is optically measured without loss of the illuminating light with high sensitivity. A glass plate as the transparent member 50 is placed in the interface between the end face 43 of the optical waveguide 40 guiding the illuminating light L generated by the laser light source 20 and the wall face of the capillary 30. According to the above feature, the air layer is prevented from existing in the interface between the end face 43 of the optical fiber 40 and the wall face of the capillary 30, thus the sample S can be optically measured with high sensitivity and few variability without causing the loss of the illuminating light L.

Abstract: Systems and methods for performing measurements of one or more materials are provided. One system is configured to transfer one or more materials to an imaging volume of a measurement device from one or more storage vessels. Another system is configured to image one or more materials in an imaging volume of a measurement device. An additional system is configured to substantially immobilize one or more materials in an imaging volume of a measurement device. A further system is configured to transfer one or more materials to an imaging volume of a measurement device from one or more storage vessels, to image the one or more materials in the imaging volume, to substantially immobilize the one or more materials in the imaging volume, or some combination thereof.

Abstract: Disposable, pre-sterilized, and pre-calibrated, pre-validated sensors are provided. The sensor comprises a disposable fluid conduit or reactor bag and a reusable sensor assembly. An optical bench or inset optical component is integrated within the disposable fluid conduit or bioreactor bag, which provides an optical light path through the conduit or bag. These sensors are designed to store sensor-specific information, such as calibration and production information, in a non-volatile memory chip on the disposable fluid conduit or bag and on the reusable sensor assembly. Methods for calibrating the sensor and for determining a target property of an unknown fluid are also disclosed. The devices, systems and methods relating to the sensor are suitable for and can be outfitted for turbidity sensing.

Abstract: A device for checking the concentration of clear rinsing agent in a rinsing liquid circulated in the means for retaining water of a household appliance is provided. The device includes a processing unit operatively connectable to a sensor having at least one transmitting element that emits an optical signal and at least one receiving element that receives the optical signal emitted by the transmitting element. The processing unit determines the wetting of the sensor with clear rinsing liquid and renders an estimate of the concentration of clear rinsing agent in the clear rinsing liquid as a function of the wetting of the sensor with clear rinsing liquid based upon the energy level emitted by the transmitting element and received by the receiving element.

Abstract: An optical measuring instrument includes: a flow channel for allowing a specimen to be circulated therein; a first light source including a light emitting diode for emitting light to be used for optical adjustment and/or image confirmation in the flow channel; a second light source for irradiating light upon the specimen circulated in the flow channel; and a light detector for detecting the spectrum intensity of the light emitted from the first and second light sources.

Abstract: The light measurement apparatus of the invention, in which the light is irradiated to the sample dispersed in the liquid flowing through the flow passage, is used for measuring optical information of the sample. The apparatus includes a light source portion 20 for irradiating the irradiating light L to the liquid 11, a light receiving portion 31 to receive the optical information of the sample S including the irradiating light transmitted through the liquid to generate a receiving light signal SG1, under a condition in which the liquid is irradiated by the irradiating light of the light source portion 20 in a state that a relative position of the sample S to the irradiating light varies at constant speed, a measurement portion 120 for measuring variation of the receiving light signal according to the sample.

Abstract: A turbidity measuring device having a four-beam, alternating light arrangement for registering turbidity of a measured medium includes first and second light sources L1, L2; and first and second receivers R1, R2. The direct measuring paths extend from light sources Li, through a measured medium, to receivers Ri, and indirect measuring paths extend from light sources Li, through the measured medium, to second receivers Rj; wherein i?j; wherein turbidity can be ascertained as a function of a quotient A/B by means of an evaluating circuit; wherein A and B are functions at least of signals registered via the direct or indirect measuring paths; wherein at least a first monitor signal, which depends on the first light source, enters into one of the two terms A or B; wherein the light reaches the monitor from the first light source without interaction with the measured medium; and wherein the monitor signal is added to at least one of the signals registered via the measuring paths and entering into the term A or B.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of characterizing a scattering medium. According to the invention, the processing on the electromagnetic radiation scattered by the scattering medium is carried out for an unpolarized signal. In this way, only the anisotrophic incoherent transport of radiation induced by the scattering medium is obtained in the characterization according to the invention. According to the invention, the data representative of the angular variation of the first image representing the unpolarized scattered radiation is representative of the purely isotrophic part of the scattering. Having obtained this purely isotrophic part, it is then possible, according to the invention, to calculate a second image representative of the non-isotrophic part of the scattering. This non-isotrophic part represents the anisotrophic transport of radiation induced by the medium at the moment of scattering.

Abstract: A beam detector (10) including a light source (32), a receiver (34), and a target (36), acting in co-operation to detect particles in a monitored area (38). The target (36), reflects incident light (40), resulting in reflected light (32) being returned to receiver (34). The receiver (34) is a receiver is capable of recording and reporting light intensity at a plurality of points across its field of view. In the preferred form the detector (10) emits a first light beam (3614) in a first wavelength band; a second light beam (3618) in a second wavelength band; and a third light beam (3616) in a third wavelength band, wherein the first and second wavelengths bands are substantially equal and are different to the third wavelength band.

Abstract: Apparatus and methodologies are provided to selectively activate a liquid usage option in a washing apparatus based on the color of the liquid. Light from different light sources is passed through a liquid to be tested and the intensity of the light passing through the liquid is measured. The measurement is adjust based on a measurement of the turbidity of the liquid and the measurement compared to a reference value derived from measurements of a clear liquid. A decision is made based on the adjust measured color of the liquid regarding retention of the liquid for further use in the washing apparatus. The liquid tested may correspond to grey water from a previous wash cycle.

Abstract: An optical sensor (10) for fitting to a washing machine or dishwasher is proposed, comprising: a housing (16), an arrangement, which is housed in the housing, of optical components, the optical components comprising a controllable light emitter (26) and a first and a second light receiver (28, 30), and an electronic analysis and control unit (36) which is connected to the light emitter (26) and the two light receivers (28, 30), the first light receiver (28) being arranged at the end of a first light measurement path (54) which starts at the light emitter (26) and runs on a portion outside the housing (16), and the second light receiver (30) being arranged at the end of a second light measurement path (56) which starts at the light emitter (26), and when the sensor is fitted to the machine as specified, the first light measurement path running on a portion through a washing space (14) of the machine, and is the second light measurement path running completely outside this washing space, the analysis and contro

Abstract: An optical sensor (10) for fitting to a washing machine or dishwasher is proposed, comprising: a housing (16), an arrangement, which is housed in the housing, of optical components, the optical components comprising a controllable light emitter (26) and a first and a second light receiver (28, 30), and an electronic analysis and control unit (36) which is connected to the light emitter (26) and the two light receivers (28, 30), the first light receiver (28) being arranged at the end of a first light measurement path (54) which starts at the light emitter (26) and runs on a portion outside the housing (16), and the second light receiver (30) being arranged at the end of a second light measurement path (56) which starts at the light emitter (26), and when the sensor is fitted to the machine as specified, the first light measurement path running on a portion through a washing space (14) of the machine, and is the second light measurement path running completely outside this washing space, the analysis and contro

Abstract: A sensor for measuring a turbidity of a liquid includes a housing having a first side defining a channel for holding the liquid, the housing also having a second side opposite the first side. A first turbidity sensor has an emitter and a receiver, the emitter and receiver being located on the second side of the housing adjacent the channel so that the liquid can be present between the emitter and the receiver of the first turbidity sensor, the first turbidity sensor outputting a signal. A second turbidity sensor has an emitter and a receiver substantially identical to that of the first turbidity sensor, the emitter and receiver being located on the second side of the housing spaced from the channel so that air and not the liquid is present between the emitter and the receiver of the second turbidity sensor, the second turbidity sensor outputting a signal.

Abstract: There are provided an optical information analyzing device and an optical information analyzing method in which a light receiving unit for receiving transmitted light is provided at a position directly facing an irradiating unit and which may increase the sensitivity of the received transmitted light by adjusting the position of a sample flow relative to a measurement region in a flow passage and measure the optical information on specimens with a small variation.

Abstract: An arrangement for in-situ optical interrogation of plasma emission to quantitatively measure normalized optical emission spectra in a plasma chamber is provided. The arrangement includes a flash lamp and a set of quartz windows. The arrangement also includes a plurality of collimated optical assemblies, which is optically coupled to the set of quartz windows. The arrangement further includes a plurality of fiber optic bundles, which comprises at least an illumination fiber optic bundle, a collection fiber optic bundle, and a reference fiber optic bundle. The arrangement more over includes a multi-channel spectrometer, which is configured with at least a signal channel and a reference channel. The signal channel is optically coupled to at least the flash lamp, the set of quartz windows, the set of collimated optical assemblies, the illuminated fiber optic bundle, and the collection fiber optic bundle to measure a first signal.

Abstract: A particulate concentration detector including a detection mechanism having a light emission unit and light reception unit. The particulate concentration detector detects the concentration of particulates suspended in a liquid from the light amount detected by the detection mechanism. The detection mechanism includes a first light guide, a second light guide, a liquid chamber, and a third light guide. The first light guide is arranged at a location facing toward a light emission surface of the light emission unit. The second light guide is arranged at a location facing toward a light reception surface of the light reception unit. The liquid chamber is formed between the first light guide and second light guide and allows the liquid to flow therein. The third light guide is arranged in an oscillatable manner in the liquid chamber so as to face toward the first light guide and the second light guide.

Abstract: A novel low-power and compact laser spectroscopic sensor is described herein. Embodiments of the disclosed sensor utilize state-of-the-art microprocessors and digital processing techniques to reduce power consumption and integrate functions into a small device. In particular, novel software methods are disclosed which allow the use of low-power microprocessors which draw no more than about 0.02 W of power. Such low-power enables long battery life and allows embodiments of the sensor to be used in portable applications. In addition, the system architecture and methods described in this disclosure allow a single integrated embedded processor to control all the subsystems necessary for a laser spectroscopic sensor further reducing sensor size and power consumption. In addition, a power efficient method of calibrating a photoacoustic laser spectroscopic sensor is disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method provide measurement of a constituent of a fluid, such as ozone in ozonated water. The apparatus includes a vessel to contain the fluid, a light source configured to direct a first band of light and a second band of light along a substantially shared path though the fluid, and a photosensor that senses the first band of light and the second band of light. The constituent has a greater absorption associated with the first band of light than with the second band of light. The method includes modification of a measured attribute of the component in response to the sensed second band of light to improve the accuracy of the measured attribute.

Abstract: A device to measure the amount of light able to transmit through a test liquid sample. A single lamp is used to illuminate a liquid sample cell containing the test water. A light detector is fixed relative to the lamp and is used to detect the amount of light from the lamp able to transmit through the liquid sample cell. The liquid sample cell is shaped in such a way as to provide at least two sets of opposed side walls that are able to transmit the light emitted from the lamp, where each set of opposed side walls defines a different path length through the liquid sample in the liquid sample cell. A rotation mechanism is used to provide relative rotation between the liquid sample cell and the lamp/light detector assembly. A microprocessor connected to the light detector calculates the light transmitted through at least two different path lengths through the liquid sample. Using these calculated transmittances the microprocessor then calculates the overall transmittance of the test water.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for analyzing a fluid with particle analytes, where the fluid is fed through a passageway within an optical fiber and excitation light is guided by the optical fiber across the passageway and intersects the fluid therein. The optical core is made multimode and is adapted to shape the excitation light with a uniform spatial illumination over a cross-section of the optical core and the passageway is configured relative to the optical core such that the particle analytes are exposed to substantially equal excitation light while circulating in the passageway.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for detecting and measuring the concentration of a substance in a solution, the substance having an absorption at 300 nm or less. The methods and apparatus have particular utility in detecting and measuring the concentration of proteins and nucleic acids.

Abstract: A turbidity sensor for use in a machine for washing articles, e.g., a washing machine (400). The turbidity sensor comprises a light source (210) for emitting light. The emitted light has a radiant intensity which is variable. The sensor further comprises a light-sensitive element (220) for receiving light emitted from the light source (210). The light source (211) and the light-sensitive element (220) are positioned relative to each other so that, when the light source (210) is in operation, light emitted from the light source (210) can propagate through a washing liquid contained in the washing machine (400) on its way to the light sensitive element (220). The light-sensitive element (220) is configured to measure the radiant intensity of light received at the light-sensitive element (221). Furthermore, the sensor comprises a controller (230) which is communicatively coupled to the light source (210) and the light-sensitive element (220).

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention is to provide a system for sorting cell particles in a liquid flow, which comprises a flow-defining block including a flow chamber receiving a sample conduit and a flow cell having a flow channel. The system also comprises a strobe block including a imaging device for taking an image of a jet flow ejected from the flow-defining block and a plurality of droplets in a given image area. The flow-defining block and the strobe block are detachably connected each other. Further the strobe block includes a nozzle plate having a nozzle channel between a receiving end and a nozzle. The flow-defining block includes a discharge end opposite to the receiving end and a channel enlarged portion of which cross section taken along a predetermined plane perpendicular to a flow direction has an area increasing towards the discharge end. The discharge end and the receiving end have substantially the same open distance in the predetermined plane perpendicular to the flow direction.

Abstract: The present disclosure is drawn to methods, devices, and systems for determining solid content of inks, including a device comprising a chamber configured to hold an ink sample having ionic particulates in a liquid vehicle, a first opening in the chamber for filling the chamber with the ink sample, a second distinct opening in the chamber for removal of the liquid vehicle, a deposition electrode at least partially defining the chamber, a counter electrode, a power supply connected to the deposition electrode and the counter electrode for creating an electric field inside the chamber, and a densitometer optically coupleable to the deposition electrode for measuring the optical density of ionic particulates. Additionally, the device can be operable to separate the ionic particulates from the liquid vehicle by deposition of the ionic particulates at the deposition electrode and/or the device can be operable to measure the optical density of the ionic particulates after migration to the deposition electrode.

Abstract: An optochemical detector for detecting various chemical compounds and comprising a flow cell incorporating the sensory element constructed of an organic-inorganic emissive nanocomposite which luminescence spectral response is specific to exposed target vapors and particulates. The change in the luminescent spectral response is measured during this exposure. The detector is equipped with air-jet sampling system functioning in real-time mode for delivery of vapors and particulates to sensory element.

Abstract: High resolution particle differentiation process and separation system that provides enhanced resolution of particles based upon selected particle characteristics. In particular, the system may include an enhanced resolution flow cytometer. In an embodiment, the invention can include at least one fluid source conduit (24) that introduces 0 fluid source stream (24) into an enhanced resolution nozzle (25) at an angle that enhances particle resolution by the cell sensing system (13).

Abstract: A system and method for creating a unique optical signature that uses a plurality of optical signature chambers containing fluids having differing optical properties, for example differing indices of refraction, that produce different individual optical signatures for each chamber. If the chambers are broken causing the fluids to spill or the fluids are otherwise discharged from the chambers, the fluids mix together so one does not know which fluid came from which chamber, thereby preventing replication of the correct optical signatures. This destruction of the optical signatures can occur mechanically, without the application or presence of electrical power.

Abstract: An optical measurement apparatus can be provided, in which the sample is optically measured without loss of the illuminating light with high sensitivity. A glass plate as the transparent member 50 is placed in the interface between the end face 43 of the optical waveguide 40 guiding the illuminating light L generated by the laser light source 20 and the wall face of the capillary 30. According to the above feature, the air layer is prevented from existing in the interface between the end face 43 of the optical fiber 40 and the wall face of the capillary 30, thus the sample S can be optically measured with high sensitivity and few variability without causing the loss of the illuminating light L.

Abstract: A light emitting diode for harsh environments includes a substantially transparent substrate, a semiconductor layer deposited on a bottom surface of the substrate, several bonding pads, coupled to the semiconductor layer, formed on the bottom surface of the substrate, and a micro post, formed on each bonding pad, for electrically connecting the light emitting diode to a printed circuit board. An underfill layer may be provided between the bottom surface of the substrate and the top surface of the printed circuit board, to reduce water infiltration under the light emitting diode substrate. Additionally, a diffuser may be mounted to a top surface of the light emitting diode substrate to diffuse the light emitted through the top surface.

Abstract: An automatic analysis apparatus and an automatic analysis method that can perform both spectrophometric measurements for biochemical tests and the turbidimetric immunoassay with high precision by selectively exchanging a white light or at least one monochromatic light based on analysis conditions determined by a measure condition setting unit for respective measuring object. The automatic analysis apparatus includes an irradiating direction setting unit configured to irradiate the selected white light or at least one monochromatic light based on the analysis conditions onto a reaction cuvette along the same light axis and a light detection unit having a plurality of light receiving elements in order to detect the white light of particular determined wavelength lights and the selected monochromatic light.

Abstract: A detecting apparatus is to at least assist in determining the concentration of colorants within a carrier liquid. The colorants at least absorb light and/or diverge light. The detecting apparatus includes one or more light sources to emit light, and one or more light detectors to detect light. The light sources and the light detectors are positionally configured in relation to one another such that both light directly emitted by the light sources and that has not been absorbed or diverged by the colorants, as well as light diverged by the colorants within the carrier liquid, are detected and/or determined. The concentration of colorants is determined based on the light directly emitted by the light sources that has not been absorbed or diverged by the colorants and/or on the light diverged by the colorants within the carrier liquid.